Psychology Mid term

The whole id different from the sum of its parts would be said by a psychologist from which psychological perspective?

Gestalt Psychology

Replicated research

Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings.

a psychologist interested in how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others is interested in what area of psychology?

Social

Psychodynamic perspective

The approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control.

Cognitive perspective

The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

Humanistic perspective

The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior.

Behavioral perspective

The approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.

Neuroscience perspective

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions.

Scientific method

The approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.

Experimental manipulation

The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation.

Free will

The idea that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual.

Determinism

The idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control.

Experiment

The investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation.

Treatment

The manipulation implemented by the experimenter.

Which number indicates a strong negative correlation

-.75

Informed consent

A document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve.

Hallucinogen like marijuana, MDMA( ecstasy or molly) and LSD

A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process.

Placebo

A false treatment, such as a pill, drug, or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient.

Control group

A group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment

Hypothesis

A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested.

Random assignment to condition

A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or conditions on the basis of chance and chance alone.

Introspection

A procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.

Correlational research

Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or correlated.

Gestalt psychology

An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a whole sense rather than on the individual elements of perception.

Functionalism

An early approach to psychology, led by William James, that concentrated on what the mind does the functions of mental activity and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

Case study

An in depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people

Experimental group

Any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment.

Variables

Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way.

Theories

Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.

Stimulants like amphetamines, cocaine, benzedrine, dexedrine

Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.

Narcotics like herion, morphine, oxycodone

Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.

Psychoactive drugs

Drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior.

Addictive drugs

Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible.

Depressants like alcohol, barbiturates, rohypnol

Drugs that slow down the nervous system

A psychologist can establish a cause-and-effect relationship through research by carrying out a(an)

Experiment that demonstrates the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Experimental bias

Factors that distort how the independence variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment.

Significant outcome

Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses.

Naturalistic observation

Research in which an investigator observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation.

Archival research

Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, online databases, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis.

Survey research

Research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.

Which area of psychology focuses on the consistency in behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another?

Personality

Operational definition

The translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter.

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment. It is expected to change as a result of the experimenters manipulation of the independent variable.

Dr.Dre is conducting an experiment to see the effects of loud music on people's ability to concentrate. Which statement is most likely to be true

The volume of the music is the independent variable and the ability to concentrate is the dependent variable

structuralism

Wundt's approach, which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental component of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities.

sport psychology

applies psychology to athletic activity and exercise

when considering the key psychological issues which is not true

behavioral psychology favors nature over nurture

evolutionary psychology

considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

environmental psychology

considers the relationship between people and their physical environment

clinical psychology

deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders

developmental psychology

examines how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death

behavioral neuroscience

examines the biological basis of behavior

health psychology

explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease

program evaluation

focuses on assessing large-scale programs, such as the head start preschool program, to determine whether they are effective in meeting their goals

psychology of women

focuses on issues such as discrimination against women and the causes of violence against women

forensic psychology

focuses on legal issues, such as determining the accuracy of witness memories

personality psychology

focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another

cognitive psychology

focuses on the study of higher mental processes

counseling psychology

focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems

cross-cultural psychology

investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups

educational psychology

is concerned with teaching and learning processes, such as the relationship between motivation and school performance

industrial/organizational psychology

is concerned with the psychology of the workplace

school psychology

is devoted to counseling children in elementary and secondary schools who have academic or emotional problems

social psychology

is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others

A Humanistic Psychologist is concerned with

people reaching their full potential

Behavioral genetics

studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior

experimental psychology

studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world

A person studying human factors psychology is interested in

the interaction between humans and machines

clinical neuropsychology

unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology, focusing on the relationship between biological factors and psychological disorders

the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline is generally considered to have occurred when

wilhelm wundt established the first experimental laboratory devoted to psychological phenomena