Quiz 4 Sociology Final Exam

Sexuality and Parenting

- 2000 Census: 1 - 3 lesbians/bisexual couples and 22% gay. bisexual couples are raising children. - Donor insemination use among lesbian couples had increased since the 1980s. - Privilege enjoyed by heterosexual married couples but denied to gay parents. - Legal recognition of parents/children relationships for children born during the relationship - Recognition of parents under the family and Medical Leave Act.

Theories of Global Stratification 1. Modernization Theory 2. Dependency Theory 3. World Systems Theory

1. (Modernization Theory) - Views economic development of countries as stemming from technological changes - The Protestant Ethic/Spirit of Capitalisms(1858/1904) Weber saw Economic Development that occurred in Europe during the Industrial Revolution (Took place in England/Northers Europe) ((Weber argued because the people of this area were hardworking Protestants who value achievement/believed that God helped those who helped themselves

3. (World System Theory) - No nation in the world can be considered in isolation - No matter how remote - It is tied to other countries (( Argues that there is a world economic system / must be understood as a single unit - not as individual countries))

Modern World System (1947) and Modern World System II (1980) - The level of economic development is explained by understanding each countries place/roles in the world economic system (Commodity Chain) - Network of production/labor processes by which a product becomes a finished commodity

(Sexuality: Sociological/Feminist Theory) (Sex: Functional or Conflict - Based?) - Conflict theorists see sexuality as part of the power relations and economic inequalities in society - Power is the ability to influence the behaviors or another

Symbolic Interaction Theory - uses a social construction perspective to interpret sexual identity as learned, not inborn - Culture and society shapes sexual experiences Coming out - Defining oneself as gay or lesbian - A person consciously adopts a gay identity either to himself or herself or to others (or both)

(ROE VS. WADE) - Right to abortion - Supreme Court rules that at different points during a pregnancy separate but legitimate rights collide - right to privacy

Teen Pregnancy's - About 410,000 teenage girls (under age 19) have babies in the United States

(Glass Ceiling) - Describes the limits to advancement that women, as well as racial-ethnic people and minorities, experience at work (Occupational System) - The array of jobs that together constitute the labor market - People are distributes into patterns that reflect race, class, and gender organization of society. (Occupational Distribution) - Patterns by which workers are located in the labor force (Occupational Segregatuion) - Workers are dispersed throughout the occupational system in patterns that very greatly by race, class, and gender.

The Labor market is divided into two major segments, the primary labor market and the secondary labor market, a phenomenon known as the Duel Labor Market. ( The Primary Labor Market) - Offers jobs with relatively high wages, benefits, stability, good working conditions, opportunities for promotion, job protection, and due process for worker (workers are treated according to established rules and procedures that are allegedly fairly administered) (The Secondary Labor Market) - Characterized by low-wages, few benefits, high turnover, poor working conditions, little opportunity for advancement, no job protection, no retirement plan, etc.

Achievement Test - Self - Fulfilling Prophecy - Merely applying a label has the effect of justifying it, affects performance Stereotype threat - refers to the fact that perceived negative stereotypes about one's group can actually affect one's academic Cultural Capital - Certain types of parents will have access to knowledge and information about preparing their students for college entrance exams. ((The work of Johnathan Kozol (2006) highlights how so many of the poorest children in the United States lack the very basic necessities for a good education - Support and scholarship programs intended to aid those with greater disadvantages in education help, but without such intervention, the focus of social stratification are reproduced in the educational system))

(BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION) - Separate but equal in all public facilities, including schools, was unconstitutional - Took years before school districts actually began implementing this decision - Only with substantial pressure from the federal government School Tracking and Individualized Education Plan - Tracking ( Ability Grouping ) - Separating of students within schools according to some measure of ability - As early as first grade - Children are divided into high-track, middle-track, and lower-track groups. Individualized Education Programs - Outlines specific types of learning that targets specific needs - Special needs student were taken out of main classrooms - More recently, Education research highlights the value of mixed-ability classrooms, including both IEP and mainstream students.

2. (Development Theory) - explains the persistence of poverty in the world (Poverty of low-income countries are a direct result of political/economic dependence on wealthy countries) - Theory derived from Karl Marx work - Foresaw capitalism world economy would create an exploited class of dependent countries

(Colonialism) - Western Nations become wealthy by throwing raw material from colonized societies/reaping profit from products. (Neocolonialism) - Form of control over poor countries by rich countries without direct political or military involvement

(15 Economy and Politics) (Economy) - System by which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed. (The Industrial Revolution is giving way to the growth of postindustrial societies - a development in the economic system with far - reaching consequences for how society is organized (Postindustrial Societies) - Organized around the provision of information and services - The US has moved from being a manufacturing-based economy to an economy centered on the provision of services. Services - meant to encompass a wide range of economic activities now common in the labor market. Including: Banking, Finances, Retail Sales, Hotel and restaurant work, and health care

(Comparing Economic Systems) 1. Capitalism - Economic system based on the principles of market competition, private property, and the pursuit of profit. 2. Socialism - Economic institution characterized by state (government) ownership and management of the basic industries; that is, the means of production are the property of the state, not the individuals Karl Marx - Predicted that capitalism would give way to egalitarian, state dominated socialism, followed by a transition to stateless, classless communism 3. Communism - In pure communism, industry is not the private property of owners. Instead, the state is the sole owner of the system of production. Communist Philisiophy argues that capitalism is fundamentally unjust because powerful owners take more from laborers (and society) than they give, and use their power to maintain the inequalities between the worker and owner classes.

(Sex and Culture) - Sexual Behavior - Is Natural - Pleasure/Sometimes the desire to reproduce are reasons people have sex, but sexual relationships and identities develop within social context - Sexuality is socially defined and patterned - Sexual Orientation - Attraction that people feel for people of the same or different sex (Implies something deeply rooted) - Sexual Identity - Definition of oneself that is formed around ones sexual relationship

(Contemporary Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors) - In 2013 US Supreme Court ruled the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) unconstitutional - Ruling that legally married same-sex couples same-sex marriages cannot be denied state/federal benefits (such as inheritance, fining joint tax returns, etc) - DOMA was passed by congress in 2006 - Defined marriage as solely between one man and one woman Younger people are more likely than older people to think that gay/lesbian relations are morally acceptable

(Global Economy) - Acknowledges that all dimensions of the economy now cross national borders, including investment, production, management, markets, key labor, information, and technology - Economic events in one nation now can have major reverberations throughout the world. (Global Assembly Line) - A new international division of labor in which research and development are conducted in the United States, Japan, Germany, and other major world powers, and the assembly of goods is done primarily in underdeveloped and poor nations - mostly by women and children. (Outsourcing) - Transfer of a specialized task from one organization to another that occurs for cost-saving; often, the work is transferred to a different nation. (Xenophobia) - The fear and hatred of foresters

(Economic Restructuring) - Refers to the contemporary transformation in the basic structure of work that are permanently altering the workplace. This includes - challenging composition of the workplace, deindustrialization, and use of enhanced technology The workforce is also growing more slowly than in the past, even though the U.S. population is growing. These basic facts about population change in the workforce will shape the experiences of generations to come (Dsindustrialization) - Refers to the transition from a predominantly goods-producing economy to one based on the provision of services - Most easily observed by looking at the decline in numbers of jobs in the manufacturing sector of the U.S. economy since the Second World War. ( The service sector employs the other 90 percent including two segments: the actual delivery of services ( such as food preparation, cleaning, or childcare) and the transmission and processing of information ( such as banking and finance, computer operation, etc.

(Understanding Gay and Lesbian Experience) - Sociological understanding of sexual identities has developed largely through new studies of lesbian and gay experiences - Homophobia is the fear and hatred of lesbians and gays ((Rooted belief that heterosexual behavior is that only natural form of sexual expression and that homosexuality is a perversions of "normal" sexual identity))

(GRISWORLD VS. CONNECTICUT) - Defined the use of birth control as a right, not a crime - This ruling originally applies only to married people; unmarried people were not extended the same rights until the 1972 Supreme Courts decision EISENSTADT VS. BAIRD The Eugenics Movement of the early 12th Century grew from the fear of domination by immigrant groups Abortion - One of the most seriously contested political issues "Pro-Choice" (41%) "Pro-Life" (50%)

The Social Organization of Health Care - Health care now is a vast institution, including not only hospitals and doctors but also many auxiliary sectors, such as nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, drop-in clinics, and various "alternative" health care services, such as homeopathy, wellness centers, even exercise, and nutrition centers (Affordable Care Act) 2012 - Aims to address the problem of too many uninsured Americans - Advocates for better protection for consumers of health insuranc; more affordable insurance for all Americans; better access to care; including some preventative medicine (Medicare) - Provides health insurance to older Americans (Medicaid) - Provides health insurance to poor Americans

(Health And Diversity) Prominent problem areas in the U.S. health care system including: 1. (UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH CARE BY RACE ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, OR GENDER) - Health care is more readily available and more readily delivered to White or Middle-class individuals inn urban and suburban areas than to minorities - The lack of health care delivered to Native American population is particularly serious. 2. (UNEQUAL DISTIBUTION OF HEALTH CARE BY RELIGION) Many people die in the US because they live too far from a doctor, hospital, or emergency room. 3. (INADEQUATE HEALTH EDUCATION OF INNER-CITY AND RURAL PARENTS) Many inner-city and rural parents do not understand the importance of immunizing their children against smallpox, tuberculosis, and other illnesses, and they are often suspicious of immunization programs.

(Political Action Committees (PACS)) - Groups of people who organize to support candidates they feel will represent their views. (The Power Elite Model) - Work of Karl Marx (1818-1883) and developed from the framework of conflict theory - According to Marx, the dominant or ruling class controls all the major institutions in society The Marxist view of the state emphasizes the power of elites over the rest of the population - The state according to Marx, is not a representative, rational institution, but an expression of the will of the ruling class The Power Elite model posits a strong like between government and business, a view supported by the strong hand government, a view supported by the component of U.S. economic affairs. Emphasizes how power overlaps between influential groups

(Interlocking Directorates) - Organizations linkage created when the same people sit on the board of directors for numerous corporations - People in elite circles may serve on the boards of universities, major companies, and foundations at the same time. (The Autonomous State Model) - Interprets the state as its own major constituent - The state develops interests of its own - Seeks to promote independently of other interests and the public that it allegedly serves (Feminist Theories of the State) - Diverges from the preceding theoretical models by seeing men as having the most power in society Pluralists see power as widely dispersed throughout the class system, power elite theorists see political power directly linked to upper-class interests, and autonomous state theorists see the state as relatively independent of class interests.

The United States Department of Labor regularly reports the Unemployment rate, defied as the percentage of those not working but officially defined as looking for work. (Discouraged Workers) (Under Employment) - The condition of being employed at a skill level below what would be expected given a person's training, experience, or education. ( Sexual Harassment) - Legally defined as unwanted physical or verbal sexual behavior that occurs in the context of a relationship of unequal power and that is experienced as a threat to the victim's job or educational activities. (Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment) - Forces sexual compliance in exchange for an employment or educational benefits.

(Irving Zola) - Was one of the first to suggest that people with disabilities face issues similar to those of minority groups. Building on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and earlier rehabilitation law, in particular the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Americans with Disabilities Act protects people with disabilities from discrimination in employment and stipulates that employers and other providers (such as schools and public transportation systems ) must provide "reasonable accommodations"

(World Poverty) - The World Bank/United Nations measure poverty in two ways 1. Absolute Poverty - People live on less than $1 per day 2. Extreme Poverty - Living on less than the equivalent of $1.25 per da

(Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) - Include South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, and Singapore - Governments have invested in Social/Economical developments - Globalization had brought the expansion of capitalisms - Has opened new markets, had increased global trade ((Globalization has created great progress in the world including trade, migration, the spread of diverse cultures, dissemination and sharing of new knowledge))

(Race and Health Care) - Racial disparities in health mean that African Americans are more likely than Whites to fall victim to various diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stork, and diabetes. Death of the mother during childbirth is almost three times as likely among African American Women as among White Women (Center for Disease Control 2011), although the occurrence of breast cancer is lower among African American women is considered higher than it is for White Women.

(The Disability Rights Movement) - Defines disabled people as a social group with rights similar to other minority groups in society, has transformed how people thing about disability, challenging many preconceived ideas. Stigma is a social identity that develops when a person is socially deviled by others because of some identifiable characteristic. The movement often called attention to the social realities of disabilities, even questioning the very language used to identify people with disabilities - for example, using the term physically challenged rather than the more negative connotation of disabled One of the most significant achievements of the disability rights movement is the Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA), passed by congress in 1990. This law prohibited discrimination against disabled people. Disabled people man not be denied access to public facilities, thus the presence of such things as ramps, wheelchair access on bused and stairways, handicapped parking spaces, and chirping sounds in corsswalks for blind pedestrians

(Types of Authority) Max Weber(1864-1920) The Geran classical sociologist, postulates that three types of authorities exist in society 1. Traditional Authority - Stems from long-established patterns that give certain people or groups legitimate power in society. ( Example: Monarchy, kings, and queens rule, because of long-standing traditions within society) 2. Charismatic Authority - Derived from the personal appeal of a leader - Often believed to have special gifts, even magical powers. ( Example: Obama - Admired not only for being the first African American president of the United States but also for his brilliance and his ability to inspire so many people, especially young people) 3. Rational-Legal Authority - Stems from rules and regulations - written down laws, procedures, or code of conduct - People obey not because national leaders are charismatic or because of social traditions, but because there is a legal system of authority established by formalized rules and regulations

(The Growth of Bureaucracies) A Bureaucracy is a formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. (The Pluralist Model) - Interprets power in society as derived from the representation of diverse interests of different groups in society - Model assumes that in democratic societies, the system of government works to balance the different interests of groups in society. (Interest Groups) - Can be any constituency in a society organized to promote its own agenda, including groups are organized to promote its own agenda Organizations around professions and business interactions, such as the American Medical Association (AMA) and the Tobacco Institute. The Pluralist model has its origins in functionalist theory The Pluralist model sees power as broadly diffused across the public with people who want to effect a change or express their point of view needing only to mobilize to do so.

Adoption

- More intense and numerically more home visits to see if suitable - Gay and Lesbian couples are more willing to adopt the least adoptable children (ex. physical, mental disability) ((WARD VS. WARD (1996)) - Florida awarded the Father's petition for a change in custody bases on the mother being lesbian, despite the fact that the father had been convicted of murdering his first wife ((BOTTOM VS. BOTTOM (1994)) - Virginia court denied mother custody in favor of maternal grandmother, finding that a lesbian was unfit to parent. Grandmother continued to live with the boyfriend she knew molested her daughter. ((TANF)) - Lesbian mothers unable to establish parenting of their child risk losing a large % of benefits, but single fathers aren't required to disclose the maternity of their children in receiving benefits. ((The problem lies in the fear of these kids will turn out to be gay, assumes that being gay is detrimental to the child - The myth that gay people are more likely to molest children than heterosexual - Most child molesters are heterosexual (2% homosexual))

Insemination and Segregation

- Most states have not determined if a sperms donor is the legal father of a child - Leaved parentage open to chance and potential future legal problems. - Gay men and surrogates: Law is unclear as to who is concerned legal parents o offspring (Some states surrogate and spouse with others recognize the couple contacting the surrogates) ((Only Florida specifically prohibits individuals lesbians/ gay men or same sex couples from adopting children)) - The child suffers when nonbiological partners is unclear to establish a legal relationship if the partnership dissolves (The child isn't entitles to financial support or inheritance if there is no will - Nonbiological partner does not get custody, or visitation privilege's, consent to emergency medical treatment)

(Sociological Theories of Economy and Work) 1. Functionalism - Interprets work and the economy as a functional necessity for society - Argues that society "sorts" people into occupations, with the more able sorted into prestigious occupations that pay more because they are more valuable and "functional" for society (Alienation) The feeling of powerlessness and separation from society 2. (Symbolic Interaction Theory) - Brings a different perspective to the sociology of work - Would be interested in what work means to people and how social interactions in the workplace form social bonds. Some social interaction studies examine how new workers learn their roles and how workers' identities are shaped by social interactions in the workplace. Symbolic Interaction Theorists - Note the creative ways that people deal with routinized jobs, perhaps performing exaggerated displays of routine tasks to humanize otherwise boring work (Lindner)

3. Conflict Theory - Strongly disagrees with the Functionalist point of view - Argues that many talented people are thwarted by the system of inequality that encounters in society. From the conflict perspective, wage inequality is one way that systems of race, class, and gender inequality are maintained. Factors such as the dual labor market, overt race, and gender discrimination. (Conflict Theorists) - View transformations taking place in the workplace as the result of inherent tensions in the social systems, tensions arise from the power differences between groups vying for social and economic resources. ( Thorstein Veblen (1994/1899) Conflict theorists analyze the fact that some forms of work are more highly valued than others, both in how the work is perceived b society and how it is rewarded.

(FUNCTIONALIST THEORY) - Argues that any institution, group, or organization can be interpreted by looking at its positive and negative functions in society. Positive functions in health care are the prevention and treatment of diseases. (CONFLICT THEORY) - Stresses the importance of social structural inequality in society. From the conflict perspective, the inequality inherent in our society is reasonable for unequal access to medical care. (SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY) - Holds that illness is partly (although obviously not totally) socially constructed - The definition or illness and wellness are currently relative - the social contest of a condition partly determines whether or not it is sickness - Example Alcoholism Symbolic Interactionism highlights the roles played within the health care institution. There is a hierarchy that puts medical doctors at the top and medical assistants, nursing staff at the bottom.

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(14 Education and Health Care) - In some societies, such as the US, education is highly formalize - indeed, even regulated by government ( at least for public institutions ) In the US - Education involved teaching knowledge, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as cultural knowledge, such as morals, values, and ethics. Education prepares the young for entry into society and is thus a form of socialization.

Conflict Theory - Emphasizes the power and inequality that are part of education as a social institution - The highest one's social class, the more likely one will have higher educational attainment Symbolic Interaction Theory - Focuses on how people interpret social interaction. - Teacher Expectancy Effect - The effect of teachers expectations on a students actual performance - When a students and teachers interact, certain expectations arise on the part of both - These expectations can create the very behavior in question

Marriage and Divorce - The highest rate of marriage of any Western Industrialized nation, as well as a high divorce rate.

Domestic Violence and Abuse - Estimates of the extent of domestic violence are hard to come by and notoriously unreliable because the majority of cases of domestic violence go unreported

(9 Global Stratification)

Global Stratification - Inequalities between different groups within nations that result from a difference in wealth, power, and prestige of different societies - Global outsourcing - Jobs are located overseas even while supporting US based businesses. - Gross National Income (GNI) - Measures total output of goods and services produced. - Gini Coefficient - A measure of income distribution within a given population. - Power - Measuring the ability of a country to exercise control over other countries. - Core Countries - Have the most power in the world economic system - Semi-Peripherical Countries - Semi-Industries - Play middleman role, extracting profits from poor countries ((Peripheral countries - poor, largely agricultural - exercise little power - politically instability caused crisis for core nations))

(Feminist Theory: Sex, Power, and Inequalities) - Feminist Theory - Emphasizes on sexual identities and relationships that emerge in the context of power relationships that emerge in the context of power relationships/social institutions ((Emphasizes that sexuality - exists in a contest of social institutions)) - Sexual Politics - Link between sexuality and power not just within individual relationships ((Feminist/Gay/Lesbian Liberation Movement have put sexual politics at the center of the public attention by challenging gender roles/stereotyping/sexual oppression)) (D'Emilio 1998)

Queer Theory - Perspective that has evolved from recognizing the socially constructed nature of sexual identity and role of power in defining only some forms of sexuality as "normal" ((Has been linked to the study of sexuality, gender, shows how transgressing gender categories can show how gender and sex categories))

(Forms Of Religions ) Monotheism - The worship of a single God - Christianity, and Judaism are monotheistic in that both Christians and Jews believe in a single God that created the Universe. Polytheism - The worship of more than one deity - Hinduism - Is Extraordinary Complex, with Millions of Gods, Demons, Sagesm and Heroes Patriarchal Religious - Beliefs and Practices of the religions are based on male powers and authority, Christianity is a patriarchal religion; The Ascendancy of men is emphasized by the role of women in the church, the instruction given on relations between sexes, and even the language of worship itself Matriarchal Religion - Based on the centrality of female goddesses, who may be seen as the source of food, nutrients, and love, or who may serve as emblems of power of women.

Religiosity - The intensity and consistency of practice of a person's (or group's) faith - The Majority of People find themselves as Protestant or Catholic, though there is great religious diversity with in the US

(Spatial Mismatch) - Job displacement hits people in both rural and inner cities hard because emerging new industries tend to be located in suburban, not urban or rural, areas. Automation - Human labor is replaced by machines - eliminates many repetitive and tiresome tasks, makes rapid communication and access to information possible. (Deskilling) - The level of skill requires for performing certain jobs declines over time. Deskilling may result when a job is automated or when a more complex job is divided into a sequence of easily performed units. (Contingent Workers) - Who do not hold regular jobs - But whos employment is dependent on demand.

Sociologists define WORK as productive human activity that creates something of value, either goods or services. (Emotional Labor) - Specifically intended to produce a desired state of mind in a client and often involves putting on a false front before clients. (Division of Labor) - Systematic Interrelatedness of different tasks that develop in complex societies - Can be observed by looking at the work done by people with different educational backgrounds, because education is a fairly reliable indicator of class. (Gender Division of Labor) The work Women and men do in society - Some activities are women's work (secretarial work) and other activities men's work ( for example, construction) (Racial-Ethnic Division of Labor)

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) - Adopted by Congress in 1993 - Provides help for these conflicts - Requires employers to grant employees a total of twelve weeks in unpaid leave to care for newborns, adopted children, or family members with serious health conditions.

Sociologists define religion as an institutionalized system of symbols, beliefs, values, and practices by which a group of people interprets and respond to what they feel is scares and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning 1. Religion is Institutionalized ( Patteren of social action organized around the beliefs, practices, and symbols that people develop to answer questions about the meaning of existence) 2. Religion is a feature of groups 3. Religions are based on beliefs that are considered scared (Scared - apart from ordinary activities for worship, seen as holy, and protected by special rites) (A totem is an object or living thing that a religious group regards with special reverence) 4. Religion establishes values and moral prescriptions for behavior. 5. Religion establishes norms for behavior 6. Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning ( The ordinary beliefs of daily life are secular beliefs)

(13 Families and Religion) - The family is a social institution, that is, an established social system that merges, changes, and persists over time - Kinship System - Patterns of relationship that defines peoples relationship to one another within a family - Polygamy - Practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners - Usually involves one man having more than one wife. - Monogamy - Most common form of marriage in the US are other Western Nations

The Conflict Perspective also emphasizes that families in the United States are shaped by Capitalism Personalities within families are shaped

(State) - Refers to the organized system of power and authority in society. (Includes the government, legal system (law, court, and the prison system) the police, and the military. (Democracies) - Representative government with elections by the population and, typically, a multiparty political system. (Authoritarian) - Where power is concentrated in the hands of a very few individuals who rule through centralized power and control An Authoritarian state can become (Totalitarian) - An extreme form of authoritarianism where the state has total control over all aspects of public and, to the extent possible, private life. (Example: Nazi Germany where the Nazi Party and Hitler, in particular, had absolute power. Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq was a more contemporary example. (Propaganda)

The Global Character of Modern Society means the political system, along with economic systems, are now elaborately entangles (Nationalism) - Associates with an extreme sense of allegiance to one's culture or nation, often to the exclusion of interdependent relations with others. (Power) - Ability of one person or group to exercise influence and control over others (Authority) - Poer perceived by others as legitimate and formal. In the U.S., the source of the president's domestic power is not just his status as commander of the armed forces but also the belief by most people that his power is legitimate.

(Educational Reform) NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ( NCLB ) 2001 - The goal of NCLB was, in part, in attempt to narrow the achievement and test score gap between White students and students of color in U.S. public schools.

Under the Obama Administration, a new reform began - Under the "Race to the Top'" plan, states compete for large sums of money ( in the millions of dollars ) to assist them in school reform. The program targets four specific areas. 1. Adopting standards and assessments that will prepare students to succeed in college and the workplace and to complete in a global economy 2. Development good measures of student success that can be used to inform teachers and administrators about improving instruction 3. Recruiting, rewarding, and retaining the best teachers and principals. 4. Improving the lowest-achieving schools.

Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism, Weber argues that the Protestant faith supported the development of capitalism in the Western World - Ideals were not as contradictory as they seemed

Work Hard and Self-Denial - The key feature of the Protestant Ethic - lead not only to salvation but also to the accumulation of capital