Psychology Exam Chapter 5
Biological preparedness
A biological readiness to learn certain associations because of their survival advantages
Cognitive maps
A learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change
Unconditioned Response
A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way
Discrimination
Ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. (If a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds.)
Conditioned Response
After conditioning, the response an organism produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented.
Bobo Doll experiments
After watching an adult behave aggressively toward an inflated doll, the children in Bandura's study imitated many of the aggressive acts of the adult model
Conditioned Stimulus
An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone.
Shaping-- Dalmatian vs College student
B. F. Skinner The method requires that the subject perform behaviors that at first merely resemble the target behavior; through reinforcement, these behaviors are gradually changed or "shaped" to encourage the target behavior itself.
Instrumental behavior
Behaviors designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant
Extinction
Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus. Conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Positive Reinforcer
Events whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will reoccur
Negative Reinforcer
Events whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will reoccur
Cognitive element of expectation
Expecting something to come after when classical conditioning. Ex: dog expects food after the bell rings
Observational Learning
Learning by observing other people's behavior
Puzzle box
Edward Lee Thorndike experiment simple wooden cage, to study how cats learn
Means-end relationship
Knowledge that the production response in a given situation will have a given effect.
Latent Learning
Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change
Acquisition
- Initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened - How long it takes and the number of times you pair things together
Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning
-Acquisition -Extinction -Spontaneous recovery -Generalization -Discrimination
Shaping
-a method of training by which successive approximations toward a target behavior are reinforced -calculated reinforcement of a "target behavior": it uses operant conditioning principles to train a subject by rewarding proper behavior and discouraging improper behavior.
Survival (food aversion)
Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Ex: when a flavor or food is paired with an illness, or knowing which food is poisonous.
Which produces the most consisted behavior
Fixed Interval
Habituation
Gradual reduction in responding
The four schedules of reinforcement
In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered Fixed interval Variable Interval Fixed ration Variable ratio
The neural elements of operant condition
Pleasure centers 1. nucleus accumbens 2. medial forebrain 3. hypothalamus 4. involves dopamine Medial Forebrain bundle: pathway from midbrain to hypothalamus into nucleus accumbens, are the most susceptible to stimulation of pleasure.
Law of effect
Principle of reinforcement Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out"
Which produces the highest rate of behavior?
Ratio schedules- Higher rates of responding because number of rewards received is directly related to the number of responses made. Variable ratio : slot machines
Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.
Superstitious behavior
Reinforcement of accidental behavior Type of the reaction to certain situations/impulses that gets so embedded in individual's course of action that they repeat it continuously. Ex: wins lottery ticket, continues to buy ticket from same place.
Positive Punisher
Something that decreases or suppresses behavior by adding something undesirable outcome or consequence after the behavior.
Negative Punisher
Something that decreases or suppresses behavior by subtracting something desirable after the behavior.
Generalization
Tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. (If a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, the child will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus.)
Fixed ratio schedule
The correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses
Learning
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
Classical Conditioning
The type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral, stimulus
Operant conditioning
The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments
Which is the hardest to extinguish
Variable-ratio Intermittent reinforcement makes an instrumental conditioned response much steadier and more resistant to extinction.
Variable-ratio schedule
Varying number of correct response must occur before reinforcement is presented
Evolutionary advantage of adaptiveness
behavior which contributes directly or indirectly to an individual's survival
Fixed Interval Schedule
reinforced after fixed length of time since the last reinforcement
Variable-interval schedule
reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement.