PY 201 ch.3 / ch. 6

The central nervous system consists of

brain and the spinal cord

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its motherâ s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?

it would be unethical by today's research standards.

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

learning

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed

partial

When Medusa comes when her name is called she receives a piece of food. What operant conditioning technique does this demonstrate?

positive reinforcement

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

A "clicker" is considered a:

secondary/conditioned reinforcer

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Damage to the occipital lobes may result in difficulty with:

sight

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

What is the main idea of social learning theory

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.

Rescorla

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning

Edward C. Tolman

Which of the following demonstrates a continuous reinforcement schedule?

Godzilla receives a piece of food every time he comes when called.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

A signal or cue that reinforcement is forthcoming if a behavior occurs is known as:

a discriminative stimulus

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

The _______________ is described by some people as the brain's "fear center."

amygdala

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

Which of the following regions in the brain is involved in the ability to make plans, think creatively, and take initiative?

frontal lobes

Peter had an injury that caused damage to his brain. As a result, he can longer form new memories about people he meets or information he learns. Which part of Peter's brain is most likely damaged?

hippocampus

in order for learning to occur, reinforcement should be given _____ a behavior occurs.

immediately after