Quiz 9 Questions

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by

internal motivation

Sydney, who is currently in a good mood, has been asked about her life satisfaction. According to the affect-as-information theory, Sydney will most likely respond that she

is generally happy with her life.

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and has been offered several good jobs in her field. However, Gertrude decides that she really wants to become a carpenter. She quits school and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter. According to Maslow, Gertrude

is self-actualized

Noor and Ahmad, 4-year-old twins, are shopping with their mother. She offers to buy them each a small cookie now or a large toy later if they are good during the shopping trip. Noor takes the cookie, but Ahmad waits for the toy. Based on this, who will be more successful in high school?

Ahmad, because he can delay gratification

Daniel is a psychologist who studies sexual motivation in college students. If Daniel wants to gather some background information for an upcoming study, whose work would it be best for him to consult?

Alfred Kinsey

John is hanging out with a group of friends. According to the need to belong, which friend will pay the most attention to social information?

Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

John is hanging out with a group of friends. Which friend will pay the most attention to social information?

Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

In the musical The King and I, the lead character sings about whistling when she feels afraid to hide her fear, which eventually makes her not feel afraid. The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion?

James-Lange

Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy?

Lower needs must be met before higher needs.

NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyPaloma's parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel loved and valued. Erhard's parents loved him, but they were always busy and distant. As an adult, who is likely to experience more guilt, and why?

Paloma, because she has developed the ability to empathize

Cyril is writing an essay on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Which of the following should he include as a critique of the theory?

Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?

You are afraid because you are shaking.

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

You are shaking and you are afraid.

Kyoti and Niwako are discussing the places in town where they have met the best-looking men. Based on excitation transfer, which place will be at the top of the list?

a dance club

Winona has difficulty determining how fearful someone is based on the person's facial expressions. Her friends worry that she can no longer processes the emotional significance of stimuli due to brain damage and think there is a problem with Winona's

amygdala

Marty just lost 15 pounds. Even though she has better eating habits, she has a strong urge to eat more frequently than she did before she lost the weight. The most likely reason for Marty's problem is

an increase in ghrelin.

After studying sexual motivation, Samad knows that the most important hormone for sexual functioning in men is _______ and the most important in women is _______.

androgens; estrogens

Magdala blushes any time she makes even a slight social error. Magdala thinks this makes her unskilled in social situations and would love to be able to stop. The best information you can give Magdala is to tell her that people who blush do just fine in social situations because they

are more easily forgiven when they make a mistake.

A child is very excited to go to the playground. He is walking in circles, fidgeting with his hands, and showing other forms of agitation. These behaviors are most likely the result of

arousal

You are taking part in an experiment on emotions. You are shown an isolated face and are certain that the face is expressing sadness. Then you are shown the same sad face paired with a fearful body posture. According to the research, how will you categorize the emotion?

as fear

You are planning an upcoming trip to Namibia for a service project. The research on facial expressions and emotion would suggest you should

assume that you are reading the Namibians' facial expressions accurately.

Lisa does not like going to her sister Megan's piano recitals, but she finds that if she forces herself to smile during the recital, she will _______, as predicted by the _______.

begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis

Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for _______ is a fundamental adaptive motive.

belonging

Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.

belonging

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine, but she really does not like to work out. If she decides to use incentives to motivate her behavior, which of the following is Shana most likely to do?

buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks

Blythe had a large breakfast in the late morning. Even though she was planning to skip lunch, she starts to feel hungry at noon and decides to eat. The fact that Blythe wants to eat at her normal lunchtime even though she ate a late breakfast can be best explained by

classical conditioning.

Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala prepares someone to respond, and the path from the thalamus to the cortex to the amygdala

confirms whether a threat is present.

When Ellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain, she is worried that her roommate will be stiff and reserved. Ellen is surprised when Diana turns out to be upbeat and friendly. Diana's behavior goes against Ellen's beliefs about how people from Britain express emotions and have violated her

cultural display rules.

While explaining affect-as-information theory to her roommate, Bianca should most likely say that we use

current moods to make judgments, even if we do not know the source of our moods.

Sean feels like his sex drive has diminished over the past six months. Sean may be experiencing _______ levels.

decreased androgen

Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When Toko watched the clip with other people present, she showed little outward emotion. When Toko watched the clips alone, she showed the same strong emotions observed in American college students. The difference in what Toko considers to be acceptable emotional expression shows the influence of

display rules

Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school. He is so anxious that he is having trouble working. To cope with the situation, he tries to keep himself from thinking about it by practicing the guitar. In doing so, Blake is dealing with his feelings through

distraction.

Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Raymond's desire to go home and get some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a

drive

When he is hungry, August knows he is experiencing a(n) _______, which is a physiological state that encourages behaviors that correct a deficiency state.

drive

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night. During his spring break, however, he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much. Luke's behavior is difficult to explain with which of the following motivation theories?

drive reduction

Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation?

drive reduction

Jie recently got out of a bad relationship. While she is excited to be single again, she is not sure how she will move forward on her own. Jie's uncertainty in making a subjective evaluation about her current situation means she is struggling with

emotion.

During recess, children are trying to balance a seesaw. If one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one. The children's behavior is similar to our biological states as they try to create

equilibrium

Kirsten and Dustin have gone down the most demanding ski trail at the resort. Back at the lodge, they are feeling extra excitement from finishing their trail and suddenly find that their attraction for each other has increased greatly. This effect is most likely due to

excitation transfer.

When going to her office on the seventh floor, June either takes the elevator or the stairs. If June takes the stairs, she will be annoyed when asked a simple question by her coworkers. However, if June takes the elevator, she is more patient. The irritated reaction that occurs when June is physiologically aroused by climbing the stairs is an example of

excitation transfer.

In a study, male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy. Participants in Group A are told that the drug will make them happy. Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug. Later on, an attractive woman enters the room. According to the two-factor theory, Group A is less likely to feel attracted to the woman because they

expected positive feelings from the drug.

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation, which is her goal. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by _______ motivation. Joe is influenced by _______ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation, which is her goal. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Angelica claims to be an expert at reading people's emotions through their expressions. When asked how she does it, Angelica claims that she uses people's _______ to give her the best cues as to how they are feeling.

eyes

According to sexual strategies theory, men and women differ in their sexual behavior because they

face different adaptive problems.

At a potluck, everyone brings their favorite dish to share. Gavin decides to avoid the foods he has never heard of before and instead eats only the macaroni and cheese he brought to the party. In this example, Gavin eating food he prepared himself suggests that he is most influenced by

familiarity

Sally is having a hard time losing weight and keeping it off because the more weight she loses, the hungrier she feels. This condition is most likely due to the effects of ________, which triggers feelings of hunger.

ghrelin

Troy finds it very hard to lose weight. No matter how often he exercises, he keeps gaining weight instead of losing it. He thinks that he has a genetic predisposition to be overweight, which has most likely made him sensitive to the hunger-promoting effects of

ghrelin

Jake and Juanita have been married for ten years. Though Jake has been tempted to have an extramarital affair, his emotion of ______ helps keep him faithful to his wife.

guilt

Ekman and colleagues found that several emotions are common to people around the world, including all of the following EXCEPT

guilt.

Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. Over time, Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become a(n)

habit.

While studying Ekman's work on expressions of emotions, Tanino is surprised to find out that the strongest cross-cultural agreement in the identification of emotions involves _______, and the weakest involves _______.

happiness; fear and disgust

According to sexual strategies theory, women may prefer a mate with high status because

he has more resources to support his family.

Janelle knows that motivational states are directive, meaning that they

help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs

Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. Donato tends to be fearful of many things and can easily be made to feel guilty. If these same qualities were evaluated in Quincy, you would expect that he would have _______ levels of fear.

high

Mauricio does not get enough milk to drink and begins to eat chalk from his classroom to replace the missing calcium. Mauricio eating chalk in order to replenish the calcium in his body is an example of

homeostasis

One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the _______ in his brain.

hypothalamus

One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the part of his brain called the

hypothalamus

According to the work of Clark Hull, when we are deprived of some need, a drive is created that

increases proportionally with the degree of deprivation.

From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that pleasure _______ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it _______.

increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that pleasure _______ the likelihood of survivaland reproduction because it _______.

increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

While it appears to be negative, guilt can actually serve to protect and strengthen our interpersonal relationships. All of the following are examples of this protective concept except when guilt

is used to deceive others.

Danny, who has a damaged amygdala, accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned. Later, Danny's reaction to fire is that he

knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it.

Recently, people have started laughter groups. These groups get together on a regular basis to laugh for a period of time. Even though the laughter occurs without humor, group members show improved mental and physical health. This happens because

laughter has physiological effects that are similar to exercise.

Pluto the dog is hit by a car while chasing a squirrel. Afterward, he starts losing weight and does not seem interested in eating his food. Pluto is most likely having problems with _______, which tells us when to stop eating.

leptin

Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves

leptin

Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves the hormone called

leptin

Emily is discussing the basis of homosexuality with a friend. During the conversation, Emily cites research on the role of hormones in the development of sexuality that found that

lesbians were exposed to a higher level of androgens during prenatal development.

Tamera and Kai found a house they want to buy. The day they found it, they had been having a wonderful time house hunting and planning their life together. A few days later, after having a miserable day at work, Kai goes back to look at the house again. Tamera predicts that Kai will like the house

less because of affect-as-information theory.

Eva and Garnet survived a traumatic bus accident. During the accident, Eva's amygdala was severely damaged while Garnet experienced no injuries. When compared with Garnet, you would expect Eva to be _______ to develop a conditioned fear to buses.

less likely

When you are hungry, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is________. After you finish a big meal, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is ________.

low;high

Emilio has an "A" average, and Claudio has a "C" average. Both men have career aspirations of becoming aeronautical engineers to work for NASA. Claudio likely has _______ than Emilio.

lower achievement motivation

From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense that men would like to have more sexual partners than women. This is because

men can increase their number of offspring with multiple partners.

Mr. Griffin has a class full of students with high achievement motivation. To help these students do well on his calculus exam, Mr. Griffin should write questions that are

moderately difficult.

Daria is writing a lecture about motivation and wants to explain states of biological or social deficiency. Which of the following should she NOT include as an example of a "need"?

money

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking

motivation

Jerome's boat sank in cold water and his body temperature is dangerously low, so he starts swimming to raise his body temperature. According to motivational theory, Jerome's low temperature created a deficient state called a(n) _______, which in turn created a motivating state called a(n) _______ to increase his temperature.

need; drive

Antoinette is a real risk-taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk-taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their

optimal level of arousal

Mabel is comparing theories of emotion. When studying the two-factor theory, she notes that people experience emotion through

physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation.

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love. The effect of the roller coaster is from the _______ associated with emotion.

physiological processes

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love. The effect the roller coaster has on Jason and Cora is associated with the ________ of emotion.

physiological processes

Ross is explaining the different theories of emotion to his younger brother. When describing two-factor theory, he explains that a situation causes a

physiological response that is followed by a cognitive label.

Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane. It is hard to find food, so he is constantly hungry. However, he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones. According to Maslow's theory, Terry's _______ needs are not met, but his _______ needs are being met.

physiological; belonging

Research on mating strategies suggests that to generate interest from the opposite sex successfully, men should present themselves as _______ and women should present themselves as _______.

professionally successful; physically attractive

After he was robbed, Marcus kept replaying the incident in his mind. "Why did I leave the door unlocked? Some of my stuff was irreplaceable and I can never get it back." By continually focusing on this negative event, Marcus is coping with his feelings through

rumination.

Delia lives far from her family and rarely visits them. On a recent trip home, Delia realizes that her nephews do not know who she is. This makes Delia feel remorseful. Because remorse is a blend of other feelings, Delia is experiencing a(n) _______ emotion.

secondary

Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class, which they love. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" that he gets. Fiona's parents do not reward her for good grades. Fiona is more likely to do well in the class because of

self-determination theory.

Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher. To effectively motivate her students, Makenna should

set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy, to encourage persistence and concentration during lessons.

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her pregnancy, she gained 25 pounds. After having her baby, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds was a(n) _______, and her body went back to it through the process of _______.

set point; homeostasis

Dr. Nelson noticed that women with damage to their hypothalamus have difficulty feeling sexual arousal. In this situation, Dr. Nelson's patients are experiencing a disruption of their ________, particularly the _______ phase.

sexual response cycle; excitement

Jalila reads the paper every day because she is intrinsically motivated. Jalila most likely reads the paper because

she feels a need to keep current with world events

Recently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because

she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice.

If Phong makes his girlfriend Regina dinner and his menu selection is influenced by his culture, he would most likely make Regina

snake wine, because it is a delicacy in his native Vietnam.

Tia is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is having trouble understanding the James-Lange theory of emotion. Her friend Brian took the course last semester and is most likely to explain the relationship between fear and trembling as

someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling.

When explaining the purpose of homeostasis, Dr. Murphy would most likely suggest that it

stabilizes conditions in the body.

When recreating Mischel's famous marshmallow delay-of-gratification study, Art finds that children who successfully wait to eat the marshmallow are LEAST likely to

stare at the marshmallow.

Since anxiety can hurt test performance, Thatcher does relaxation exercises before a big exam. He is shocked when he does poorly on the exam. He would have been less surprised had he known about the relationship between physiological activation and performance, as described in

the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Since anxiety can hurt test performance, Thatcher does relaxation exercises before a big exam.He is shocked when he does poorly on the exam. He would have been less surprised had he known about the relationship between physiological activation and performance, as described in

the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Shannon is annoyed because her cousin Nicholas can sleep with a different girl every weekend, but if Shannon does not wait to have sex until marriage, her family will believe she has no morals. The difference in the way that Shannon and Nicholas are treated by their family is an example of

the double standard.

Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is bestexplained by

the pleasure principle

Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best explained by

the pleasure principle.

Cynthia's psychology professor asks the class not to think about purple unicorns. Though Cynthia has never once before thought about a purple unicorn, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about them. Cynthia is experiencing _______ as a result of her attempts at _______.

the rebound effect; thought suppression

Janet and Joan are on a hot air balloon ride. They experience identical patterns of physiological arousal: increased heart rate, sweaty palms, pupil dilation, and increased breathing. After each woman assesses the environment, Janet feels happy while Joan is very scared. Which theory of emotion can best explain this difference?

two-factor

Jason gets excited every time he walks into his physics class. However, Jason has never really liked science, so he does not think that his excitement is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's misattribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent with which theory of emotion?

two-factor

Linda is feeling shaky, her heart is racing, and her mouth is dry. She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous. Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience?

two-factor

Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?

unrealistically high career goals

Tara is shooting hockey pucks into a net. If she has a low need for achievement, she will probably take _______ practice shots.

very easy

Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials. She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best. Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should calm down because

very high arousal can hurt her performance.

If Zita has a higher level of testosterone compared with other women, she will be most likely to

want to engage in sexual activity more frequently.

Stewart desperately wants a job in computers. During his interview, he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas. A motivation theorist who believes in external motivation would say that Stewart

wants to have enough money to live on.

Roland tells himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. Then, Roland's coach tells him he can get a full soccer scholarship to college. Now Roland tells himself that he is working so hard because he needs to earn a scholarship. Roland now enjoys soccer less. Self-perception theory would explain Roland's behavior by saying that

winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer.