Pysch Exam 2

Giorgi recognizes that an animal is a cat by remembering specific experiences he had with other cats. This is an example of a(n) ______ approach. a. organizational b. exemplar c. stereotype d. prototype

B. Exemplar

According to Observational Learning, models can encourage observers to perform pro-social or anti-social behaviors. Which of the following is an example of a learned anti-social behavior? a. Giving food to the homeless person on the street. b. Ignoring the homeless person on the street. c. Ordering the same coffee for yourself that your friend ordered. d. Picking up and returning credit cards that a stranger dropped.

B. Ignoring the homeless person on the street

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________. a. an instinct b. learning c. conditioning d. a reflex

B. Learning

Being able to recall what you had for breakfast yesterday is an example of a. sensory memory b. long-term memory c. working memory d. short-term memory

B. Long term memory

Ezra got a new phone number but keeps giving out his old phone number on accident when people ask him. This is an example of a. inactive interference b. proactive interference c. retrograde amnesia d. retroactive interference

B. Proactive interference

Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has a. retroactive interference b. retrograde amnesia c. anterograde amnesia d. a flashbulb memory

B. Retrograde amnesia

The primary type of coding used in LTM is a. acoustic b. semantic c. visual d. timeless

B. Semantic

Which of these plans of action is most likely to help you retrieve information from your long-term memory before you take a test? a. Study, then imagine doing well on the test, and then take the test. b. Study, then practice retrieving the information, and then take the test. c. Study, then go to a party to relax, and then take the test. d. Sleep for at least two hours, study, and then take the test.

B. Study, then practice retrieving the information, and the take the test

Tyler and Eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but Tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while Eric finds them nice and interesting. What explains the differences between what Tyler thinks and what Eric thinks? a. Tyler and Eric are talking about two different kinds of spiders. b. Tyler and Eric have different concepts of spiders. c. Tyler and Eric hold different core features of spiders. d. Tyler and Eric have different categories of spiders.

B. Tyler and eric have different concepts of spiders

Long-term memory storage appears to be a. limited to five to nine items b. unlimited c. smaller than short-term memory storage d. unlimited for visual memories only

B. Unlimited

Mental sets occur a. when you develop multiple, unique solutions for a problem. b. when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective. c. when you erroneously attribute someone else's behavior to current mental state. d. when you use the same algorithm to solve multiple problems.

B. When you approach a problem the same way, even if it is I effective

While studying for the SAT, you space out your study sessions across several months which has enabled you to be more relaxed while studying. As soon as the test coordinator starts your SAT, you start to internally panic and think about the impact this test has on your future. Based on what we know about memory, we would expect your performance to: a. affect the other test takers. b. worsen. c. be the same. d. improve.

B. Worsen

The prototype and exemplar representational views of concepts suggest that novel objects in the environment are classified based on a. whether you think they should be part of the concept. b. whether they satisfy the definition you have created for the concept. c. their similarity to a stored category representation. d. how much they match the stored category representation.

C.

When attempting to solve a problem, convergent thinkers generate a a social category. b. many solutions. c. a single solution. d. false memories.

C. A single solution

Which of the following is NOT true regarding amnesia? a. Amnesics maintain their previously acquired skills like playing the piano. b. Amnesics can learn new skills like learning to draw a reflected image. c. Amnesics maintain their previously acquired memories like their wedding day. d. Amnesics can't consciously retrieve long-term memories.

C. Amnesics maintain their previously acquired memories like their wedding day.

Newt, Luna, Helga, and Mikayla were sorted into House Hufflepuff (i.e., they belong to a specific Hogwarts house from Harry Potter). In the context of Cognitive Psychology, Hufflepuff is considered a: a. definition. b. prototype. c. category. d. concept.

C. Category

Dr. Wilkinson, a pediatric doctor, tells her patients (or rather, their parents): "It's really about following a child over time and making sure that they're making progress in skills, rather than asking whether they have a skill at an exact time point."

C. Continuous

Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of a. convergent thinking. b. creative-cognitive processing. c. divergent thinking. d. settling.

C. Divergent thinking

The more ______ encoding processes are, the better we remember. a. simple b. time-consuming c. effortful d. shallow

C. Effortful

Which of the following answer choices represents a concept that is both abstract and artificial? a. Prize b. Fungus c. Emancipation d. Bird

C. Emancipation

When attempting to solve a problem, convergent thinkers generate a. abstract concepts b. artificial concepts c. functional fixedness d. heuristics

C. Functional fixedness

Which is the faster technique for solving a problem? a. algorithms b. trial-and-error c. heuristics

C. Heuristics

Bandura argued that classical conditioning and operant conditioning approaches could not explain why learning can take place in the absence of external reinforcement. Thus, an important step in his social cognitive learning theory is ____________________, during which an organism decides whether they will imitate a model. a. reproduction b. attention c. motivation d. retention

C. Motivation

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation? a. chemotherapy b. the doctor's office c. nausea d. cancer

C. Nausea

Dominique was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of a. explicit memory. b. sensory memory. c. procedural memory. d. semantic memory.

C. Procedural memory

If a schema is used for "turtle," which of the following would be connected? a. movement/mouth b. protection/mouth c. protection/shell d. movement/shell

C. Protection/shell

Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory. a. effortful b. procedural c. sensory d. long-term

C. Sensory

You are about to take an exam, and you spend a few minutes going over your notes. You understand certain topics well, but you are not so sure about others. As soon as the professor hands out the test, you scribble down those few terms you are not very confident about before you forget them. You likely stored these terms in ______. a. echoic memory b. sensory memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory

C. Short term memory

You brag to your friends that you knew the Pittsburgh Penguins would win the next Stanley Cup. After they lose, you claim you knew they would lose because Guentzel (a key player) was injured. Which memory sin have you committed? a. Persistence b. Misattribution c. Absentmindedness d. Bias

D. Bias

Imagine you are watching a movie, and you recognize an actor. The person's name is "on the tip on your tongue." This is an example of a. transience. b. source misattribution. c. absentmindedness. D. Blocking

D. Blocking

3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ________. a. spontaneously recovers her Scooby-Doo reaction when she sees Dora the Explorer b. doesn't like juice anymore c. generalizes from the Scooby-Doo cup to the Dora the Explorer cup d. discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup

D. Discriminates between the scooby doo cup and the dora the explorder cup

A person's memory of his or her childhood dog fueling that person's interactions with all future dogs is an example of a. the prototype approach b. generalizability c. discrimination d. the exemplar approach

D. Exemplar approach

Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory. a. short-term b. implicit c. sensory d. explicit

D. Explicit

In an episode of the TV show I Love Lucy, the Ricardos are on a flight from Europe to U.S. when Lucy pretends a block of cheese is her baby. A lady was interested in her baby and offered some formula so the "baby" could eat. Lucy ended up hiding (and eating) the cheese, causing the lady to yell "The baby is missing!" She told authorities she heard the baby burp and saw his face! This lady created what kind of memory? a. Procedural b. Short-term c. Semantic d. False

D. False

Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to a. trying to solve it first, then working backwards if you get stuck. b. following your gut instinct. c. trying different solutions until something works. d. following the instruction manual.

D. Following the instruction manual.

Outside of working on the course materials, the best thing you can do before an exam is __________________ to ensure you consolidate the information! a. drink energy drinks and stay awake b. take your mind off of the material completely c. cram as much information as quickly as possible d. get plenty of rest

D. Get plenty of rest

The standard model of consolidation emphasizes the importance of the ______________, which is extremely active when memories are first formed and then is later less active once the information to be remembered has been consolidated. a. working memory b. outer cortex c. amygdala d. hippocampus

D. Hippocampus

Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a a. condition. b. reflex. c. reinforcement. d. instinct.

D. Instinct

Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a a. artificial concept. b. category. c. abstract concept. d. natural concept.

D. Natural concept

Mirror neurons are especially important in our ability to learn through: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. massed practice. d. observational learning.

D. Observational learning

Your piano instructor, Rui, asks you to summarize what information you learned during your lesson last week when she demonstrated ho to perform the opening of Fur Elise. Which step of the observational learning process is she asking you to describe? a. Reproduction b. Motivation c. Attention d. Retention

D. Retention

Which of the following is a concept that is both concrete and natural? a. Gravity b. Five c. Removal d. Snow

D. Snow

You arrive at the local shopping mall to pick up a few things. The parking lot is crowded, but you find a spot toward the back. While in the mall, you do not think about your parking spot, but you have no trouble remembering where you parked when it is time to leave. This scenario illustrates your brain's ability to ______ information. a. forget b. change c. encode d. store

D. Store

Two-year old Eva doesn't want any help getting dressed in the mornings. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Eva is dealing with the struggle between

autonomy vs. shame

Rhonda, mother of three, insists that development takes place gradually and at its own pace, whereas Carolyn, mother of four, insists that development happens in distinct stages. Rhonda argues for ________ development but Carolyn sees development as ________.

continuous; discontinuous

When a person makes a moral decision based on wanting to make sure that the decision is acceptable in the community, the person's moral reasoning is at the ________ level.

conventional

Skinner was among the first researchers to investigate whether behaviors could be strengthened or weakened through consequences. In one study, he placed pigeons in a Skinner Box and trained them to peck a disk. To encourage their learning of this desired behavior, the pigeons received which of the following negative reinforcement? a. food delivery stopped when disk is pecked b. food that appeared when disk is pecked c. electric shock delivered when disk is pecked d. an electric shock that stopped when disk is pecked

d. an electric shock that stopped when disk is pecked

Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of a. positive punishment. b. negative punishment. c. negative reinforcement. d. positive reinforcement.

d. positive reinforcement.

Generally speaking, we know that organisms learning through operant conditioning learn BEST with what types of consequences? a. neutral b. punishment c. one-time d. reinforcement

d. reinforcement

According to the principles of social learning theory (i.e., observational learning), Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she a. watches her brother act out and get in trouble for it. b. has a dream about getting in a fight with her parents. c. sees a character on t.v. get punished for being violent towards another character. d. sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.

d. sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.

What is Erikson's primary developmental conflict of middle adulthood?

generativity vs. stagnation

According to Vygostky's theory of development, the task that an individual can accomplish only with the assistance of a more experienced person represents the:

learner's zone of proximal development.

Psychologist Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development in that ________.

men tend to make moral decisions based on individual rights and justice, whereas women tend to make moral decisions based on caring for and helping others

Developmental psychologist study the ________ that occur throughout life.

physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of development, there is a/an

a. conflict that needs resolution.

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________. a. extinction b. spontaneous recovery c. classical conditioning d. observational learning

a. extinction

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a. getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin b. playing the slot machine c. checking Facebook for new posts and notifications d. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m.

a. getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin

During a lecture, the instructor works through several practice problems. This instructor is a a. live model. b. verbal model. c. bad model. d. symbolic model.

a. live model.

According to Vygotsky's theory, you as a "more knowledgeable other" should consider all of the following EXCEPT:

a. what the learners will not be able to do, even with assistance.

Allein understands that his Introduction to Psychology course, he will be learning about the mind and behavior. Importantly, he understands that we can understand and explain mental processes without being able to physically observe those processes. Thus, he has developed

abstract reasoning.

According to Erikson, which conflict might 14-year old Hannah face in her developmental stage?

identity vs. role confusion

Which of the following is an example of an ill-defined problem? a. Designing a new all-electric SUV b. Converting temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit c. This homework question d. Luchen's Water Jug Problem

A. Designing a new all electric suv

Zeke has just realized that subtraction is simply the opposite or reverse of addition, so 2 + 2 = 4 is closely related to 4 - 2 = 2. Wow! What stage of cognitive development is Zeke going through?

Concrete operational

The duration of sensory memory is a few seconds. b. 15-20 seconds. c. at least 30 seconds. d. potentially unlimited.

A. A few seconds

The capacity of short-term memory is a. about 7 chunks b. about 20 chunks c. about 20 seconds d. potentially unlimited.

A. About 7 chunks

A lack of attention during encoding or retrieval results in poor memory and is known as ______. a. absentmindedness b. source misattribution c. blocking d. transience

A. Absentmindedness

Success" is an example of a(n) a. abstract concept. b. concrete concept. c. artificial concept. d. well-defined problem.

A. Abstract concept

Internet search engines use ________ to show the appropriate results. a. algorithms b. trial-and-error c. heuristics d. concepts

A. Algorithms

Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a. an artificial concept. b. incorrect because this would also include spiders. c. a natural concept. d. a prototype.

A. An artificial concept

Clive Wearing was a choral director who contracted viral encephalitis that destroyed parts of his brain. As a result, he developed ____________ amnesia. a. anterograde and retrograde b. anterograde c. retrograde d. retroactive interference

A. Anterograde and retrograde

Jimmy rides home from karate practice with his friend and his friend's mom each Tuesday night. One night, his friend's mom can't come, and he needs to get a ride from someone else. He's never driven the route before, but he's able to explain exactly where to turn to get home. This is an example of a. latent learning. b. operant conditioning. c. observational learning. d. classical conditioning.

A. Latent learning

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "Avada Kedavra!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of a. shaping. b. extinction. c. acquisition. d. primary reinforcement.

A. Shaping

A light is turned on in front of a hungry dog a few seconds before it is given a small piece of meat. The first time this happens in an experiment like the one that Pavlov conducted, the light is considered to be ________. a. the neutral stimulus b. the conditioned stimulus c. the unconditioned stimulus d. the unconditioned response

A. The neutral stimulus

While spending time with your cousins, they teach you a new game called "Spit", for which the objective is to be the first to get rid of all your cards. This game is considered a: a. well-defined problem. b. social category. c. false memory. d. ill-defined problem.

A. Well defined problem

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. a. your first day of school b. what the word January means c. how to use the microwave d. your name

A. Your first day of school

Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________. a. a behavior decreased because something was eliminated through engaging in the behavior b. a behavior is decreased because something was gained through engaging in the behavior c. a behavior increased because something was eliminated through engaging in the behavior d. a behavior increased because something was gained through engaging in the behavior

A. a behavior decreased because something was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

I asked my 6-year-old neice Emmy to draw a "dog" and she drew the image above. Which of the following descriptions is accurate? a. Dog is an abstract concept. b. This represents an exemplar for dog. c. This represents her prototype of dog. d. She used an algorithm to draw the dog.

C. This represents her prototype of a dog

Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of a. blocking. b. retrograde amnesia. c. transience. d. misattribution.

C. Transience

In August 2021, Domino's Pizza has advertised Suprise Frees. In doing so, they will randomly give away food with online orders. After seeing the commercial, you excited tell your friend, "How cool! That's an example of... a. variable interval negative reinforcement!" b. fixed interval positive reinforcement!" c. variable ratio positive reinforcement!" d. fixed ratio negative reinforcement!"

C. Variable ratio positive reinforcement

All of the following are ways we use concepts in a social context EXCEPT: a. Our perceptions are influenced by our concept of their social group. b. Our behaviors are influenced by our concept of their social group. c. We choose how we group others in our social environment. d. We create false memories of a person based on their social group.

C. We choose how we group others in our social environenment

Marilyn is interested in how memory evolves throughout a lifetime; her main research focus is how the different types of memory (i.e., explicit vs. implicit) evolve in childhood and throughout adulthood. Marilyn most likely focuses on which domain of development?

Cognitive

According to the theoretical framework developed by Lev Vygotsky, a young child's cognitive development is most strongly influenced by which of the following factors?

Conversations and other interactions with adults or more capable peers.

Which of the following is NOT true? a. A concept is a sparse mental representation of a category. b. Concepts help us understand our environment without having to relearn information about a new instance. c. Concepts themselves are not observable. d. A category is a sparse mental representation of a concept

D. A category is a sparse mental representation of a concept

It's your 5 year high school reunion, congratulations! When walking down the hallway, you stop at your locker and try to remember your locker combination. It's been so long that you can't remember any of the numbers. Which strategy should you use to solve this problem? a. Analogy b. Algorithm c. Working-backwards heuristic d. Trial and error

D. Trial and error

Which of the following does NOT describe how memory is reconstructive? a. We encode and store pieces (e.g., visual, auditory) of a memory separately. b. Retrieving a memory tends to result in our accidental changing of that memory. c. Retrieval involves recreating a memory by putting together the pieces of that memory. d. We accurately reconstruct a past memory because we store the pieces separately.

D. We accurately reconstruct a past memory because we store the pieces separately.

Daniel excitedly yells from the backseat of the car to his mom, telling her to look at the bug crawling on his seat. He doesn't yet understand that his mom can't see his carseat while she's driving. This inability to see from another perspective is known as

Egocentrism

You have decided to major in Psychology, but are then overwhelmed by the number of credit hours you will need to complete. Your advisor helps you come up with a plan to complete those credit hours, using which problem-solving strategy? a. Analogy heuristic b. Trial and error c. Algorithm d. Means-end analysis heuristic

Means-end analysis heuristic

Those who argue that the environment and culture have the strongest influence on development emphasize

Nurture

When a person says he or she would break the law and then confess to the authorities to save someone's life, this person's moral reasoning is at the ________ level.

Post conventional

Randy will not ride his bike in the street because he is afraid his mother will punish him if he does. According to Kohlberg's theory, Randy is demonstrating the ________ level of moral reasoning.

Pre conventional

At the beginning of this stage, Thad knew about 50 words and could make a few two- or three-word sentences. By the end of the stage, Thad is a fluent speaker of the language, with most of the spoken language skills of an adult. What stage is Thad passing through?

Preoperational

A child sees a guinea pig for the first time and says, "rabbit!" After explanation that it is fact not a bunny rabbit, the child modifies her ________ of rabbits to include only animals with long ears. This is an example of ________.

Schemata accommodation

We forget a great deal of information very quickly after study, but then the rate of loss slows as the length of time since study increases. True False

True

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? a. becoming bored during a movie b. quickly removing your hand when it's pricked with a wooden splinter c. feeling anxious about having to speak in front of the class d. becoming defensive if you feel like someone is upset with you

b. quickly removing your hand when it's pricked with a wooden splinter

How does the ability to categorize help humans? a. Categories help us create helpful prototypes to follow and add to. b. If we know something belongs to a certain category, we do not need to relearn the properties of that category for that item. c. Categories help us create helpful stereotypes to follow and add to. d. If we know something belongs to a certain category, we do not need to remember the properties of that category for that item.

b. If we know something belongs to a certain category, we do not need to relearn the properties of that category for that item.

The basic idea behind observational learning is that a. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. b. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. c. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. d. Learning is the result of associating two stimuli in order to produce the desired behavior.

b. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Because she is so cute, Elise's neighbor gives her a king-size Hershey's bar on Halloween. Her brother, Jack, is extremely jealous so he offers her a trade: two Tootsie rolls for her Hershey bar. She gladly accepts because she doesn't yet understand

b. conservation.

It's Spring time and, where you live, that brings warmer weather and pollen! You sneeze everytime you walk outside. In this case, the pollen is the: a. unconditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned stimulus. d. neutral stimulus.

b. unconditioned stimulus.

How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready? a. The individual carefully observes the Starbucks, creates a new concept for Starbucks, and acts accordingly. b. The individual carefully observes everyone's behavior in the Starbucks and then imitates it. c. The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks. d. The individual studied the rule book of acceptable behaviors at Starbucks.

c. The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.

Which is an example of classical conditioning? a. telling students if they fill up a jar with tokens for good behavior, then they will get a pizza party at the end of the year b. watching someone else be afraid of thunderstorms, so you learn to be afraid also c. being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes d. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room

c. being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes

During the lectures, Dr. Doan described one aspect of her childhood -- her Mom's drive to do well in school and the effect that had on her and her brother. In this example, Dr. Doan's Mom is the model who encouraged a. positive reinforcements. b. positive punishments. c. prosocial behaviors. d. antisocial behaviors.

c. prosocial behaviors.

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. variable ratio b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. fixed interval

c. variable interval

Study is to ______ as tests are to ______. a. mnemonics; processing b. retrieval; encoding c. encoding; retrieval d. processing; mnemonics

c. encoding; retrieval

While many of Freud's ideas about personality development have been discredited, one key takeaway from his theory is tha

childhood experiences can shape personality.

Tolman (1938) conducted a study in which rats, when placed in the same location, learned to navigate through a maze to find food. The Behaviorist perspective predicts that when placed in a NEW arm, a. the rats would be quicker to get to the food since they're hungry little critters.there b. the rats would be quicker to navigate to the food since they created a cognitive map of the maze. c. there would be no time difference to navigate to the food because they learn so quickly. d. the rats would take longer to navigate to the food since they would initially perform the same behaviors.

d. the rats would take longer to navigate to the food since they would initially perform the same behaviors.

Brad and Angie fell in love one summer when Brad used to bring his golden retriever to play in the park where Angie liked to jog. The sight of a golden retriever always makes her think about Brad. But today, as Angie ran in the park, she saw a Labrador retriever, and she immediately thought about Brad. What happened? a. This is an example of stimulus discrimination. b. This is an example of positive punishment. c. This is an example of spontaneous recovery. d. This is an example of stimulus generalization.

d. This is an example of stimulus generalization.

According to the cycle of classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the _____________ and the unconditioned response becomes the _____________. a. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response b. neutral stimulus; conditioned response c. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response d. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

d. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Which is an example of operant conditioning? a. the Dragon guarding the vaults at Gringotts Wizarding Bank is trained to fear a clanking noise because it associates the noise with an electric shock b. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing c. exam anxiety in response to testing conditions (e.g., the paper, writing utensil, desk) d. giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

d. giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

Which of the following is NOT a way in which we can improve our studying techniques (i.e., improve encoding and retrieval of information)? a. Matching the conditions in which we will be asked to retrieve the information by encoding the information in the same way. b. Organizing the information by grouping together similar information into smaller, more manageable chunks. c. Giving the new information meaning by connecting it to information/memories we already have. d. Studying only the night before the exam, since our short-term memory duration is unlimited.

d. Studying only the night before the exam, since our short-term memory duration is unlimited.

Looking back on his life, Leon, age 84, isn't sure if he made much of an impact on the world. He's able to find peace and contentment in spending time with his family and is trying hard to live so that he has no regrets. This fits with which conflict in Erikson's stages of development?

integrity vs. despair

What is Erikson's primary developmental conflict of early adulthood?

intimacy vs. isolation

Law enforcement often rely on eyewitness testimony to help illuminate the circumstances of a crime. One strategy involves a line-up, such that the victim must select the suspect who is shown with others. To reduce any potential false memory creation, the person administering the line-up doesn't know who the suspect is. the victim and the person administering the line-up don't know who the suspect is. the victim cannot see any of the suspects. the person administering the line-up knows all the suspects.

the person administering the line-up doesn't know who the suspect is.

Theories which propose that the sequence of development is the same for everyone regardless of their specific environmental or biological factors are considered

universal.