Public Speaking Chapter 17

Guidelines to Appeal in Emotions

Appeal ethically to make sure it's appropriate to your speech topic Never substitute for evidence and reasoning. The presenter must feel the emotion and deliver it with sincerity and conviction (have to believe you).

Credibility (Ethos)

Are you qualified/trustworthy source of info. Aristotle referred to this as ethos

Two key components to credibility

Competence: how an audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise and knowledge of the subject. Character: how the audience regards the speakers sincerity, trustworthiness and concern for the wellbeing of the audience.

How to use Appeal to Emotions

Emotion-laden language: words that generate strong emotional power. Vivid, richly textured examples: for emotional appeal. Speak with sincerity and conviction.

Tips for enhancing credibility

Explain your competence: advertise your expertise establish common grounds with audience: connecting values, attitudes, and experiences of the audience. Deliver speech fluently, expressively and with conviction. Show you care.

Errors in Reasoning (fallacies)

Hasty Generalizations:speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of a insufficient evidence. False Cause: error in casual reasoning Invalid Analogy: two cases being compared are not essentially alike. Band Wagon: Because it's popular its desirable Red herring: introduced an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. Ad hominem: attacks the person/institution rather than the subject Either or: to choose between two alternatives. Slippery Slope: assumes that taking the first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. Appeal to tradition: because something is old Appeal to novelty: because it's new its desirable

Different types of Credibility

Initial credibility: the credibility of the speaker before he or she starts to speak. Derived credibility: the credibility produced by everything they say or do during the speech. Terminal credibility: the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Appeal to Emotions (pathos

Name Aristotle used for what modern students refer to as emotional appeal

Types of Reasoning

Reasoning from specific instances: reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. Reasoning from principle: using a general principle to make a specific conclusion. Casual Reasoning: describes relationship between cause/effect Analogical reasoning: using an analogy to compare what's true for one is true for another

Tips for Evidence

Use the specific evidence State it in specific, not general terms (relate to the audience) Credible sources Make clear the point of your evidence

Reasoning

another way to use evidence to draw conclusions on a topic

Four main reasons or methods a speaker uses to persuade an audience

credibility, evidence, reasoning, and emotion.

Evidence(logos)

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something. Three types: examples, statistics, and testimony