Psychology Exam 3

_____ is the defense mechanism used when the ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object.

Displacement

_____ is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to learning that certain behaviors are rewarding

Dopamine

Which of the following statements is true of the disorders of sexual desire and sexual response in men?

Erectile dysfunction is more likely to occur with age.

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is bacterial in origin?

Gonorrhea

Harold was involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Harold's lateral hypothalamus was damaged as a result of the accident. Under such circumstances, which of the following is most likely to occur in the context of hunger and eating disorders?

Harold will lose interest in eating.

Which of the following perspectives of personality primarily stress a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities

Humanistic

When a person's blood sugar level falls too low, he feels:

Hungry

Loggerhead turtles lay their eggs underground, in sandy beaches. As soon as the eggs hatch, the infant turtles crawl out of their nests and move toward the sea. Which of following best describes this pattern of behavior?

Instinct

Which of the following best defines teratogen?

It is any agent that causes a birth defect

Which of the following theories of emotion is best supported by the facial feedback hypothesis?

James-Lange theory

Which of the following sexual practices involves no risk of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

Kissing

____ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.

Lateralization

The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test is the _____.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?

Older adults tend to not do as well as younger adults in most aspects of memory.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is released during the orgasm phase of the human sexual response pattern?

Oxytocin

Which of the following is an example of a high-arousal negative emotion?

Panic

_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood?

Piaget

Which of the following is a projective test?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Jessica, a young woman, has a strong sexual preference for other women while Jim, a 30-year-old man, is only interested in dating women. In the context of sexual orientation, what similarities do Jessica and Jim most likely share in terms of brain structure?

They both have brains in which the right hemisphere is larger in comparison to the left hemisphere

Which of the following is a difference between men and women in the context of emotion, empathy, and helping?

Women are more responsive to negative stimuli and men are more responsive to positive stimuli

Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as __________ in arousal theory

a sensation seeker

The main class of male sex hormones is:

androgens.

Mariah is an adolescent. She idolizes Gisele Bundchen, the famous supermodel. Mariah desires to be skinny like Gisele because she believes that being thin is considered attractive. In her pursuit of losing weight, Maria often refrains from eating for several full days. She begins to fear the thought of gaining weight and is not satisfied even when she loses weight. Mariah is most likely suffering from:

anorexia nervosa

An instinct is a tendency that is __________.

biological

Dr. Watson is interested in the effects of higher than normal amounts of testosterone on the gender of embryos. Dr. Watson's interest fits best into the area of the _____.

biological approach to gender development

The Angry/Happy Man experiment (Schachter & Singer, 1962) demonstrated that identical physiological activation could be felt as two quite divergent emotions. This demonstrated the importance of ___________ interpretation in determing emotions.

cognitive

The ability to multiply two numbers together falls under _____ development.

cognitive

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the _____.

collective unconscious

In the context of evolutionary psychology, _____ occurs among members of the same sex as they vie for the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex.

competition

Of the big five personality traits, _____ might well be the most important in terms of health and longevity issues.

conscientiousness

Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are similar in that they are both associated with

decreasing food intake.

Male zebra finches have brightly colored feathers and begin to sing at puberty. The females are duller in appearance and lack singing ability. The males use musical mating calls to compete with each other for female attention. Since the females are primarily responsible for reproduction, they have to choose the most suitable males to mate with. This type of selection best illustrates the _____.

evolutionary psychology approach to gender development

Jack kisses his girlfriend, Sarah, for the first time. The muscle tension she feels in her genital area is characteristic of the _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern.

excitement

Assimilation allows the person to enjoy a feeling of meaning, because:

experiences fit into his or her preexisting schemas

An object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire is called a _____.

fetish

In the context of the "Stanford Marshmallow Experiments", research on delayed gratification indicates that the best way to resist temptation is to:

focus on other activities rather than the forbidden activity.

Jason is working on a problem for his science class and is systematically going over every possible outcome. Jason is in the _____ stage of cognitive development

formal operational

_____ refers to the social and psychological aspects of being male or female.

gender

Gus, a successful manager, quits his job and joins college at the age of forty to study art. A proponent of Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory would most likely argue that Gus went back to college because:

he chose to develop his full potential.

A congenital condition in which an individual has genitals that are not clearly male or female is called _____.

hermaphroditism

Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called __________.

homeostasis

The goal of the drive reduction theory is _____.

homeostasis

Erica, a thirty-year-old woman, has been in a relationship with Cassandra, another woman, for over three years. Erica has always been sexually attracted to members of the same sex and has dated two other women in the past. Erica's sexual orientation can best be described as _____.

homosexuality

Kiara finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Kiara's decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between her _____.

id and superego

Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: __________ and __________.

physical arousal; labeling

Which of the following is an acceptable definition of sexual behavior?

All of these.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to obtain a high score on the openness trait of the big five factors of personality?

Beverly, who loves experimenting with life

The _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern involves the continuation and heightening of sexual arousal.

plateau

The _____ technique in studying infant perception involves searching for a reliable preference for one stimulus over another

preferential looking

_____ perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious.

Psychodynamic

Which of the following terms means that even in the face of adversity, a person shows signs of positive functioning?

Resilience

At age thirty-three, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?

Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.

_____ perspectives on personality emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

Social cognitive

Which of the following is true of binge eating disorder (BED)?

The areas of the brain and endocrine system that respond to stress are overactive in individuals with BED

Puberty marks the onset of:

adolescence.

According to developmental psychologists, nature refers to:

an individual's biological inheritance.

George's cubicle at work is spotless. Every item on his desk is arranged according to how frequently he needs it. He gets agitated if something is moved or rearranged. A proponent of Freud's psychoanalytic theory might argue that George is fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

anal

Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him. Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage. According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her _____.

id; superego

If 20-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete the stage of:

identity versus identity confusion.

Alfred Adler's approach was known as _____ psychology.

individual

Many elementary school teachers offer prizes to students who read the most books during an academic year. The failure of many students to read books during the summer vacations may be due to a lack of:

intrinsic motivation

Infant attachment is defined as the close emotional bond between an infant and:

its caregivers.

The documentary titled "56 Up" is a great example of a _____________ study in development.

longitudinal

A(n) _____ assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period

longitudinal study

Polygraph examiners can:

monitor physiological responses

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of:

object permanence.

Mia intends to examine the impact of mother-child interactions during play-time on cognitive development among toddlers. Mia should adopt the _____ method to conduct her study.

observation

John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____.

projection

At the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on:

punishments or rewards.

Chad is keen on getting into the best college in the state. However, the college rejects his Apply. When comforted by his parents, Chad explains that he is not disappointed because if he had been accepted by the college, he would have had to move away from home. In this scenario, Chad's explanation best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____

rationalization

Patrick has been confused about his sexual orientation for a few years. Even though he has had many girlfriends, he often feels attracted to men. However, in college, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Patrick's supposed homophobia best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____.

reaction formation

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to:

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

The most significant difference between males and females in the human sexual response pattern identified by Masters and Johnson occurs at the _____.

resolution phase

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to:

satisfy his physiological needs.

Jack and his new girlfriend, Samantha, are having sexual intercourse with each other for the first time. Even though Jack's focus is on achieving orgasm, he spends time on foreplay and increasing Samantha's pleasure, because he knows that this will increase her sexual satisfaction and make her appreciate him more. Jack's idea of what is expected of him sexually is known as a _____.

sexual script

The _____ approach to gender development suggests that gender behavior is learned through reward and punishment, observational learning, and modeling.

social cognitive

Harry, a fourteen-year-old, wants to join the army when he is eighteen. He believes that defending the country is a man's job, because men are brave and physically stronger than women. Harry's beliefs and expectations about the responsibilities of men can best be explained by the _____.

social role theory

Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions?

sympathetic division of the nervous system

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to:

the adjustment of current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences

Joanna was born a girl. However, she never identifies herself as female. She refers to herself as Joe and dresses like a boy. Joanna is angry or irritable if anyone treats her like a girl. She is unable to accept the fact that she is biologically a female. In the context of sex and gender, Joanna is most likely a(n) _____.

transgender individual

According to Rogers's humanistic theory, if Gretel receives _____ from her parents, she is least likely to face problems associated with her _____.

unconditional positive regard; self-concept

In Harry Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys:

were more attached to artificial mothers who were warm and soft.

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimum performance is achieved:

when one is moderately aroused.