Quiz 5

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

Although perhaps best known as the long-time companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published

the first translation of Newton's Principia into French

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

Women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

a military coup.

How did European governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

Voltaire saw Confucianism as

a natural religion.

In Of Natural Characters (1748), David Hume wrote: "I am apt to suspect the negroes and in general all other species of men (for there are four or five different kinds) to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent amongst them, no arts, no sciences. . . . Such a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages if nature had not made an original distinction between these breeds of men."Based on this passage, what did Hume see as the source of racial distinctions?

Nature

Copernicus's theory of the universe

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included

Simplifying Prussia's Laws

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to

aspire to a life of the mind.

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

change the general way of thinking

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society

The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.