Public Speaking Exam

Explanations of main points

A. Number • 1. two-to-five for speech class • 2. main focus of your speech B. Mini outline • 1. list for reference • 2. do NOT include them on top of your actual outline • 3. you explain/elaborate on the main points in your speech

how are each of the three main areas of an outline completed.

Introduction: write it out Body: outline it Conclusion: write it out

three general rules one should follow when giving a speech from a lectern

lay hands lightly on lectern edges, don't stand too close to lectern, don't lean on lectern or clench sides of lectern.

three types of appeals that can be used to persuade an audienc

logos: logical ethos: emotional pathos: ethical

four ways in which one can vary his/her voice

Volume - Generally volume should be slightly louder than. Normal speaking voice. Rate - Refers to the speed at which you speak. Pitch - Refers to how high or low your voice sounds Pauses - Refer to a momentary break in the delivery of a speech.

Name and explanations of the six parts of the Communication Model.

1. Environment •- "Time and place in which the message is delivered" •- Certain occasions require certain types of speeches • funerals •graduation ceremonies •church services 2. Speaker •- "Person who is presenting an oral message to a listener" 3. Listener •- "Person who receives the speaker's message" •- Every listener will have a different "frame of reference" as they listen to a message - Frame of reference - total of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes •- Because every listener has a different frame of reference, every listener will interpret the same speech differently •- Speakers must consider their audience's overall frame of reference as they prepare a speech •- Speakers want listeners to think: "That's important information to me." 4. Message ●"Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else" ●- Verbal message - Words make up part of the message ●- Non-verbal message - tone of voice, appearance, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact also are part of the message we send, however •- It's important to make sure your non-verbal message does not interfere with your verbal message 5. Channel •- "Method by which the message is delivered" •- 'Channel can be Oral (spoken words) or Visual (presentation aids, non-verbal cues) •- "Oral" - radio or phone (listener can only hear) •- "Oral-visual" - face-to-face or television (listener can also see visual cues) 6. Response •- "Messages, usually non-verbal, sent from the listeners to a speaker" •- Good speakers observe the non-verbal reaction of their listeners, then make any necessary adjustments •Are listeners paying attention? •What kind of facial expressions do most listeners have? (Interested? Confused? Bored?)

three pieces of information that should be included in the first sentence of an MLA annotation.

1. type of source, 2. author/credentials, 3. brief summary of source

Explanations of central idea

A. Thesis statement of your speech • 1. can include main points (literally listed) • 2. general statement alluding to main points B. Rules for writing • 1. Concise and not too general • 2. Full sentence (subject, verb, end punctuation!) • 3. statement, not a question • 4. clear and easy to understand; avoid figurative language

Explanations of specific purpose

A. focuses on speech - 1. narrows general purpose 2. gives meaning to your topic B. Rules for writing • 1. infinitive phrase, not a sentence (to persuade my audience... ) • 2. fact statement, not a question • a. you're telling US something • b. don't ask us the questions in your outline

Name and explanations of the five steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence.

Attention Step: Gains Attention/Interest (Pathos) Favorably disposed audience to topic Establishes the speaker's credibility (Ethos) Methods Address occasion, audience, topic Startling Stats Quotation Humor Illustration Need Step: Describes Problem (Logos) (Ethos) (Pathos) Makes the audience uncomfortable with status quo OR uncomfortable with changes to status Quo Methods Claims/Evidence Demonstrate Ratifications Illustration Satisfaction Step: Presents solutions to the described problem Prevents counterarguments/refutations Methods Claims/Evidence Explanation Demonstration Practical Experience Meet objections/Counterarguments Visualization Step: Intensifies audience desire to enact proposed action Helps audience "see" results (Pathos) Methods Positive Method ("shows" result of action) Negative Method ("shows" result of inaction) Contrast Method ("shows" difference between action vs. inaction) Action Step: Focuses thoughts of audience Leaves audience in appropriate mood to act Provides sense of completion Methods Challenge Illustration Personal Intention Inducement

Explanation of Topic Sentence

Audience needs to know what you're talking about pretty rapidly

three ways in which one communicates with an audience non-verbally

Eye contact - Looking straight at any person to give them attention Facial expressions - Talk in an appropriate way, eyes open, head straight Gestures - use hands, arms and shoulders.

the proper stance when giving a speech

Feet planted firmly on the ground - shoulder width apart Knees slightly bent (but audience can't tell) Hands and arms comfortably at sides Head straight, Shoulders back

Three reasons that explain why public speaking is an important skill to practice

Good Speaking Stance, Physical Appearance, and Voice

three main goals for a speech introduction

Grab the attention and interest of the audience, Introduce the topic of the interest, and preview the main points.

the three specific types of transitions

Location: above, across, outside, near, beyond, beneath, beside. Comparison: just as, likewise, just like, similar to, in the same way. Contrast: but, however, even so, on the other hand, otherwise, still.

Five ways to decrease nervous tension before giving a speech

Practice. Naturally, you'll want to rehearse your presentation multiple times. ... Transform Nervous Energy Into Enthusiasm. ... Attend Other Speeches. ... Arrive Early. ... Adjust to Your Surroundings. ...

seven Faulty Methods of Persuasion we went over in class.

Stereotype: An overgeneralization that does not account for exceptions Bandwagon: A recommendation that someone should do something because everyone else is doing it Name Calling: Criticism of personality or character rather than of ideas Testimonial: Use of a recommendation by someone who has gained authority in an unrelated field Red Herring: An unrelated second issue used to evade the real issue Either-Or Thinking: An oversimplification that allows only two choices Faulty Cause and Effect: A statement asserting a false connection between a cause and effect

President Obama was considered to be an effective speaker

The president explains: how to captivate listeners with words, voice, tone and body language To grip listeners with lasered compelling messages Engage listeners by applying the communication effectiveness continuum Reaching out to listeners by speaking in all 4 languages and Moving and motivating with the Authentic Person

two considerations that one should consider about his/her physical appearance when planning to give a speech

Use the power of eye contact - to give them attention Don't hide behind the lectern - engaging the audience

difference between a "Works Cited" and "Works Consulted."

Works Consulted is the term used for the list of sources used in the preparation of a research project. It is used to list background reading, summarized sources, or any sources used for informational purposes but not paraphrased or quoted. It is used to document those sources referred to, but not cited in your project. Works Cited is the term for the list of sources actually documented (paraphrased or quoted) in your project, generally through parenthetical citation. All of the parenthetical references in the paper or project should lead the reader to this list of sources.

Status Quo explanation and relation

existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues. It is related by clarity, strategy and topic mastery.

Grey Areas explanation sand relation

field not readily conforming to a category or to an existing set of rules

three ways to achieve the first goals of a speech introduction

grab the attention and interest - listeners form their first impression of a speech quickly, if you fail, capture the attention, ask a question that provokes thoughts in the reader.

Slippery Slope explanation and relation

idea or course of action which will lead to something unacceptable, wrong, or disastrous. Logic, critical thinking, political rhetoric and case law.

difference between a lectern and a podium.

podium is something you stand on while a lectern is something you stand behind

Why is it important to fully introduce the source of information when presenting information from that source to your audience?

so the audience can judge whether it's a reliable source (and if they deem it so, it adds to your ethos as a speaker

two main goals for a speech conclusion.

summarize main points and prepare the audience for the end of the speech.

five general rules for preparing and using slides in a speech presentation

text should be large text should be sans serif each slide should have a title images should be large text color should contrast with background

transition

the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another

information that should be included (beyond just the author's name)

title and date

name for each level of the MLA outline below.

(I.) Main Points, (A.) Sub Points, (1.) Supporting Material

Explanation of general purpose

To inform, persuade, entertain