Psychology exam

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

Conception, germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

___ is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

Social psychology

The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver is referred to as _

attachment

extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress

dissociative amnesia

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as ____

Risky shift

According to Freud, the superego

s your conscience, or internal judge of your behavior

is a defense mechanism that involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

Displacement

___ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group while _____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

Prejudice / discrimination

refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Self-serving bias

Walter Mischel's view of situationism states that _____.

personality varies considerably from one context to another

Most adults reach their peak physical development during their _____.

20's

Results of behavioral genetics twin studies suggest that heritability estimates for the big five personality factors are about _____

50%

wisdom

According to Arnett, all of the following except _____ are features of emerging adulthood.

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?

Dominance

According to Dan McAdams, our _____ are our identities.

Life stories

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer or more temporary experiences.

Traits/States

The term _____ refers to an individual's environmental and social experiences that influence development

Nurture

In Freud's view, _____ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

Oedipus complex

middle adulthood

Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.

Aside from growing larger, the brain does not undergo any anatomical change after birth.

Which of the following statements about brain development is FALSE?

Motor skill milestones (sitting up, crawling, walking) develop entirely according to a genetic plan.

Which statement about physical development in infancy is FALSE?

According to Freud, the id ____

a) operates on the "pleasure principle"

distorted body image, refusal to maintain normal body weight, intense fear of gaining weight

anorexia nervosa

overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state with impulsivity, racing thoughts, and inflated self-esteem

bipolar disorder

pervasive pattern of unstable self-image and emotions, unstable relationships, a tendency to think in black-and-white terms, self-harm

borderline personality disorder

The work of Harry Harlow established that

contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

When a behavior is _____ it is often considered abnormal because diverges from what culturally acceptable norms.

deviant

Self‑report personality measures

directly ask the test‑taker to respond to statements about himself or herself

having two or more distinct personalities or identities

dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion?

dopamine

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called __

ethnocentrism

According to Rogers, we are all born with a need for_____, or a need to be liked, loved, and accepted by those around us

unconditional positive regard

persistent anxiety for the past 6 months without a specific cause

generalized anxiety disorder

The strengthening of an individual's position as a result of a group discussion is known as _____.

group polarization

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes each person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities?

humanistic perspectives

Sometimes people conform with a group because they think the group must have the right answer and they want to be right. This is known as ___

informational social influence

Research on adolescent brain development has shown that the _____ is involved with emotional reactions, whereas the _____ is involved with reasoning and decision making.

limbic system / prefrontal cortex

When a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

maladaptive

According to Freud, the ego _

must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality

Sometimes people conform with a group because they want to fit in and be liked by the group. This is known as _____.

normative social influence

Milgram is known for his studies of __

obedience

recurrent and persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent some future situation

obsessive-compulsive disorder

The three domains of development are ____

physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

A(n) _____ presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or to tell a story about it—to launch their own meaning onto the stimulus

projective test

Projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality?

psychodynamic

Freud is associated with which of the following perspectives?

psychodynamic perspectives

Bandura is associated with which of the following perspectives?

social cognitive perspectives

The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

social contagion

irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a specific object or situation

specific phobia

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria that psychologists use to define abnormality?

statistically rare

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

The Robbers Cave study is a good example of how _____, or working together on a shared goal, can improve intergroup relations.

task-oriented cooperation

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner dispositions upon another's behavior is called _____.

the fundamental attribution error

attribution theory

views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

Which of the following perspectives suggests that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses?

Trait theories

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes the physiological processes that influence personality?

biological perspectives

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

recurrent, sudden onsets of intense fear or discomfort, racing heart, sweating, trembling, chest pain, dizziness

Panic disorder

Authoritarian

Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

involves trying to change someone's attitude

Persuasion

is the psychologist famous for his theory of cognitive development.

Piaget

_____ is an infant perception research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what to look at to see if the infant shows a preference for one stimulus over another.

Preferential looking

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

Repression

Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

The term _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Temperament

Which of the following statements about the DSM-V is FALSE?

The number of disorders listed in DSM-V is significantly lower than the number of disorders listed in the first edition of the DSM.

The Big Five is associated with which of the following perspectives?

Trait theories

The Stanford Prison Experiment done by _____ showed that _____ factors powerfully affect human behavior.

Zimbardo / situational

emerging adulthood

__ is the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood that ranges from approximately 18-25 years of age

Egocentrism

a characteristic of adolescent thinking involving the belief that others are watching their every move, a feeling of uniqueness, and invincibility.

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is known as _____.

attribution

Personology" refers to _____

b) the study of the whole person

recurrent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food and feeling out of contro

binge-eating disorder

Which of the following is NOT a method proposed by Rogers to develop a more positive self-concept?

defense mechanisms

Identify the disorder that best fits the symptoms described: delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder, flat affect

schizophrenia

Psychologists have discovered that development is?

the product of a complex interaction of genes and environmental influences

According to the bystander effect, a person is least likely to help another in an emergency whe

there are several other people present

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called _____.

the self-fulfilling prophecy

is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.

Cognitive dissonance