Psychology Unit 4
Offering a reward for a completed task that was previously driven out of enjoyment may reduce one's __________. A. intrinsic motivation B. inspirational drive C. extrinsic motivation D. achievement need
A
Parker is grounded and not allowed to go to a concert with her friends tonight. She screams at her brother when he asks her for help with his homework and slams her bedroom door. Her behavior is an example of ___________. A. striking out at others B. overindulgence C. blaming oneself D. giving up
A
Research has shown __________ often depends on one's current status, circumstances, and expectations. A. subjective well-being B. relative deprivation C. parasympathetic division D. evaluative aspect
A
Research indicates that catharsis does not appear to be useful in evoking calm feelings if ___________. A ) catharsis is carried out immediately after feeling anger B) one's emotional release is targeted at the provoker C) one's counterattack feels justifiable D) one's provoker is not intimidating to the one venting anger
A
Research indicates that failing to release stress-related emotions can lead to which of the following? A. an increase in blood pressure B. a decrease in negative emotion C. healthy habits for coping with stress D. an increase in the tendency to strike out at others
A
The __________ theory claims that emotions are innate reactions to stimuli in one's surrounding environment. A. evolutionary B. two-factor C. James-Lange D. Cannon-Bard
A
The alarm stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is very similar to ___________. A. the flight-or-fight response B. constructive coping C. catharsis D. appraisal
A
The research finding indicating that goal achievement generally leads to expressions of joy across cultures provides support for the claim that _________. A) events triggering specific emotions are generally consistent across cultures B) basic facial expressions are recognizable across cultures C) cultures categorize emotions in different ways D) cultural expectation influences how emotion is expressed
A
Which of the following motivational theories represents the claim that individuals are motivated by the expected outcomes of situations? A. expectancy theory B. incentive theory C. intrinsic motivation D. Maslow's hierarchy
A
The physiological reaction to a threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for attacking or fleeing is known as __________. A. tend and befriend B. fight or flight C. freezing D. shielding
B
Theorist Albert Ellis claimed that one's emotional reaction to stress can be controlled by ___________. A. engaging in particular defense mechanisms to decrease stress B. altering thoughts or evaluations about stressful events C. avoiding certain events that cause stress D. using humor to reduce negative effects of stress
B
There are generally thought to be _____ naturally occurring emotions that are present from birth. A. four B. seven C. three D. ten
B
Which of the following is not reflective of supportive research on the effects of forgiving others and stress management? A) A correlation between forgiveness and well-being has been found. B) A correlation has been established between negative emotion and life dissatisfaction. C) A connection has been established between forgiveness and increased negative emotion. D) Forgiving others has been linked to a reduction in depression.
B
Which of the following statements is true in regard to facial expressions across cultures? A. People are generally less accurate in identifying expressions of individuals from one's own culture. B. The type of expression displayed on one's face is generally recognizable across cultures. C. Similar events generally trigger differing emotions in individuals across cultures. D. Individuals across cultures generally interpret emotions in a different manner.
B
Which of the following was not revealed through research on cultural influences on stress? Please select the best answer from the choices provided Cultures often differ in perception of stressful situations. Cultures are often similar in how they cope with stress. Pressure to maintain societal norms can be a source of stress for those in any culture. Individualistic and collectivistic cultures often differ in how family care can cause stress.
B
__________ are largely unconscious reactions that are used as a form of protection from unpleasant emotions, such as guilt or anxiety. A. Indulgences B. Defense mechanisms C. Repressions D. States of consciousness
B
All of the following are common physical changes that accompany a fight-or-flight response except __________. A. increasing heart rate B. increasing respiratory rate C. decreasing body temperature D. hormone release
C
All of the following describe an individual who has a high need for achievement except ___________. A. generally being future-oriented B. often delaying gratification in pursuit of goals C. generally handling negative feedback poorly D. often pursuing competitive entrepreneurial careers
C
Between work and school, Harley is feeling a lot of stress. He claims that the issue he is experiencing is due to his lack of ability to handle stress. He feels incompetent and unworthy of the responsibilities work has assigned him. Harley's thoughts would be an example of ___________. A. striking out at others B. overindulgence C. blaming oneself D. giving up
C
Compared to Type B personalities, Type A personalities are more likely to experience all of the following except __________. A. self-imposed stress B. heart problems C. reduced anxiety D. intense reactions to stress
C
Evidence that physiological arousal precedes emotion would be most consistent with the _______. A. relative deprivation principle B. adaptation level principle C. James-Lange theory D. two factor theory
C
In an attempt to reach a goal, highly motivated individuals tend to __________ than less motivated people. A. exert less effort in working toward their goal B. take more time reacting to situations that effect their goal C. be more persistent toward reaching their goals D. be more cautious and react slower to opportunities
C
Jonah wanted to be on the basketball team in high school, but two weeks before tryouts, he became highly anxious to the point that he couldn't eat very well without his stomach feeling queasy. As a result of his stress, Jonah increased his time of practicing basketball and asked an old team member to help him develop new skills he needed in order to make the team. After hearing that he made the basketball team a day after tryouts, Jonah went out for a large pizza with the rest of the team players. Based on this information, a psychologist would most likely conclude that Jonah's stress __________. A. led him to engage in destructive behaviors B. interfered with his school work in a negative way C. led Jonah toward positive personal changes D. chronically impaired Jonah's health
C
Larry is doing poorly in his science class, and if something doesn't change, he will fail. Which of the following would qualify as a defense mechanism in this situation? A. Larry hires a tutor to get help with the concepts he isn't understanding in class. B. Larry decides he isn't ready for the class, so he drops it and signs up for an introductory-level science class instead. C. Larry denies that he is behind and is convinced that he will ace the final without getting any help. D. Larry sets up an appointment with his professor to see what he can do to improve his score in the class.
C
Psychologists claim that all of the following brain structures influence one's emotional response except __________. A. the thalamus B. the prefrontal cortex C. the spinal cord D. the amygdala
C
Researchers Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen conducted facial recognition experiments to determine which of the following? A) if cultures differ in social gestures used to represent emotion B) if cultures differ in words used to label emotions C) if emotional expressions were recognizable across cultures D) if cultures had different display rules for emotion
C
Some benefits of __________ may increase appropriate social behavior and make uninteresting tasks worth pursuing. A. intrinsic motivation B. achievement C. extrinsic motivation D. inspiration
C
Some students work hard in school in order to get high grades. Based on this information, these students are motivated by ___________. A. homeostasis B. drives C. incentives D. instincts
C
The belief that individuals must first fulfill their most basic needs before focusing on higher needs is related to __________. A. extrinsic motivation B. expectancy theory C. hierarchy of needs D. intrinsic motivation
C
The fight-or-flight response can best be describe as a(n) ___________. A. physiological response in cats B. abnormal condition of the nervous system C. adaptive physiological response to danger D. way for the body to release emotion
C
Using humor to reduce stress can help one to do all of the following except __________. A. change one's appraisal of events B. enhance positive emotions C. limit social support from others D. moderate the negative impact of stress
C
Which of the following has been identified as one of the seven basic emotions that are present as early as infancy? A. peace B. frustration C. interest D. anxiety
C
Which of the following is an environmental factor that influences hunger and eating behavior? A. stimulation of the hypothalamus B. one's blood glucose level C. learned eating preferences and habits D. high levels of the protein leptin
C
__________ are threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear end point. A. Chronic stressors B. Frustrations C. Acute stressors D. Conflicts
C
__________ refers to an individual's lack of productivity that may be due to physical exhaustion and a lowered sense of self-efficacy. A. Conflict B. Impaired task function C. Burnout D. Learned helplessness
C
Research indicates that catharsis generally reinforces the tendency to ____________________.
Lash out towards others
Research indicates that negative emotions generally __________________.
Lead to maladaptive behavior
John Atkinson claimed that all of the following factors influenced one's need for achievement except ___________________.
Length of time needed for a goal
A person who constantly does work for other people and does not receive credit may begin to feel __________. A. burnout B. catharsis C. resilient D. hopeful
A
Which of the following is not reflective of supportive research on the effects of forgiving others and stress management? Selected Answer: Incorrectb. A correlation has been established between negative emotion and life dissatisfaction. Correct Answer: Correctc. A connection has been established between forgiveness and increased negative emotion.
A connection has been established between forgiveness and increased negative emotion
According to the lecture, all of the following are defense mechanisms except __________. A. denial B. moderate exercise C. overcompensation D. intellectualization
B
All of the following are examples of physiological motives or drives except ___________. A. hunger B. acceptance C. sleep D. thirst
B
All of the following are examples of the similarities in cultural influences on emotion except __________. A. formation of facial expressions B. labels for emotions C. recognition of facial expressions D. situational influences
B
All of the following are processes included in the constructive coping method for stress except _________. A) learning to recognize and regulate stressors B) confronting the issue indirectly C) ensuring the body is protected from negative effects of stress D) evaluating stressful issues realistically
B
An individual who is better at relaxing without feeling guilty and working without feeling anxious is thought to have a(n) __________ personality. A. avoidance-approach B. Type B C. approach-approach D. Type A
B
An internal state of tension that pushes one to act is __________, while __________ is an external stimulus that pulls one to act. A. extrinsic motivation . . . intrinsic motivation B. drive . . . incentive C. intrinsic motivation . . . extrinsic motivation D. incentive . . . drive
B
Early theories on hunger suggested __________. A. hunger and eating are influenced by only biology B. stomach contractions caused hunger C. a damaged hypothalamus caused hunger D. parts of the brain controlled hunger
B
Karen walked into her dorm room and immediately noticed a horrible smell. She decided to clean her dorm and take out the trash. The emotion that prompted her to sanitize her surroundings was most likely __________. A. fear B. disgust C. sadness D. happiness
B
Physical and emotion exhaustion, cynicism, and lowered self-efficacy attributable to chronic, work-related stress are elements of __________. A. learned helplessness B. burnout C. a psychological disorder D. lack of control
B
Someone experiencing dry mouth and the appearance of goose bumps may be having a __________ reaction of emotions of the autonomic nervous system. A. behavioral B. sympathetic C. cognitive D. parasympathetic
B
According to the article "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs," someone who __________ is not showing indicators of a self-actualized person. A. perceives reality objectively B. accepts themselves C. is able to look at life objectively D. fears one's environment
D
All of the following are factors that influence our motivation to accomplish certain goals except __________. A. rewards B. beliefs C. values D. experiences
D
Although __________ is able to make someone feel better about being angry, it does not seem to make the anger go away. A. adaptation B. release C. perception D. catharsis
D
Gabriel just moved to the United States and was surprised by the angry emotional outbursts of others he commonly witnessed on the street, as he was used to individuals being more subdued in public settings. Based on this information, a pyschologist would likely claim that __________. A. individuals in Gabriel's culture have no word for anger B. individuals in Gabriel's culture do not show emotion C. Gabriel's culture does not have the same emotional expressions as the United States D. Gabriel's culture has different display rules for acceptable social behavior
D
Heart disease and obesity are both examples of __________ that can be caused by stress. A. posttraumatic stress disorders B. lower immune responses C. impaired task functions D. psychosomatic diseases
D
Homeostasis may assist in balancing all of the following drives except __________. A. hunger B. activity C. sleep D. approval
D
The body mass index (BMI) determines ideal weight based on body frame measurements and age.
F
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the arousing stimulus first triggers the physical response, then the subjective experience of emotion follows.
False
The purpose of a defense mechanism is to get uncomfortable feelings out into the open so they can be dealt with in a healthy manner.
False
A person who constantly does work for other people and does not receive credit may begin to feel __________.
burnout
__________ is a very adaptive emotion because it serves to prepare us for reacting to dangerous situations. A. Fear B. Happiness C. Sadness D. Anger
A
According to Victor Vroom, which of the following is not considered a factor that influences motivation? A. independence B. instrumentality C. expectancy D. valence
A
An individual's perception of personal overall happiness and life satisfaction is known as __________. A. subjective well-being B. relative deprivation C. personal catharsis D. relative perception
A
Bill is motivated to work hard in school because his parents promised him a car if he graduates in the top ten percent of his class. It could be said that he is being motivated by __________. A. rewards B. pride C. beliefs D. values
A
Emotions can lead one to engage in adaptive behavior when they _________. A_)motivate one to increase prosocial behavior B) cause one to want to become physically violent toward another C) decrease kind behavior toward others D) increase panic or anxiety in individuals
A
Food palatability and variety are __________ factors that affect eating behavior. A. environmental B. emotional C. psychological D. historical
A
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that regulates __________. A. hunger B. food preference C. achievement motivation D. the need for acceptance
A
When individuals have a tendency to expect good outcomes in situations, they are known to be __________. A. optimistic B. Type B C. pessimistic D. Type A
A
Which of the following motivational theories represents the claim that individuals are motivated by the expected outcomes of situations? A. Emotions serve to increase chances for survival. B. Emotions are influenced mostly by thought. C. Emotions are learned only through experience. D. Specific emotions result from appraising one's experiences.
A
Which of the following statements concerning coping strategies is not true? A) Individuals using one consistent strategy to cope with stress generally manage stress more effectively than others. B) Coping strategies used to reduce stress are often influenced by the stituation. C) Coping strategies used to manage stress can be either maladaptive or adaptive. D) Constructive coping methods used to manage stress include learning to recognize one's personal stressors.
A
Which of the following statements concerning the effects of happiness is not true? Please select the best answer from the choices provided A) Feelings of happiness generally lead individuals to demonstrate less care toward others. B) Happy individuals are generally more playful than individuals who are not. C) Research has linked levels of happiness to increases in creative problem solving. D) Happiness, along with love, has been found to provoke prosocial behaviors.
A
Which of the following theorists claimed physiological, social, and psychological needs motivated people toward certain behaviors? Please select the best answer from the choices provided John Atkinson David McClelland Abraham Maslow Clark Hull
Abraham Maslow
All of the following emotions have been found to increase prosocial behavior except __________. A. hope B. anxiety C. love D. happiness
B
Which of the following statements suggests an individual may be genetically predisposed to gain an excessive amount of weight? A. Food consumption typically tends to be greater than the energy expended for an overweight person. B. A child raised by an obese parent is more likely to be obese than a child raised by parents of typical weight. C. The level of hunger and metabolic rate change for an individual according to weight gain or loss. D. One's weight tends to remain fairly stable until it is impacted by outside factors.
B
According to research, one's level of happiness is related to all of the following except __________. A. self-esteem B. optimism C. physical attractiveness D. close friendships
C
The joy that comes from achieving a certain goal or the anger that arises when a particular injustice has been made are __________. A. norms that regulate an inappropriate display of emotion B. norms that regulate an appropriate display of emotion C. emotional reactions generally consistent across cultures D. emotions that vary across cultures
C
The process of dealing with stressors by giving up or simply blaming oneself leads to __________. A. indulging B. aggression C. learned helplessness D. striking out
C
Tracy is very angry at what he perceives as unfair treatment from his supervisor at work. Which of the following would be an example of maladaptive behavior that occurs in response to Tracy's anger? A. running five miles after work B. communicating his feelings at a later time C. verbally abusing his boss D. listening to music
C
Victor Vroom claimed that one's level of motivation toward action is based on all of the following factors except __________. A. expectancy B. instrumentality C. internal needs D. valence
C
Which of the following is not reflective of supportive research on the effects of forgiving others and stress management? A) A correlation between forgiveness and well-being has been found. B) A correlation has been established between negative emotion and life dissatisfaction. C) A connection has been established between forgiveness and increased negative emotion. D) Forgiving others has been linked to a reduction in depression.
C
All of the following are actions of an individual who is highly motivated to achieve a specific goal except __________. A. reacting quickly in situations B. being more persistent C. taking advantage of opportunities D. exerting minimal effort
D
Ray won't eat cream of wheat cereal. He doesn't particularly enjoy the taste or texture of the cereal. Based on this information, Ray most likely has a problem with the ____________ of cream of wheat. A. appearance B. satiability C. availability D. palatability
D
Rupert is obsessed with being famous. He tries out for every local play and is excited with the idea of being recognized by others. Based on this information, Abraham Maslow would claim that Rupert is likely preoccupied with his need for __________. A. love B. belongingness C. safety D. esteem
D
Social factors that can lead to psychological problems as a result of obesity include which of the following? A. high blood pressure B. cancer C. shortened lifespan D. discrimination
D
The active effort needed to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress is known as __________. A. pessimism B. conscientiousness C. optimism D. coping
D
The effects of burnout can lead to all of the following consequences except __________. A. reduced work attendance B. reduced work performance C. increased chances for health issues D. increased productivity
D
Verbal expressions, body language, and facial expressions are all __________ components of emotion. A. psychological B. physiological C. cognitive D. behavioral
D
Life changes that limit one's ability to make independent choices or improve the self tend to cause stress most for individuals in __________ cultures.
individualistic
Which of the following statements concerning behavioral expressions of emotion is not true? A. Societal expectations can influence one's emotional expressions. B. Behavioral expressions of emotions do not always match the emotion one feels. C. Emotions can be expressed using body language. D. Research indicates that facial expressions have no influence on the emotions one experiences.
D
__________ is the best example of a Type A personality. A. Bonnie, a relaxed, fun-loving professor B. Susan, a brilliant, self-confident accountant C. Clay, a reflective, open-minded artist D. André, a competitive, easily angered journalist
D
__________ theory claimed that it was possible to experience arousal without the presence of emotion. A. Evolutionary B. Two-factor C. James-Lange D. Cannon-Bard
D
Motivation to obtain specific goals is influenced only by internal factors such as beliefs and values.
False
Studying to make a good grade on an exam is an example of internal motivation.
False
Which of the following statements concerning differences in cultural coping strategies in response to stress is true?
Individuals in collectivistic cultures will sometimes refrain from expressing stress if there is a possibility of disrupting group harmony.
Individuals in collectivistic cultures will sometimes refrain from expressing stress if there is a possibility of disrupting group harmony.
Study that sentence
Food preferences are governed by exposure and environment, which may explain why there are many food preferences associated with culture.
T
Drive-reduction theory best describes the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state, which motivates the organism to satisfy the need.
True
Emotions are shown through verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
True
Frustration occurs in any situation where the pursuit of a goal is thwarted.
True
Values are beliefs or philosophies that individuals consider to be personally important.
True
Some negative consequences that are associated with chronic stress are violence, heart attacks, and even cancer. A more serious consequence is suicide. This type of stress is long term and eats away at an individual day after day, year after year. It can be demanding and pressuring. This can be caused by traumatic events as a child, and leads to unending stress.
appealing . . . unappealing
Brian longs to play with the other children in his class, but they don't seem to want to play with him. He spends most recesses playing alone in the sandbox, wishing a classmate would join him. Based on this information, Abraham Maslow would claim that Brian is likely preoccupied with his need for __________.
belongingness
The fact that everyone in Bill's family weighs roughly the same is an indicator of __________ factors influencing obesity and weight control.
biological
Nate didn't do as well on his SAT as he and his family had hoped he would do. He knew it was because he wasn't smart enough. He was sure that if he had tried harder on the test, he would have had a much higher score. He felt like everything was all his fault. This shows an example of __________.
blaming oneself
After a long day of being nice to impolite customers at the restaurant where she works, Marisa comes home and unwinds by playing several hours of a violent video game. When she is finished playing, she feels a little better about all of the times she had to endure the rudeness of her customers and couldn't say what she was thinking. A psychologist would say that she enjoys the game because it acts as a __________.
catharsis
The difference between adaptive and maladaptive behavior is that adaptive behavior is __________ and maladaptive behavior is __________.
constructive . . . destructive
Research indicates that catharsis generally reinforces the tendency to __________.
deal with anger in adaptive way
Positive psychological effects that one can experience from stressful events include which of the following?
developing resilience
We know that we are becoming more calm when our parasympathetic nervous system causes saliva to __________ and blood pressure to __________.
increase . . . decrease
Scarlet began to overeat and oversleep as a result of feeling increasing stress due to her lack of employment. She began drinking alcohol heavily on the weekends and stopped working out. At her last physical health checkup, Scarlet's doctor diagnosed her with diabetes. Based on this information, a psychologist would most likely conclude that Scarlet's stress is ___________. Please select the best answer from the choices provided
leading her to engage in destructive behaviors
All of the following would motivate someone toward attaining a career goal except ___________
low self-esteem
Ginny lives in an unsafe neighborhood and walks to school with the threat of being approached by drug dealers. She becomes more frightened every day and wishes to find a different route to school. Based on this information, Abraham Maslow would claim that Ginny is likely to be preoccupied with her need for __________.
safety
Cultures are similar in their influences on an individual's emotion in which of the following ways?
situational influences on emotion
The phenomenon known as __________ states that women are much more likely than men to nurture children and maintain close relationships with other women while under stress. A. tend and befriend B. freezing C. fight or flight D. shielding
tend and befriend
Hallie is reading a novel in the library when Susan, her best friend, slumps down in a chair next to her. Susan doesn't say anything, but Hallie knows that Susan is upset because she is slumping in her seat and rolling her eyes. A psychologist would explain that Hallie is interpreting her friend's emotion based on __________.
the behavioral component of emotion