Quiz 2- osmosis (definition & applications), tenacity, lipids, and carbohydrates

carbohydrates

starches and sugars

tonicity

the effect water flow (osmosis) and pressure (osmotic pressure) has on a cell's shape

monosaccharides

-"one sugar" -soluble -used to create energy within cells

disaccharides

-"two sugars" -soluble -already too large to be absorbed from digestive tract

types of organic molecules

-carbohydrates -proteins -lipids -nucleic acids

carbon-based molecules

-carbon primarily forms non polar covalent bonds -each carbon forms 4 covalent bonds; the more carbon atoms in a molecule, the more non polar the molecule will be

triglycerides

-glycerol + three fatty acids -long term energy storage -insulation -shock absorption

phospholipids

-glycerol + two fatty acids + phosphate groups -amphipathic (non-polar region = carbon tails) (polar region = phosphate) -major component of cell membranes

fatty acids

-long carbon chains ending with a -COOH

polysaccharides

-mostly soluble (good for storage) -highly branched -glycogen in animals and starch and cellulose in plants -glycogen can be used to store glucose -fiber (cellulose) helps move the feces through the bowels

cholesterol

-multi-ringed lipid -part of cell membranes; gives membranes flexibility -modified to form steroids

unsaturated fatty acids

-one or more double bonds in the carbon chain -liquid at room temp

saturated fatty acids

-only single bonds between all carbons -solid at room temperature

isotonic solution

a solution outside the cell that has a concentration of particles equal to the cytoplasm such that the cell's shape is maintained

hypertonic solution

a solution outside the cell that has a higher concentration of particles than the cytoplasm, causing the cell to crenate

hypotonic solution

a solution outside the cell that has a lower concentration of particles than the cytoplasm, causing the cell to swell

hyperosmotic solution

a solution that has a higher concentration of particles than a comparison solutions such that water moves down its concentration gradient into the hyperosmotic solution

hyposmotic solution

a solution that has a lower concentration of particles than a comparison solution such that water moves down its concentration gradient out of the hyposmotic solution

isosmotic solution

a solution that has the same concentration of particles as a comparison solution such that there is no net water movement into or out of the solution

osmotic pressure

as water moves across a selectively permeable membrane, it generates pressure

osmosis

diffusion of water down its concentration gradient (particularly occurs across a selectively permeable membrane)

lipids

high percentage of carbon atoms, so they are strongly nonpolar -cholesterol -fatty acids -triglycerides -phospholipids