Psychology Final Study Guide: Ch. 6 + Ch.7:
with rehersal, information in short term memory can be maintained for some time. without rehersal, the duration of short term memory is
10-20 seconds
pseudoforgetting is info loss due to ineffective
encoding
the principle that proposes that the value of a retrival cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code is known as
encoding specificity
the continued presentation of the CS without the US will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. this phenomenon is known as
extinction
the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that
extinction does not erase a learned association, it only suppresses or interferes with a conditioned response.
in a cumulative record of responses from a skinner box, a steep slope in the line indicates
fast responding taking place
mary takes a course in which she is tested every 2 weeks. her studying falls off right after a test, followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approaches. her studying conforms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on
fixed interval schedules
a salesperson earns a bonus for every three items of clothing she sells. the bonus is given on which type of reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratio
a worker gets paid every friday for completing his 40 hour work week. he is being paid on a ___ schedule.
fixed-interval
during a party, michael talked to a friend about the symbolism involved in a recent movie. michael attributed the explanation of the symbolism to a prominent movie critic, when he actually heard it from his roommate. this example illustrates which of the follwing phenomena?
source-monitoring error
the first step in a behavior modification program is to
specify the target behavior
when lindsay was nine years old, the neighbors chihuahua bit her on the ankle. today lindsay is still terrified of chihuahuas, but likes other dogs. lindsays fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of
stimulus discrimination
when diana was 3 years old, she became terrified when the neighbors budgie bird kept flying near her head. today, she is afraid of all birds. dianas fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of
stimulus generalization
fredrick cringes everytime he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. in this example, the pain of dental drilling is
an unconditioned response
according to the serial-position effect, subjects tend to show better recall for items ____ of a list than for items _____.
at the beginning and end; in the middle.
a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as
classical conditioning
becky has an intense fear of dogs, which began when she was attacked and bitten by a stray dog as a child. becky's fear of dogs developed as a result of
classical conditioning
charity used to really enjoy potato salad, so at a family reunion, she ate a really large helping. unfortunatley, the potato salad had not been kept cold, and charity became ill after eating it. now she finds that even the sight of potatoes at the grocery store can make her feel sick. in this example, the sick feeling charity experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store is
a conditioned response
food is an example of ______,: praise is an example of_____.
a primary reinforcer: a secondary reinforcer
a retrieval cue is
a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory.
6 year old kristen is afraid of balloons because a balloon once popped in her face while she was holding it. last week, she went to the circus and there was a clown holding a huge assortment of balloons. now she is also afraid of clowns, even though none of the balloons the clown was holding popped. kristens fear of clowns illustrates the classical conditioning process of
higher-order conditioning
the current thinking in that memories are consolidated in the ____ and stored in the____.
hippocampal region; cortex
in banduras famous study on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the bobo doll were the children who saw a film of a model behaving
in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences.
a visit to your elementary classroom might help you remember more of the names of some of your classmates because you are
in the same context as you were when you learned them
negative reinforcement____ the rate of a response; punishment _____ the rate of a response.
increases; decreases
loftus's work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that
info given after an event can alter a person's memory of the event.
the memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is
long-term memory
strategies designed to enhance memory through the use of either verbal cues or visual imagery to enrich encoding are termed
mnemonic devices
nancy has a headache; she takes some asprin, and the headache goes away. nancy is more likely to take asprin again. this is an example of
negative reinforcement
after watching his father wash the car, 5 year old bob washes his bike. this is an example of
observational learning
which stage, according to the atkinson-shiffrin model of memory, is the first stage of memory processing?
sensory memory
if you devise a self modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you are applying the principles of
operant conditioning
the type of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consenquences is known as
operant conditioning
according to interference theory
people forget info because of competition from other material.
the memory system that contains the memory for how to type on a typewritter or drive a car is the
procedural memory system
remembering to perform actions in the future involves
prospective memory
the measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce info on their own, without any cues, is
recall
the rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of a reinforcer are called
reinforcement contingences
dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for events that occured before the accident. this is an example of
retrograde amnesia
an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences with the object or event is known as
schema
which two types of memories are both considered to be divisions of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
the address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the tv screen, but the image disappears before sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. to his suprise, however, he retains a mental image of the 5 digit zip code which lasts for less than half a second. his experience best illustrates ____ memory.
sensory (iconic)
studies show that taking an exam on material increases performance on a later exam even more than studying for an equal amount of time. this is reffered to as
the testing effect
the recognition measure of retention requires an individual
to select previously learned info from an array of options.
which of the following statements concerning short term memory is false?
unrehearsed info is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately 5 minutes.
if you are given a list of vocab words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of them, as you read through the list, you should
use each word in a sentence