Race & Racism

Malcom X main message

"The worst crime the white man has committed," he said, "has been to teach us to hate ourselves." Self-hatred caused black Americans to lose their identity, straighten their hair, and become involved in crime, drug addiction, and alcoholism.

Congressional Reconstruction Amendments

13th (1865)Getting rid of slavery, 14th (1866) Citizenship is extended to all regardless of race, 15th (1870), Voting rights are extended to all MEN regardless of race and black men were allowed to vote before white women

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

1942, organized sit ins, freedom rides, etc...

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

1957, Developed and linked sit-in campaigns and helped organize freedom rides, voter registration drives, and other protest activities.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957, coordinated and raised funds, mostly from northern sources, for local protests and for the training of black leaders. Committed to non-violence (Martin Luther King)

Sit-In Campaign

1960, were part of a nonviolent direct action campaign to end racial segregation at lunch counters in downtown Nashville, Tennessee. coordinated by the Nashville Student Movement and Nashville Christian Leadership Council, was notable for its early success and emphasis on disciplined nonviolence.

Congressional Reconstruction (1866)

ABOLISHED SLAVERY - STRICTER, Happens because Congress is upset at southern states and Andrew Jackson for being so lenient, This is for the rights of African-Americans

Emmett Till

African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi at the age of 14 after reportedly flirting with a white woman.

Thurgood Marshall

American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Before becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. He was nominated to the court by President Lyndon Johnson in 1967.

W.E.B. DuBois

Attacked Booker T. saying that he was racist and that blacks still needed rights

Voting Rights Act 1965

Authorized federal examiners to register qualified voters, Suspended discriminatory devices (literacy tests, etc...), Abolishes poll tax

Three Systems for Slavery

Chesapeake (agricultural work), South (less strict, each slave had a task they should complete everyday, after they finish the work they are free to work on their own stuff), North (many of them are house servants)

Justifications for Slavery

Curse of Hamm, Aristotle believe that dark skinned people are not able to take care of themselves, Claims that African-Americans were animals and they don't have rights, Bad luck or a mistake for the African-Americans, Tried to justify it with history

Freedmen's Bureau

Federal agency created by congress under the war department, Assisted slaves and their transition from slavery to freedom, Tried to make sure the slaves were treated fairly and that they followed all of the rules, Trying to help with the transition of getting them free, Tried to minimize racism, Basis for racism is whites thinking blacks aren't equal, in this program they are

Ways Slavery in America was DIFFERENT than old world

First place in which slavery becomes based on skin color, Slaves were used to turn a profit, Permanent slaves, Held below social status, Slaves were self reproducing , If slaves had kids, their kids were required to become slaves as well

The Niagara Movement

Freedom of speech criticism, universal male suffrage, quality of education, precursor to NAACP

End of Reconstruction

Hayes wins election only if they remove soldiers from the south as soon as that happens the African Americans lose rights again and they aren't protected and laws aren't enforced

Gabriel Prosser

In 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

African Bondage

In Africa there were different tribes and they were often at war each other, the POWs would become slaves for the other tribes, English would pay the chiefs to sell their prisoners, African chiefs think as prisoners as a reason to go to war so they can sell them to the White Europeans, which in turn puts Africans in peril, Number of wars starts to increase when Europeans show up

Middle Passage

Journey across the Atlantic from Africa to America, Disease ran rapid, Many commit suicide, 20% of all slaves on the ships died before arrival, Shippers worked very hard to try to calculate the maximum profit from the slaves

Presidential Reconstruction

LENIENCY, Builds off of Lincoln's plan, He can give them forgiveness as long as they reject their secession, Confederate leaders aren't eligible though, Confederate states have to pay off their war debts

Central High School Desegregation

On the morning of September 23, 1957, the nine African-American high school students faced an angry mob of over 1,000 White Americans protesting integration in front of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.As the students were escorted inside by the Little Rock police, violence escalated and they were removed from the school

Civil Rights Act 1964

Prohibits discrimination in voting, employment, & public facilities on the basis or race, national origin, religion, or gender, Put the "equal protection" idea into action, Establishes Equal Employment, Opportunity Commission

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery

Sharecropping

Slaves allowed to work in exchange for housing, land, Gave labor to work, was given housing, land, general life, Plantations ended up getting divided into chunks, Stuck in this contract to stay in, So basically ends up in just a new form of slavery

MLK (advocacy, what was he for?)

The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiples it. Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.

Executive Order 9066

United States Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942 authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. Eventually, EO 9066 cleared the way for the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps

Double V Campaign

Victory over fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home. Large numbers migrated from poor Southern farms to munitions centers. Racial tensions were high in overcrowded cities like Chicago; Detroit and Harlem experienced race riots in 1943.The derogative name jig was coined during this time. The Pittsburgh Courier created the this after readers began commenting on their second class status during wartime

Emancipation Proclamation

Wanted to set slaves free, but didn't actually do anything, Changes focus --> slavery, Gives North & South "sides", Global repercussions, Unrest in the south, southern slaves starts rebelling

Brown v. Board of Education

a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation

March on Washington

a large political rally in support of civil and economic rights for African Americans that took place in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march.

16th Street Baptist Church

all black church bombed to scare blacks in Birmingham, to COUNTER Project C

"Letter from Birmingham City Jail"

also known as The Negro Is Your Brother, is an open letter written by Martin Luther King, Jr. from the city jail in Birmingham, Alabama, where he was confined after being arrested for his part in the Birmingham campaign,

Symbols of color

black is devil, white is pure

Viola Liuzzo

civil rights activist from Michigan and mother of five, who was murdered by Ku Klux Klan members after the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches in Alabama. One of the Klansmen in the car from which the shots were fired was a FBI informant

Freedom Rides

civil rights activists that rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia (of 1960)

Harlem Renaissance & Race Riots

cultural movement in 1920s and 1930s, The Harlem Riot of 1935 was Harlem's first race riot, sparked off by rumors of the beating of a teenage shoplifter Three died, hundreds were wounded and an estimated $2 million in damages were sustained to properties throughout the district, with African-American owned homes and businesses spared the worst of the destruction

Tuskegee Airmen

dedicated, determined young men who enlisted to become America's first black military airmen, at a time when there were many people who thought that black men lacked intelligence, skill, courage and patriotism

The Kerner Commission

ed by Illinois Governor Otto Kerner, the commission attributed racial violence to "white racism" and its heritage of discrimination and exclusion. Joblessness, poverty, a lack of political power, decaying and dilapidated housing, police brutality, and poor schools bred a sense of frustration and rage that had exploded into violence. The commission warned that unless major steps were taken, the United States would inevitably become "two societies, one black, one white--separate and unequal."

Black Muslims

elevated racial separatism into a religious doctrine and declared that whites were doomed to destruction, did more than vent anger and frustration. The organization was also a vehicle of black uplift and self-help, called upon black Americans to "wake up, clean up, and stand up" in order to achieve true freedom and independence. To root out any behavior that conformed to racist stereotypes, the Muslims forbade eating pork and cornbread, drinking alcohol, and smoking cigarettes. Also emphasized the creation of black businesses.

Lynching

extrajudicial execution carried out by a mob, often by hanging, but also by burning at the stake or shooting, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate, control, or otherwise manipulate a population of people, however large or small.

Inconvenience Issues made up by slaves

faking Illness, faking Pregnancy, purposeful slow downs, break tools, negotiating, arson and sabotage, running away

James Meredith

first African American student at the University of Mississippi, an event that was a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement.

Booker T. Washington & Atlanta Compromise

first time a black man publicly and openly assured Whites that he would not do anything to challenge White supremacy

Plessy vs. Ferguson

man got on a street car and sat in the white section and openly declared he is 1/8 black to prove a point and publicly get arrested, however one drop rule in Louisiana, goes to court with Ferguson as the judge. Plessy wins, proving that the 13th and 14th amendment make it wrong to arrest him for sitting in the wrong car. Ferguson made the case that having separate but equal cars are okay (segregated white/black but equally nice). Two step forward one step back for rights

Freedom Summer

organized by CORE, SCLC, SNCC, purpose was to end political disenfranchisement of blacks in the deep south

Montgomery Bus Boycott

political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. Many historically significant figures of the civil rights movement were involved in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King

Jim Crow

state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. "separate but equal" status for black Americans

Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney

three men murdered during Freedom summer, brutal pointless murder starting with just getting pulled over going 1 mile over the speed limit

"Redemption"

white supremacists attempting to redeem the south from back before the civil war, attacks on white who supported antislavery initially, then attacks on blacks eventually, KKK