Race and Ethnicity

Shaun and Gary Segura

"race is better understood as a social phenomenon" - religion plays important role, social segregation

Omnipresence

- black and black phone survey, for example when someone calls over the phone you assume they are black from they way they speak or sound. Or vise versa. The tone of the conversation may differ depending on the judgement of what race one thinks is behind the other end of the phone. This leads to an automatically activated stereotypes.

There are no Children Here

A character i think was significant was Dawn, because she was the only cousin of the family and really the only character in the book who was successful. (although i haven't quite finished it so i'm not 100% if anyone else graduates high school) But it was interesting because by successful, to Horner, her success involved graduating high school. So i feel like this significantly emphasizes that in the worst of neighbourhoods chances of even graduating high school are so low, that when someone does that is enough to be considered a success story. There's also a scene where Lafayette gets beaten up by a police officer. Which is coinciding with the "physical threats and harassment by white officers"

Ramakhrisnan

About race based considerations and with the Obama vote Obama had a challenge connecting with Asian American voters The article analyzes based considerations in the Asian American vote after controlling for other factors, like age, gender, partisanship Surveys showed that race based considerations do explain the Asian American vote in 2008 Age and gender seemed to play a more significant role. Election contexts can play an important role in whether race is relevant or not.

Parker

Also moving from district elections to at large elections Making registration requirements, taking away polling locations These all demonstrate the continued existence of voting barriers that minorities face, could be an explanation for why minorities continue to be underrepresented in politics today

Espiritu

Although they still make up only a relatively small percentage of the nation's population, Asian Americans are the fastest-growing ethnic minority in the United States. In part this is a result of massive immigration following major reforms in U.S.immigration policy in 1965, in part a result of admitting more than a million refugees from Southeast Asia in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. The impact of these new arrivals on already established Asian American communities is one of many subjects considered in Yen Le Espiritu's invaluable study. The term "Asian American," as Espiritu notes, comprises the distinct cultures of Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, Vietnamese, and others. While members of these diverse groups have in common cultural roots in Asia, they have not historically seen themselves as sharing a panethnic identity. Indeed, strong grievances and mutual prejudices exist among many of these groups. In the United States, however, people of Asian descent have frequently been lumped together by members of the mainstream culture; this blurring of distinctions among different Asian groups has often had a racist element. Thus, Espiritu shows, panethnic solidarity among Asian Americans developed primarily as a response to prejudice and discrimination.

Hybrid

Behavioral Groups based on 'way of life' or behavior Structural Groups about power and status

Michael Dawson

Black Utility Heuristic - the concept that as long as African Americans' life chances are powerfully shaped by their race, it is efficient for individual African-Americans to use the status of African-Americans as a group, as a proxy for their own interest High levels of political unity are still seen among Black people despite class differences because the socioeconomic status of whites and Black people still differ substantially due to race (black middles class have less wealth than white middle class and are more economically vulnerable); therefore, racial interests still override class. The political interest of Black people are bound by race. Dawson's view of ideology - a worldview readily found in the population, including sets of ideas and values that cohere, that are used publicly to justify political stances and that share and are shaped by society

Thernstrom's Story

Black people are gaining: data over the year shows that Black people are catching up with whites when it comes to high school, college, middle-class occupations, and median annual incomes, but still haven't caught up yet because the more they gain, the higher the bar is raised.

Who is right about trends in black well-being? Thernstroms or Blank? Why?

Blank argues that the black well-being is not changing, they aren't catching up with white people. She looks at graphs showing high numbers of black incrimination and still living in bad neighbourhoods, etc. Thernstrom argues that the black community is catching up. Showing graphs of Black people catching up with white people in education, income.

Skerry

Dangers of pan ethnic Hispanic/Latino category-began as a political creation and is thus fragile Major socio-economic, education level, political differences between groups based on country of origin Though term "hispanic" has political significance because it's based on notion of non-white minority and can be used by politicians and Hispanics to legitimize claims from the welfare state as a disadvantaged group

Does all racial contestation involve non-hispanic whites?

Demographic projections (table 2-1) are usually framed in terms of a discussion where the balance between two groups (Anglos and "others") is changing. It makes sense since Anglos were the majority/dominant group against whom minorities made claims of rights against But changing patterns in 2-1 suggest a shift from one of conflict between non-Hispanic whites to one that is not conflictual (necessarily) and lived between minority groups as well Cities and states--> majority-minority--> in politics, it would not be one group vs another but would require a coalition across groups

Guinier

Discusses the voting rights act and provides criticism of Cain's article. The Voting rights act has not benefited the black community universally. Systems that improve the prospects of black electoral success (majority black districts) may perpetuate inequalities. Voting acts laws should look at the fairness of the majority versus the minority. He suggests proportionate interest representation. Which is a form of democracy that is based on specific group representation. Essentially arguing that this type of representation will foster to the needs of minorities, and enforces fairness INS policy making.

What are the main ways in which Pharaoh and Lafayette's neighborhood negatively impacted their life chances? Name and describe four different ways through which the neighborhood created barriers.

Drugs: The different gangs control different neighborhoods and like it or not you are associated with whatever gang runs your neighborhood. The gangs are a source of protection for neighborhoods, the Vice Lord leader tried to keep the kids out of gangs and gave them gifts. Turf wars caused a lot of violence in neighborhoods Underfunded Schools: Schools lacked a lot of resources, couldn't afford after-school activities to keep students out of gangs, as a result a lot of those that did join gangs dropped out of school. Lack of job opportunities: A lot of stores moved out of the bad neighborhoods for safety reasons but that took jobs away. Neighborhood reputation affects people when they apply for a job, people from neighborhoods with bad reputations are not hired because they don't want their new employee to steal from them. Welfare: It works against a two parent home. Additional: Violence, family structure, public housing, lack of role models

Different Types of Discrimination

Economically Driven Negative Affect Inaccurate Stereotypes Rational Discrimination- categories are useful (black graduate students) Consumer Driven Worker Driven Statistical Discrimination

Enrique's Journey

Enrique's mother, Lourdes, leaves Honduras to find a job in the U.S., allowing her to send money back home to Enrique so that he can go to school past the 3rd grade. Lourdes promises to return to Honduras but struggles in the U.S. Enrique grows impatient as his mother constantly fails to return home, and Enrique grows troublesome without role models in his life. Had a lot of resentment towards his mother at first and doesn't understand why she would leave. After 11 years apart, Enrique sets out to find his mother alone from Tegucigalpa; he has a piece of paper with her phone number his mother is in North Carolina. He makes an illegal trip to the U.S. via freight trains. Train is called El Tren de la Muerte (literal translation "train of death"--it's pretty obvious why, many who make the trip end up crippled or dead after falling from train and being crushed) Become a drug addict--addicted to all the good stuff. His older sister Belky is left under the care of his aunt. Later helps to raise Yazmine Marie Isabelle is his girlfriend back in Honduras. He gets news that she is prego (lol) and he has a daughter named Yasmine. He saves us enough to bring both of them to the US. Enrique encounters gangsters and corrupt cops along the way, and has to jump off and onto moving boxcars to evade police and immigration authorities El Brujo friends En-dawg on the train and become friends Sonia Nazario's maid told her this story and inspired her to write this story. Diana is Lourdes's daughter in the US after she dates a man here.

Race v Ethnicity

Ethnicity refers to more of the history and geography of individuals or groups, and culture Race is viewed differently in different parts of the world because it is socially constructed

Lee

General argument--APA have unstable and vulnerable position Negative attitudes play important justification for policies that are hostile to Asian interests Disjuncture between high level discrimination reported by APA and general perception that APA do not face discrimination Impossible to predict future of APA as political entity Asian acknowledge that they face discrimination but do not believe that they have it the worst off Lee also gives statistics on how closed off asians are to other ethnic groups. Of the ones presented koreans and vietnamese people are the most closed off choosing to hang out within their own ethnic groups Of those presented filipino and chinese people are more likely to befriend people out of their ethnic group which Lee argues it's because of their longer history in the US Lee then goes off and talks about anti-asian sentiment in the US and what factors into it i.e. everyone feels anti-asian

Martin Gilens

Gilens argues how racial attitudes about Blacks shape welfare policy focuses on the perceptions of welfare recipients rather than the nature of the welfare programs This article shows that the public strongly suspicious of the true need of welfare and whites feel that blacks lack commitment to the work ethic Gilens notes: Most Americans think most of the poor are black Most Americans think most of those on welfare are black Most Americans hold stereotypes of blacks

Semuels

High poverty area: Defined by Census tracts where 40% or more of families have income levels below the federal poverty threshold 13.8 million in 2013 Back in 1990s, concentrated poverty was declining in part because the economy was booming. Earned Income Tax Credit helped boost take-home pay for many poor families Programs to disassemble housing projects in big cities such as Chicago/Detroit eradicated some of the most concentrated poverty in the country White flight from newly middle-class minorities became a problem as they took their tax dollars with them, leaving the city with little tax base, struggling economy and no resources to spend on services. Many wealthy Suburbs passed Zoning Ordinances that prohibited building apartments and affordable-housings in their area A way to segregate a city without saying "no Black people allowed" Federal $$ used in ways that increased the concentration of poverty Many states favor housing projects to be in low income areas Inclusive Communities Project fight back these

Bobo

I think this reading is talking about whether America is going towards color-blindness (individuals not caring about race/ethnicity) or it going towards polarization (more separation due to race). Bobo ends the reading saying that we have a racial divide, he then says don't make it worse.

Hochschild

Illuminates the change in American racial order, what persists and what is likely to affect the balance b/t change and continuity Argues that younger Americans were raised in a different racial context and think about race differently than their older counterparts Showed data from college students who checked 2+ races rose from 2-8% Also used data on the "vary favorable" opinions of racial or ethnic groups Shows that 18-29 year olds have good feelings toward all types of racial groups Definitions of race are constantly changing Young adults are more likely to be immigrants and more likely to marry across racial lines Race will be less of a determinant factor in one's life → the american racial order is becoming less and less stable

Eyal Press

Immigrants don't contribute to crime rates, in fact they make neighborhoods safer 73% of americans believe immigrants are likely to increase crime but not true. Even though, Hispanics are much more likely to be imprisoned during their lifetimes, lower homicide rate, lower rate of violence Little Village: poor Hispanic neighborhood, no signs of trouble - neighborhood safety

Brown, Dean, Hajnal, Rivers

In order to assess the state of race in american politics, Brown-Dean and Hajnal examine minority voter registration and turnout, racially polarized voting, policy outcomes by race, and the number and share of minority elected officials from the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 until today This report examines minority voter registration and turnout, racially polarized voting, policy outcomes by race, and the number and share of minority elected officials from the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 until today. Data from 1970 to 2010 are from the United States Census, Current Population Survey, Voter Supplement File.

Bean and Stevens

It appears that the process of incorporation for Latinos and Asians increasingly does not affect the economy immigrants are positive economically immigrants less likely than natives to use services, discounting refugees and labor migrants, group welfare receipt levels are lower than those of native households. This depends on how research is done, if properly controlled, it shows ^, if not the results are like what George Borjas is saying

Lien

Lien argues that Asians are difficult to group, but Asian American unity will lead to political empowerment. Breaks down differences between people of different country origins in order to prove how hard of a task Asian American unity will be

Joe Feagin

Main points: Race & discrimination still important aspect of black lives today Vulnerable in public places Do not get full enjoyment of public services Some are blatant, some ambiguous Depends on site of discrimination: public--private Cannot always draw on middle class resources to react 2 types of Cumulative discrimination Whites discriminating actions towards Black people:(1) avoidance actions (crossing the street when a black person is present), (2)rejecting actions(refusing service), verbal attacks, (3) physical threats and harassment by white officers, (4)and physical threats, and(5) attacks from other whites Black response to discrimination: deferring, ignoring, withdrawal, verbal reply ex: sarcasm Black people can't escape stigma of being Black

Why has US policies on controlling unwanted immigration failed?

Politicians see that "heavy-handed, highly visible border enforcement remains useful in convincing the general public that politicians have not lost control over immigration"--the display of heavy border enforcement serves as a psych-calming detail for the public that the gov has got undoc immigration under control, even if it doesn't work "In the post-9/11 era, immigration control and anti-terrorism efforts are highly conflated, and a continuing slow of force on the border symbolizes the nation's resolve to fight terrorism even if it does nothing to genuinely enhance security"--similar explanation to (a) "Third, and most importantly, the US econ in the 21 century has an insatiable appetite for immigrant labor--much of it low-skilled--which is not satisfied by existing laws and policies"--basically, the econ needs lots of unskilled or low-skilled jobs and immigrants are perfect for that. Employers need unskilled workers, undoc immigrants are seeking any kind of work, put them together and you get a runaway (no pun intended) undoc immigration problem

Rebecca M. Blank

Population/Demographic change improvements across all races and ethnicities in education, health status, and housing quality (however racial disparities continue to exist) race and ethnicity still continue to be used to measure the well being of American society IT IS CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF RACE IN AMERICA TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS HAPPENING IN AMERICA TODAY AND WHAT WILL HAPPEN TOMORROW. single parent households are among the poorest in the country (trend greater in Black people, hispanics, and american indians, and alaska natives) Ranking of diversity in US (census of 1995): West (minority) > South (minority) > Midwest (2) Educational Attainment 1984-1993: increase in computer use largely for white children, but not so much minority children negative effect: gap created due to differing benefits of the advancement in technology increase in high school graduates both in black and white communities, however, Hispanics have had a steady trend of about 60% graduation rate there has been a rise in college degree credentials in more whites than Black people or hispanics immigrants are less likely to get high school or college degree in all minorities. (3) Labor Market Involvement increase in the working female population - both black and white. hispanic women are much less likely to work than other women increase in the less educated hispanic population may correlate with a decrease in the wages of working hispanic men (compared to whites and Black people) there is no decrease in the wages of women white women's wages has gone up allowing them to earn more than Black and Latino men (4) Economic status economic situations are not improving in minority populations Hispanic poverty rates are higher than Black poverty rates having more women in the work field has helped the poverty status Family income is the most widely used measure of overall economic well-being (5) Health Status Economic well being is linked to other well beings such as health status. infant-mortality rates = primary indicator for health status and access to health care Recent improvements indicates major health improvements within all populations Black and American Indigenous infant- mortality rates > whites Hispanic infant-mortality rates close to whites living conditions and health factors differ among different populations (6) Crime and Criminal Justice Black people have the highest percentage of being homicide victims Black people are also more likely to be arrested than whites high rates of involvement with the criminal justice system are correlated with the reduced economic opportunities of Black families (7) Housing and Neighborhoods where people live and their housing situation correlates with health and economic status whites and Black people are by far the most segregated groups. whites show to live in areas with about 80% whites Black people with about 60% Black people and 30% whites hispanics and pacific islanders live in more diverse communities than black people and whites

Panethnicity by Espiritu

Primordial culture and tradition as explanation for emergence of pan-ethnicity Intuitive ethnic identity originating from birth connection Weakness of theory: overlooks political and economic interests tied up in ethnic sentiment/practice and does not always lead to ethnic solidarity, cannot explain for variations in intensity of ethnic awareness Instrumental - ethnicity = strategic tool/resource Active choice. Involved benefits. Remain ethnic when ethnicity gives better outcomes than other statuses available to them Sake ocvcvcvcvccb f obtaining comparative advantage Imposed - When a title is forced upon you ex: Referring to Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans all as Asians to avoid having to differentiate them. Involves power Less of choice than categorization for minorities → Both primordial + instrumental assume ethnic groups are voluntary groups defined by national origin and shared culture among members.

What is Identity Confusion?

Probably refers to mixed race children, like Kevin Johnson or the "Hispanic" group, since there's so many ethnicities in that category. Hope that helps!

Michael Omi

Race is not a "scientific" concept, it is not rooted in biological differences, but is still defined in terms of biological traits--skin color, hair texture, etc. General points: Meaning of race in the United States is fluid, and will possibly always be fluid and subject to multiple determinations Importance of discerning the relationship between race and racism, and being attentive to transformations in the nature of "racialized power" Our society has racialized the distribution of power Whites feel less threatened by Black people and most threatened by Asians while Asians feel more threat from Black people than from Hispanics White students tend to define racism in terms of color consciousness, so by affirming that there's a difference means minority students are being racist Black students on the other hand see racism as a system of power and argue they can't be racist because they lack power Whites fled major cities for suburbs and left the city for people of color to fight over housing, jobs, etc. Multiracial or mixed raced means there's fluidity in race and political implications The problem with mixed race/multirace is that it implies there's pure and distinct races

What does Dawson argue about class divisions in black politics?

Race still overrides class and there is political unity among Black people because their outcome is largely related to race; therefore, they make political decisions based on what is good for their group. The salience of their racial identity and the sense that the entire group face obstacles to economic and political power for the sense of a linked fate, so whatever is best for the group would be best for them individually and their life outcome. This provides a basis for political mobilization.

Bean and Stevens 2

Racial and Ethnic diversity is increasing in America. Yet, because we are no longer a Black and White (bipolar) society, how do we classify racial groups such as Asians or Latinos? Historically, America has had the "one drop" rule, where if you have any bit of African blood in you, you're black. However, now this is inadequate, not only because of the vast diversity in race but because these new minorities don't share the same common historical background that African-Americans had. Latino and Asian immigrants seem to be integrating faster than native born African-Americans in this country. For example, Bean and Stevens look at patterns among intermarriages (interracial) to conclude that whites seem less concerned with constraining Latino and Asian identities. While the color line is also loosening for blacks, it is happening much slower than for Latinos or Asians. Evidence leads social scientist to state that Asians and Latinos are more white than black. Especially in areas of high concentration of racial diversity. Nonetheless, these new immigrants are "hastening the process of loosening boundaries between whites and non whites."

Egan

Racial stereotyping is still very much relevant in politics For blacks running for office, in order not to be seen as just a "black candidate" they must steer clear of the race zone, and stick to discussing policies are whites are concerned with Mr. Sims- the black candidate is stuck with the label "inner city politician" when in fact he grew up in a white area. He reacts by playing the role of the "model minority" Regards an African American politician, Ron Sims and his experience campaigning. He states that he is living a dual life between politics and life at home. He must adapt and compel his audience, which is mostly white. It is comparing and contrasting the campaign process with Asian Americans, which it seems to be easier to win the votes of whites for them. For African Americans, it is a more complex and riskier strategy.

Thernstrom

Talks about the Shelby v Holder decision which struck down Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act which penalized districts that may have used discriminative practices. They claimed discrimination was a thing of the past, so these sections were actually hindering blacks Argues that striking down Section 4 reflects social progress

Huntington

The Hispanic challenge: immigrants don't assimilate Mexicans: come large-scale; larger than in past, illegality: undocumented immigrants, persistence: waves lasting longer than 20-40 years and still going

Cornelius

The article "evaluates the strategy for controlling 'unwanted' immigration that has been implemented by the US gov since '93, and suggests explanations for the failure of that strategy to achieve its stated objective" Increased border scrutiny hasn't worked; in some areas of US border control still very ineffective, and immigrant death or injury toll has increased as they try to get over the border with more dangerous methods

Borjas

The failure of the political system to address the problems caused by undocumented people led to the enactment of Prop 187 (The goal of Proposition 187 was to make illegal aliens ineligible for public benefits, but it did not pass) The article says that immigrants: do not catch up in income or education, especially welfare dependent, cost more in services than they pay in taxes, hurt the wages of the unskilled natives, helped skilled natives, marginally increase the GDP (0.1%) Americans now have admitted more immigrants in the decade of 1990 than ever. Because of their failure to assimilate into the US's economy, immigrants entering the US are less skilled and have little hope of reaching economic parity with native workers. The discrepancy of earning from newly arrived immigrants during the 1970s to the 1990s is more than 10%. immigrants don't assimilate fast and the gap will not narrow substantially during the worker's life. As immigrant population increased, the participation in welfare gravitates upward and immigrants now receive a disproportionate share of cash benefits. Data shows that the cash benefits received by immigrant households in 1990 were significantly higher(56%) than they would have been if immigrants had used the welfare system to the same extent as natives.

Tesler

The relationship between racial resentment and support for the eventual Republican nominee among Republicans (including independent-leaning Republicans). a strong relationship between anti-black attitudes and support for Trump Republicans with very unfavorable views of Muslims were substantially more likely than their fellow partisans to support Trump The party's growing conservatism on matters of race and ethnicity provided fertile ground for Trump's racial and ethnic appeals to resonate in the primaries. Although the racial resentment did have a huge impact, I would not go as far as to say that all Trump votes were out of racial resentment. I know that may be my opinion, but the creator of the document asked for our thoughts as well. ← ??? ok lmao In recent years Republicans have been unified around a "colorblind policy alliance", calling for the diminished role of race in policies.

Edsall and Edsall

This article argues that 4 interrelated issues: race, rights, party reform, and taxes-have led to an erosion of support for the Democratic party among white voters "of the four issues ... race has been the most critical, and the most powerful, in effecting political change"t Although people's policy preference may remain liberal, the electorate is unwilling to give Democrats the executive branch in fear of the Democrats raising taxes on majority middle, middle-lower class White Americans. The Democrat's association with the Civil Rights movement, racial minorities, and college-educated elites put off traditional white voters who resent the expanding of rights for minority/marginalized groups and impose disruptive liberal "alien agenda" The top-down conservative coalition (upward redistribution of wealth) has replaced the bottom-up democratic New Deal approach from the Roosevelt era --- New Deal's poor vs. rich has been replaced by pitting poor whites against poor blacks. Polarization of party platform intensified in 1964, where Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater defined the GOP as anti-civil rights in response to the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Hajnal and Horowitze

This article says that the income of minorities Black, Asian, Latino under republican party is significantly lower than under democratic party. DOES IT SAY WHY? No, but the economy generally does better under Dems, which has to help. Also, he said in lecture once that minorities do better when the economy is better. He mentioned in his lecture that conservative economic policy typically restricts revenue flow and resources to higher fiscal demographics (such as tax rates), while more liberal policy opens up channels of government funds into the middle and poor classes (increases the welfare state).

Mireya Navarro

This article talks about the census forms and how Latinos respond to it. One question on the census form pertained to race. It had 15 choices, one of them being "some other race" --> more than 18 million Latinos checked this "other" box. Latinos feel that government's conception of identity do not fit them: How government wants to count them vs. how they view themselves Census categorizes by race (set of common physical traits) but Latinos identify more by their ethnicity (cultural trains, language, customs) One question asks whether they identify themselves as having Hispanic ethnic origins --> many check yes Another question asks about their race--> many check other They hold a different view of race. Instead of taking race into account, they take into account the hurdles the community has to experience

Kirschenman and Neckerman

Two perceptions of discrimination Black perception of discrimination Black people perceive regular racial incidents (blatant vs. ambiguous). Thus, race and discrimination are more omnipresent issues for Black people. White perception of discrimination white privilege is pervasive and whites fail to see it due to color-blindness and the minimization of discriminatory actions. Two types of discrimination: Pure - "taste for discrimination" Statistical- based on statistical data of other members of the group Both are connected: pure discrimination makes statistical discrimination more likely Conclusion of the survey (July 1988-March 1989) There is a negative image of Black people, particularly of inner-city workers The black labor force was often regarded as homogenous Terms "inner-city", "black", "lower-class" were all linked Author Kirschenman believes that productivity is not an individual characteristic but it is embedded in social relations. As a result, instead of focusing on judging applicants, they should focus on social relations in the workplace instead

Minority Politics in the US

U.S. is now less Anglo society and more racially and ethnically diverse (Before the middle of this century, "white" will no longer be the American majority) with there being an increase in the racial and ethnic communities there will come a point where they will overpopulate whites, at which time the white group of the population either naturally lose power or they will have to come to terms with this phenomenon this phenomenon indicates 2 things: there was a sudden decrease in white population after being stable for a long period of time and the definition of white becomes narrower as the Hispanic population increases

Abramowitz

Views on welfare affect party identification amongst voters not race White voters have been moving toward the republican party out of the disillusionment with the welfare state rather than hostility towards civil rights Opposition to the expansion of welfare state and belief in maintaining U.S. military strength were much more important than opposition to civil rights in motivating whites. Social Welfare and national security attitudes were much more important in shaping party loyalties than racial attitudes "The fact that Democrats and Republican partisans have become more polarized on racial issues since 1964 does not necessarily mean that voters were choosing parties on the basis of their racial attitudes. Differences between the racial attitudes of Democrats and Republicans could have been a by-product of their differences on other issues."

Frank Wu

Where We're Coming From Perpetual foreigner syndrome - asking where are you really from? Not seeing Asian Americans as true Americans Asking people where they are really from reinforces prejudices and the idea that Asian American's are "forever foreign" People try and say they can tell what ethnicity Asian people are by physical attributes (flatness of face, slope of head, peak of nose, etc) this is similar to how the Nazi relied on facial appearance to sort out European Stock or how American's would separate the Chinese from the Japanese in the past Does this hurt job prospects? (this was a question of the slide - idk the answer) PFS deprives Asian americans of civil rights and transforms them into racial threat Can discriminate against APA by turning them into non-citizens, either informally by casting doubts on their status or formally by preventing naturalization

Robert Jensen

White privilege is pervasive - but whites don't see it Either don't notice it because it's everywhere, or they don't want to see it because it minimizes their accomplishments The author Jensen is white person from europe grown in North Dakota the whitest state. He consider himself always right and deserve everything because he is white

SUMMARY OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

affirmative action helped get Black students into schools but Thernstrom took the stance that Black people going into middle class wasn't because of it entirely. It helped get more Black people into college. What was said in class was that even with these programs to help Black people, it doesn't really mean 100% success since the group has been surrounded by crime and poverty, it takes more than just AA programs to get Black people into the middle class.

What is race?

biological/physical - defined by physical features cultural - groups based on common culture, experiences, and attitudes historical - groups based on common history, ancestry, and geography behavioral - based on way of life, or behavior structural - groups about power/status ideological - race is created, based on almost anything instrumental - identity chosen to perpetuate inequality/make gains by certain groups biological/physical, culture, historical would be primordial behavioral and structural would be a hybrid (both primordial and socially constructed) ideological and instrumental are socially constructed

Terkildsen

conducted an experiment to test for which race would vote for which race created fictitious candidates and randomly assigned race, skin color -- had the people read about them and cast vote results: whites vote for whites. racial prejudice influences their vote choice. self monitoring reduces the effect.

Is "immigrant" a racial and ethnic category?

everyone's experiences are different from those around them. Depending on when you migrated to the US can say a lot about how you will settle in and what attitudes you will have towards the US lifestyle, including politics. If you're someone who came from a communist country and voting was not a common practice then it may continue not to interest you as an adult in the US as well. some individuals come to the US with already existing identities because of their age. However, younger generations if migrated earlier in their years are still given the opportunity to find themselves and create their personal identity based on their experiences in the US. Social status and financial standings make a difference in the discovery of self-identification process. Some immigrants arrive with more resources, differences in class, status, and power allow leeway in self-identification Status of immigrant is less important for different generations. Immigrant and minority are not synonymous and groups of immigrants are not homogenous

Is race a set of transhistorical and mutually exclusive categorization?

government can put their desired definition or requirements for individuals to meet the standing of certain races, just like they can set an age at which one is considered to be "old" or "really old". This may result in demographic changes.

Citrin

immigrants are assimilating at an increasing rate Spanish speaking: by 3rd generation, hispanics are english dominant and less spanish dominant language policy: by 3rd generation, hispanics' preferences on language policies are more closely resemble those of whites and blacks than those of first generation Hispanic immigrants cultural identity: by 3rd generation, bilingual latinos prefer an American identity

If people of different characteristics are born into a society and no one counts them, do those races really exist?

is it really crucial to include racial identification in our government census? the author argues that just because the government doesn't collect data this doesn't mean the problem disappears. There still will be discrimination and underrepresentation. in order for us to identify that there is a problem and to try to come up with a solution we need to be well informed of the topic in this case race.

How might race politics vary within the United States?

minority distribution and population growth is not an equal spread throughout America. There is more rapid growth in the West and South including the minority growth along with population than in the North and East of the US in the US, people often live in ethnically distinct neighborhoods. This creates segregation even if not intentionally, may want to live together to maintain linguistic or religious traditions Schelling Model-mild preferences for own kind

Does race inhere in individual experiences, or is race better understood as a social or collective phenomenon that interacts with other forms of social institution

ocial segregation also occurs (for example, in marriage) May have started off as a preference but could result in something much more institutionalized Religion plays another important role: Churches can be seen as a means by which identities are structured and reinforced. They create a sense of community Sometimes churches can be explicitly political Data table shows that type of faith adhered to by Americans varies by ethnicity Race is better understood as a social phenomenon

Kevin Johnson

the story of the boy who grew up confused about his racial identity because of the experiences he encountered due to the decisions made by his parents. he admitted to feeling like an outsider but also putting other Mexicans down by calling them names and making fun of them even though he himself was part Mexican. Overall it is a biography of a life of a Mexican boy who grew up in both a Mexican community and a white community His father is Swedish and his mother is Mexican. He's lived with his mother and siblings on welfare and with his father in an affluent neighborhood. Race linked to class This writing also brings attention to the fluidity of race and the way that it changes/shifts depending on social context/ideologies. Key phrase to remember this reading: CONTEXTUAL RACIAL IDENTITY