Quizzes 1-4 Answers

If a researcher has enough knowledge about an intervention and is likely to speculate the exact outcome of the intervention in quantitative units then the researcher should state a ______________________________. a) Null hypothesis b) Hypothesis of association c) Hypothesis of point-prevalence d) Alternate hypothesis

Hypothesis of point-prevalence

Which of the following is not a random sampling method? a) Expert sampling b) Cluster sampling c) Stratified random sampling d) Simple random sampling

expert sampling

A type II error is _____________. a) Acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is true b) Acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false c) Rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true d) Rejection of the null hypothesis when it is false

Acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false

A random or chance variable could be defined as _______________________. a) The variable that is responsible for bringing about a change to the dependent variable b) All factors that affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variable c) Changes in the dependent variable because of ambiguity in the research instrument d) None of the above.

Changes in the dependent variable because of ambiguity in the research instrument

Evidence based practice consists of three main components, list them

Clinical Expertise, Patient values and best research evidence to support decision making

A control group in a study design is used to____________________. a) Control an extraneous variable b) Change a random or chance variable c) Control a dependent variable d) Eliminate a dependent variable

Control an extraneous variable

The research design is a plan that details _____________________. a) Different methods and procedure to be applied during the research process b) The research problem that will be investigated c) The possible outcome of the research d) None of the above

Different methods and procedure to be applied during the research process

Motorists who text and drive have a higher chance to getting into accidents compared to those who don't. This is an example of _____________ a) Null Hypothesis b) Differential Hypothesis c) None of the above d) Hypothesis of association

Differential Hypothesis

If a researcher does not know what specific topic, area, question or issue to research, which of the following is the first step to deciding what to find out? a) Assess the research objectives b) Raise a research question c) Dissect the broad area into sub-areas d) Identify a broad field or area of interest

Identify a broad field or area of interest

Which of the following aspects is not an advantage of online surveys? a) It is cheap, quick and efficient b) It can research large and geographically diverse populations c) It provides random samples which are representative of the general population d) There are many online survey providers to distribute the questionnaire

It provides random samples which are representative of the general population

The null hypothesis states__________________________________. a) No difference between two situations, groups, outcomes or prevalence of a phenomenon b) That there will be a difference between situations, groups, outcomes, but the magnitude is not specified c) Almost the exact prevalence or outcome of a situation d) None of the above

No difference between two situations, groups, outcomes or prevalence of a phenomenon

Which is not a research approach in the social sciences? a) Quarantine b) Quantitative c) Mixed methods d) Qualitative

Quarantine

A type I error is _____________. a) Acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is true b) Acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false c) Rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true d) Rejection of the null hypothesis when it is false

Rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true

To test a hypothesis a researcher needs to go through a process that comprises three steps; which option is not one of them? a) Constructing a hypothesis b) Gathering appropriate evidence c) Analyzing evidence to draw conclusions as to its validity d) Reporting results only if the hypothesis is true

Reporting results only if the hypothesis is true

The hypothesis of difference states________________________________. a) No difference between two situations, groups, outcomes, prevalence of a phenomenon b) That there will be a difference between situations, groups, outcomes, but the magnitude is not specified c) Almost the exact prevalence or outcome of a situation d) A speculation of the extent of the relationship or the impact on the dependent variable in the relationship

That there will be a difference between situations, groups, outcomes, but the magnitude is not specified

Which of the following stages are not associated with a literature review? a) Clarify a research idea b) Establish theoretical roots of a study c) Develop a research methodology d) To understand various aspects of your practice

To understand various aspects of your practice

The Hawthorne effect is ____________________________________ a) When individuals change their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed. b) When the observer has a stronger emphasis on a particular interaction than on another. c) When the observer has a bias towards an individual that is being observed. d) When the researcher tends to avoid extreme positions on a scale and uses mainly the central part of a scale when assessing an interaction.

When individuals change their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed

Questionnaires can be administered in many different ways. Mailed questionnaires, if sent in a prepaid self-addressed envelope for returns, have the advantage of very high response rates. a) True b) False

false

In a research study it is important to develop, define or establish a set of rules, indicators or yardsticks in order to establish clearly the meaning of such. These are also called______________. a) Measurements b) Methodology c) Working definitions d) Research problem

Working definitions

Which of the following is an example of a variable? a) Impact b) Yearly income in $ c) Self-esteem d) Satisfaction

Yearly income in $

What word does not refer to the meaning of hypothesis? a) Hunch b) Assertion c) Abjuration d) Assumption

abjuration

Content validity refers to____________________________________. a) A logic link between research instrument and objective b) All aspects of the issue being measured c) How well an instrument compares with a second assessment concurrently done d) The degree to which an instrument can forecast an outcome

all issues of the issue being measured

Which is a method that can be used to select a random sample? a) Fishbowl draw b) Computer program c)A table of randomly generated numbers d) All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following are undertaken when conducting a literature review? a) Searching for the existing literature in your area of study b) Reviewing the selected literature c) Developing a theoretical framework d) All of the above

all of the above

The 'control of variance' ensures that the independent variable has the minimum chance of affecting the dependent variable. a) True b) False

false

The concept of validity of a research instrument refers to its ability to produce consistent measurements each time. a) True b) False

false

Which of the following is not a primary source of data collection? a) Government publication b) Observation c) Focus group d) Questionnaire

focus group

A structured interview uses________________________ a) An open structure. b) Pre-determined contents. c) Open ended questions. d) Closed questions

closed questions

An interview schedule is a a) Research objective b) Data collection method c) Sampling method d) Variable

data collection method

An interview schedule is a ... a) Research objective b) Data collection method c) Sampling method d) Variable

data collection method

Which one is not a type of validity in quantitative research? a) Face and content validity b) Concurrent and predictive validity c) Construct validity d) Effective validity

effective validity

Participant observation_______________________________. a) Is a strategy of collecting data. b) Combines descriptions, observations, interviews from the researcher who gets involved in the activities of the group or situation to be researched. c) Provides rich and deep data, because the researcher spends sufficient time in situ. d) Is all of the above

is all of the above

Accidental sampling______________________________ a) Needs a list of all elements in the study population. b) Uses the researcher's judgment as to the ability of the respondents to contribute to the research. c) Is based on convenience in accessing the sample population. d) Is none of the above.

is based on convenience in accessing the sample population

Predictive validity refers to_____________________________. a) A logic link between research instrument and objective b) All aspects of the issue being measured c) How well an instrument compares with a second assessment concurrently done d) The degree to which an instrument can forecast an outcome

the degree to wich and instrument can forecast an outcome

The main difference between a concept and a variable is _________________. a) Classification b) Measurability c) Scale d) Category

measurability

Integrating findings from several studies on the same topic is a) Randomized control trial b) Meta-analysis c) Systematic review d) None of the above

meta-analysis

A greater proportion of females than males are smokers in the study population. This is a _________________________. a) Null hypothesis b) Hypothesis of association c) Hypothesis of point-prevalence d) None of the above

none of the above

The dependent variable can be defined as __________. a) Change variable b) Outcome/effect variable c) Extraneous variable d) Confounding variable

outcome/effect variable

Information gathered by a researcher who collects the data for a research study he conducts himself is data collected from _______________sources. a) First b) Primary c) Secondary d) Survey

primary

Which of the following rules in regards to sample size can be applied in hypothesis testing? a) The smaller the sample size the more accurate is the estimate. b) The larger the sample size the less accurate is the estimate. c) The larger the sample size the more accurate is the estimate. d) None of the above

the larger the sample size the more accurate the estimate

To ensure that extraneous variables have a similar impact on control and experimental groups it is assumed that control groups are comparable. Which of the following two methods ensure that? a) Eliminating at least two extraneous variables b) Randomization and matching c) Matching and control of variance d) Randomization and control of variance

randomizing and matching

When selecting a research problem/topic there are a number of considerations to keep in mind to ensure the study will be manageable. Which of the following is not one of them? a) Level of expertise b) Ethical issues c) Relevance d) Rivalry

rivalry

Which of the following is least associated with qualitative methods of data collection? a) Unstructured interview b) Focus group c) Survey d) Oral history

survey

A researcher wishes to conduct a questionnaire survey of a representative sample of about 200 households on a small housing estate (which comprises about 1000 houses). He walks down each street on the estate and posts a questionnaire through the letterbox of every fifth house on each street. What method of sampling is this? a) Systematic sampling b) Simple random sampling c) Quota sampling d) Cluster sampling

systematic sampling

A prospective study design investigates a phenomenon that will happen in the future. a) True b) False

true

To be able to develop a hypothesis the researcher must be familiar with the subject area, e.g. have already conducted a literature review. a) True b) False

true

Variables can be classified in three different ways. Which option is not one of them? a) Causal relationship b) Study design c) Unit of measurement d) Viewpoint

viewpoint

Random sampling is________________________ a) Influenced by human choice, consciously or unconsciously. b) When everybody in the study population has an equal chance to be included in the sample. c) Mainly used in qualitative research. d) Using a network that then identifies other to be included in the sample.

when everybody in the study population has an equal chance to be included in the sample