PY 385 Module 3 Exam

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming?

Divergent

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

a turtle is an animal

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.

rules

Syntax is the

rules for combining words into sentences.

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

583: 653: 518 ms

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

___________is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?

Analysis

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8?

Analytical

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

It cuts the taffy into pieces.

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer.

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?

Problem Solving: Planning

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems?

Representation

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk"

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving.

analogy

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference.

anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference.

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

anterior temporal lobe

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.

artifact

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.

causal

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?

comma

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking.

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________.

finding similarity

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _________________ may be more important than _________________ in creative thinking.

flexibility; experience

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the ____________________ approach to parsing.

garden path

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference.

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

learning

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying.

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators.

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ________.

progress

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring.

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring.

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

sensory attributes; function

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem.

source

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

spreading activation

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

The concept of language can best be thought of as a ________.

system

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E?

tonic

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

tree;oak

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

Means-end analysis

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem.

Russian marriage

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

The frontal and temporal lobes

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language.

hierarchical

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

abstractions

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

can fly; bird

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

group brainstorming.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality

The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ____________________ is involved.

when semantics

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

working units