Reformation I

Simony

is the act of selling church offices and roles

Ladder of Virtue

-says that we ascend to God through our efforts -conventional perception of salvation

Monks

-people who want to engage in religious life away from the world -have not taken holy orders-not priests -reside in monasteries

Indulgences

-shorten the length of time required in purgatory in exchange for payment or works -term originally meant kindness or favor

Poor Conrad Revolt (1514)

-revolt over taxation issues -symbol was a farmer dying on the cross- getting more and more religious -Conrad- generic laborer

Facere quod in se est

-Do what is in you -or basically, do your best -must participate in your own salvation -how can you be sure that you are doing enough? Luther poses this argument in his Tower Experience and discovers that salvation is not achieved through good works but by faith- we are compelled to do good works because we are saved - it is a product of salvation

Omnia sunt communia

-community of all -no spiritual hierarchy- so why not no social hierarchy? If we are equal spiritually, why not socially? It seems counter to God's demands -part of Muntzer's theology --key issue in German Peasants' War

Donatism

-corrupt priests -began with Bishop Donatus -those who gave up Christianity under persecution cannot give sacraments when they return to the Church--overruled

Council of Pisa (1409)

- an unrecognized ecumenical council of the Catholic Church that attempted to end the Western Schism by deposing Benedict XIII (Avignon) and Gregory XII (Rome)

First Council of Nicaea

- council of Christian bishops convened in Nicaea in Bithynia by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325. This first ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom -Its main accomplishments were settlement of the Christological issue of the nature of the Son of God and his relationship to God the Father,[3] the construction of the first part of the Creed of Nicaea, establishing uniform observance of the date of Easter,[6] and promulgation of early canon law.

Bundschuh Movement (1490s)

--led by Joss Fritz -godly law -various peasant rebellions fighting for political and social rights ---argued that all rights spring from godly law -connecting grievances with religion -worker's shoe as insignia

Peasants' War (1524-25)

-300,000 killed- largest peasant uprising until the French Revolution in 1789 -religious arguments of the Reformation had clear economic, social, and political significance- religion served as the general reference for social discourse--notion of priesthood of all believers -Roman law- no land for you -tired of feudalism -Countess of Lupfen's snail collecting escapade is last straw -Swabian League caught unprepared- no one could stop it immediately -Thomas Muntzer as prophetical leader

Petrine Doctrine

-Apostlic Succession established in the Bible -each pope is the direct successor to Saint Peter -"You are Peter (rock), and I shall build my church upon this rock and I will you give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven"

Pelagius

-British monk who believed that through good works, one could achieve salvation

Diet of Worms (1521)

-Charles V as new Holy Roman Emperor --coronation demanded that no German could be condemned outside of Germany ---At this event, Luther was asked to recant

Arianism

-denial of coequal trinity

Prierias

-Dominican theologian tasked with judging whether Luther is a heretic or not -drafted a theological critique of the 95 Theses that were attached to the letter summoning Luther to Rome in 1518. ---basically said that the pope cannot make mistakes when acting as pope and that anyone who does not hold to the teaching of the church is a heretic ----indulgences were an official practice of the church and thus no less authoritative than official teachings. ====Whereas Luther appealed to Scripture, church councils, and canon law -this guy relied primarily on the theology of Thomas Aquinas and used it support unqualified obedience to papally sanctioned practices as well as dogma.

Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522)

-German Christian Humanist -the source of knowledge on Hebrew in Germany- Jewish -defends the right of Jews to keep their texts -executed for heresy -students were John Melanchthon and Johann Eck -grandnephew was Phillip Melanchthon

Battle of Frankhausen (May 12, 1525)

-German Peasants' Revolt seriously damaged after this battle -rainbow as symbol of the group, appeared on the day of battle- encouraged them to stay and fight ---6,000 massacred- Imperials only lost 6 -Thomas Muntzer runs, hides, is captured, executed, head stuck on pike

Heresy

-Greek hairein - "to make a choice" -an opinion -a deviation from the Orthodox faith

Investiture Controversy (11th c)

-Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV versus Pope Gregory VII --drive to make papacy stronger ---began with In nomine domini which stated that all popes would be elected by College of Cardinals --Gregory VII declares that lay investiture was illegal (1073)- countries can no longer pick their bishops ----Henry IV tries to pick own bishop, excommunicated, almost deposed, repents in the snow wearing a hear shirt ---Herny IV later invades Rome, deposes Gregory, and installs his own man

St. Augustine

-developed notion of original sin -it is by God's grace alone that we are led to salvation --church distorts this over time--> achieve salvation through the seven sacraments which can only be administered by the church

Studia Humanitas

-educational program in the Humanist movement -strives to create individuals - read, write, understand classical models that allow for individual and public virtue -what are our potentials and responsibilites here on Earth -emphasis on learning language -rage to reclaim ancient texts -return to the original sources of knowledge -interest in form and content

Leipzig Debate 1519

-Johann Eck for the papacy v. Karlstadt for Luther -finally Luther gets to talk and Eck claims he is a Hussite- a heretic! -Luther consults Hus' works and realizes that he is indeed a Hussite-- pushed to imply that the councils and pope can be wrong --publicly states his views- sole authority in matters of faith was scripture-- makes reconciliation impossible

Phillip IV

-King of France who captured Pope Boniface VIII

Frederick the Wise

-Luther's unofficial protector -had his own relic collection he liked to charge admission to -believed Germany should stop paying to Rome and save money for war and art -bans Johann Tetzel from Wittenberg

Waldensians (late 12th c)

-Peter Waldo and the poor of Lyon -believed in poverty as exemplified by the early church -preached but not priests -did not want to be a splinter group- still followed the church -translated New Testament into Provencal --later deemed heretical- contempt for clerical authority in 1184 by Lucius III --continued to preach but rejected by church authority- relied on own merit as pathway to salvation -persecuted by Pope Gregory IX--but experience a resurgence during the resurgence

Salvific faith

-salvation-based

Pope Boniface VIII

-Unam Sanctam and Clericos Laicos in response to Phillip IV's resistance -later kidnapped and died

Edict of Worms (1521)

-a retelling of the Diet of Worms -Charles V's secular equivalent to Pope Leo's Decent Romanorum outlawing Luther and his writings -compares him with slew of heretics -all writings considered heretical and burned -estranged from the church as a heretic -everyone forbidden to favor or protect Luther -must be captured and punished- Frederick the Wise kidnaps Luther and hides him in his castle -Luther becomes leader of a religious movement

Anti-clericalism

-against the clergy, not the faith

Christian Humanism

-allows Northern Christians to devote the philosophy and textual analytical tools of humanism to Christian texts -ad fontes applied to the Bible and other Patristic documents ---study the Bible in its original languages

Hans Boheim (1476)

-also called the Drummer of Nicklashausen --had a vision of the virgin Mary -led an armed revolt with 34,000 -judgment on clergy and nobility

Louis XI (1461-1483)

-also known as the "spider king" -French monarch who comes to power shortly after victory in the Hundred Years' War -crushed power of feudal nobility and supported the middle class- helped forge a national unity (Joan of Arc) -held a standing army -inherited taxation abilities from previous King Charles VII

Semper, ubique et ab omnibus

-always, everywhere and by all

Drummer of Nicklashausen

-another name for Hans Boheim -had a vision of the virgin Mary -led an armed revolt with 34,000 in 1476 -judgment on clergy and nobility

Scholasticism

-attempt to integrate secular understanding of the ancient world as exemplified by Aristotle with the dogma implicit in the revelations of Christianity -focus on texts and questio- yes and no -logic- train clergy and lawyers- definitely not for the laity -focus on man's subservience in the presence of an almighty God

Seven Sacraments

-baptism -confirmation -Eucharist -Holy Orders -Anointing the sick (last rights) -marriage -penance

St. Cyriacus

-beheaded by Diocletian in 303 after his eyes were popped out- refused to give up Christian faith -patron saint of temptation upon death and eye disease -inspired Thomas Muntzer

Pelagianism

-belief that original sin did not taint human nature and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without special Divine aid.

Bishop Arius

-believed Christ was not equal to God -song of God created by God -settled at Council of Nicaea at 325 when St. Nicholas smacked him across the face

John Wyclif (1324-1384)

-believed that the laity should be able to read the Bible in whatever language they require -Oxford professor and Churchman -protected by Duke of Lancaster -preached what would become central aspects of the Reformation --salvation not by ones works --rejection of transubstantiation --priesthood of believers- everyone is his own priest --Bible as source of authority --predestination --rejection of indulgences --denied the authority of the pope ---received 5 papal bulls against him -Great Schism distracted from him --works burned in 1382 --lives remainder of life in exile- continues to write --at the Council of Constance in 1415, his works were burned, body was exhumed and burned -English followers are called Lollards

Cardinal

-can be bishops or priests -honorific title -chosen by the pope -have the power to elect the pope

Sola experientia

-experience is the only way to understand God, not scripture because what if someone is illiterate? -knowledge of god is unteachable- necessary for a living voice to transmit the Word -suffering brings us closer to God -we experience God subjectively -Thomas Muntzer's theology

Karsthans

-farmer bob -everyman -symbolic and real man behind the Peasants' War

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

-flagbearer of Northern Humanism -raised in the Brethren of the Common Life -becomes priest and humanist scholar -translates the New Testament into Greek and better Latin--realizes the the Vulgate has some mistakes -brought attention to the need for reform in the church and the university in In Praise of Folly -Catholics blame the Reformation on him -Lutherans think he is a coward because he never left the church

Hussites

-followers of Jon Hus -never believed they were starting a new church but believed the Church should be reformed

Devotio Moderna and the Brethren of the Common Life (14thc)

-founded by Gerhard Groote -hunger for spiritual renewal -Imitation of Christ as a defining document -founded housed for men to help exercise humility, meditation, and spirituality -focused on education of the masses -Brethren remained Roman Catholic -Ascetic but took not vows or alms -Absolute precursors to the Protestant Reformation

Gerhard Groote (1300-1384)

-founder of the Devotio Moderna

Phillip Melanchthon

-grand nephew of Johann Reuchlin -theologian and humanist -friend and coworker of Luther's -Responsible for Augsburg Confession- more cautious than Luther -Named first professor of Greek at Wittenberg -Never breaks with Luther- remains a loyal friend -burns the papal bull with Luther and their students in 1520

Priest

-has taken holy orders -administers the sacraments -does not really preach- collects taxes -has authority over a parish

Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)

-head of inquisition in Poland and then Saxony -indulgence collector- like the slimiest car salesperson -hired by Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz, to help him collect money to pay his debts -half of what he collected went to St. Peters' and half went to Albrecht -Luther complained directly to Albrecht about Tetzels' manipulation and shady practices ---mentions him numerous times in the 95 Theses- would he not have written them if it weren't for Tetzel?

Mysticism

-hearing voices, seeing visions

Archbishop

-hold same powers as a bishop but reside in very large cities -authority over other bishops

Humanism

-intellectual drive behind the Renaissance -acceptance of and worth of the human existence -life has intrinsic value and promotion of worldly pursuits was justifiable -specific program of study and thought -individualism

Purgatory

-intermediate state between heaven and hell -those in between can come here to prepare and purify themselves -not really perceived as a place until the 12th c.---Dante's Purgatorio

Bishop Donatus

-leader of Donatists

Joss Fritz

-leader of the Bundschuh Movement

Thomas Muntzer (1489-1525)

-leader of the German Peasants' Revolt -executed after getting caught at the battle of -inspired by Luther but departed from his beliefs in many ways by including martyrdom and mysticism -dedicated to anti-feudal struggle -sola experientia- experience is the only way to understand God -suffering as necessary to experience God -continuing revelation possible --we experience God subjectively through dreams and revelations, suffering and pain -apocalypticism- world is ending soon -community of all -killed at the Battle of Frankhausen

Jon Hus

-leader of the Hussites -hears of Wyclif's works -objects to the clergy withholding the chalice from the laity- contrary to the scripture -argues that the church should have only spiritual powers, not temporal -objected to indulgences --excommunicated in 1412 -summoned to Council of Constance in 1415 under safe passage ---explains views, found guilty, burned at the stake

Bishop

-live in cities -seat is a cathedral -have authority over a 'see' or bishopric regional area -they perform all the functions of a priest but are more involved with the nobility -supervises the clergy -ordains preists -hold court -landowners -responsible for finding and stamping out heretics

Catharism (11th-13th c)

-located in southern France -emphasized celibacy, honesty, vegetarianism, no killing, reincarnation -attractive in sight of Catholic corruption -pacifism and simple lifestyle -referred to the Catholic church as the Church of Wolves -caused a crusade- Albigension Crusade by Pope Innocent III -provided a model for inquisition

Henry VII (1485-1509)

-marked the beginning of the Tudor Dynasty after the Rose War -also marked the beginning of modern England -settles the dynastic rivalry by defeating Richard III and marrying Elizabeth of York -suppressed nobility -sided with the bourgeoisie and merchant class

Joan of Arc

-martyr of the Hundred Years' War -burned at the stake -helped forge a proud French national spirit

Charles V

-most powerful man on the planet -Hapsburg monarch --grandfather gave him Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and Silesia ---other grandfather gave him Aragon and Naples (Ferdinand) ---grandma (Isabella) gave him Castille and the New World -made France nervous (do not want such a powerful neighbor as leader of the HRE) -papacy nervous

Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus

-outside the church, there is no salvation

Unam Sanctam (1302)

-papal bull in response to resistance by the King of France -spiritual and material 'sword' of Christ are in the hands of Peter and the Catholic Church --basically, we have supreme authority over you. --to defy us is to defy Christ -we hold the keys to your salvation...so don't **** with us

Cardinal Cajetan

-papal legate tasked with meeting Luther to hear him out --recognizes the danger right away in that Luther teaches that certainty of salvation is subjective- this strips away the need for obedience to the church --strips Luther's ability to explain himself

Central Tenants of Protestantism

-sola scriptura- Bible is the only source of spiritual authority -sola fides- faith alone- not good works -priesthood of all believers- if you are a believer, you are a priest -confessional state- political state must be of one faith -Holy community- we are all believers in a community which gives us strength -reform of worship and practice- how to practice the sacraments

Concordot of Bologna (1516)

-solidified relationship between the papacy and French church -gained some autonomy from the church -allowed them to choose their own bishops

Great Schism (1377-1418)

-split within the Roman Catholic Church which lasted from 1378 to 1417.[1] Three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418). For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office.

Apocalypticism

-the end is coming soon -part of Muntzer's theology- we must help God fight the wicked before the world ends

Orthodoxy

-things established by the Church fathers and by apostolic succession of the bishops who set limits on belief

Ferdinand and Isabella

-united Spain through their marriage -began the Spanish inquisition

Babylonian Captivity

-when Boniface was captured by Phillip IV

Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)

-when the papacy was in France instead of Italy -France trying to exert more power over the Church

Instructio Summaria (1515)

-written by Albert of Mainz whose daddy bought his office as archbishop- had to pay it off and thought indulgences would work- half would go to St. Peter's and the other half to his pocket -Pope Leo X allowing "complete" indulgences or other "graces and freedoms" through payments for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica -complete remission of all sins- visit all seven churches and pray- monetary payment through fixed sums according to their perceived ability to pay- poor can simply pray -contributors and their deceased relatives will be a part of the church for eternity -a living person can pay for a deceased loved one in purgatory -kinda took out the purpose of confession- you can now just pay your way out of anything

Unigenitus (1343)

-written by Clement VI -Justification for indulgences -God entrusted Peter and his successors to forgive or partially forgive- we apply God's gift and Jesus' sacrifice as we see fit

In Praise of Folly (1509)

-written by Erasmus -attack on the immorality of the church -use confusing jargon to keep people ignorant -pretentious theologians- ignores Paul's epistles -competition for who is most pious- needs to be who lives most simply

On Luther's Role and Responsibility (1525)

-written by Hermann Muhlpfort in response to the German Peasants' War -argues that Luther handled it well at first but went full crazy by saying that peasants should be quickly and publicly murdered to put down the revolt -argues that Muntzer fanned the flames by misleading the peasants -Luther sides with the nobility- they will have to concede very little while the peasants continue to suffer under the yoke -argues for compromise- both sides need to concede much

Tower Experience (1519)

-written by Luther justice revealed through God- justifies us by faith -the just person lives by faith -the faithful- God works in us - power of God makes us powerful -wisdom of god- makes us wise -we have no active role whatsoever in our own salvation--it is only God's unmerited grace that saves us -not what we deserve but what we recieve -no longer have to worry if you are doing enough--you are saved by faith alone- sola fides -----NOT BY GOOD WORKS

To the Christian Nobility (August 1520)

-written by Martin Luther -states that the church is impervious to reform bc it built walls -1) spiritual power over temporal- no scriptural basis- all people are equal Christians- no difference between religious and secular states- we are our own priests- no allegiance to Rome -2) Authority to interpret scripture lies with everyone- Bible does not establish papal authority over the interpretation of scripture -3) Authority to call a council protects the pope from any dissenting views- temporal authorities should be able to since they are fellow-Christians and were granted power by God -How can we break these walls? --deny annates, local powers appoint bishops, local matters not subject to Roman interference- no authority over emperor -German secular control over church matters when the church is corrupt or inimical to German interests

95 Theses (1517)

-written by Martin Luther as a debate exercise -indulgences are used poorly --references to Tetzel -basically, he argues that the pope does not have the power to remit all penalties, but only those that are in his realm- against the church- all others are between God

Admonition to Peace (1525)

-written by Martin Luther in response to the peasants 12 articles -argues that rebellion could be deadly for the kingdom and for heaven -we must listen to them and compromise- but no violence -lays blame on princes and lords, clergy -deems the articles fair- hear them out -urges peasants to be peaceful

Pastor Aeternus (1516)

-written by Pope Leo X -basically reaffirms Unam Sanctum -salvation held by the pope -pope alone has the power to call, adjourn, and dissolve councils -strips power from councils -strengthen papacy- build unity

Decent Romanorum

-written by Pope Leo X -officially excommunicates Luther -states that he is trying to schism the church -defying God-given authority of pope and church -declared a heretic- followers-- Lutherans- stripped of titles, ranks, shunned -all property placed under ecclestiastical interdic- forbidden from attending mass -encourage all clergy members to defend catholic church at the excommunication

Exsurge Domine (June 1520)

-written by Pope Leo X -threat to excommunicate Luther in 60 days if he did not recant -It censured forty one propositions extracted from Luther's 95 theses and subsequent writings -Luther refused to recant and responded instead by composing polemical tracts lashing out at the papacy and by publicly burning a copy of the bull on 10 December 1520.

Twelve Articles of the Peasants (1525)

-written by Sebastian Lotzer -details all of the grievances of the German peasants using scripture as a guide --tithe of grain to Church elders to be distributed as they see fit- rest to the poor -community chooses minister -we are free men- God purchased us with his blood -want to hunt and fish on their own property- common property -want communal forests for wood -freedom from excessive demands -security from abuse -stabilize rent -protect from constant, frivolous laws -allows others to analyze it against scripture- if anything goes against the Bible, they agree to rescind

Salvator Noster (1476)

-written by Sixtus IV -states that others can buy you indulgences - can keep you out of purgatory -even for those already dead -takes away the notion and importance of penance -you no longer have to repent as long as someone is willing to pay for your soul

A Sermon Before Princes (1524)

-written by Thomas Muntzer -anticipating the end of the world- the pious must aid God in ushering in this new era --princes should spearhead this movement -violence necessary- God reveals this vision to us, but we must use whatever means necessary to accomplish it

Vindication and Refutation (1524)

-written by Thomas Muntzer -demonizes Luther for distorting and obscuring the biblical demand for social and economic justice- the poor should not have to sit and suffer at the hands of others because God put them in this situation -does not hold back his language -argues that Luther justifies all of the injustices committed by secular authorities in saying that secular authorities may not be questions for they are awarded this authority by God

Open Letter to the People of Allstedt (1525)

-written by Thomas Muntzer -encouraging peasants from this town to join the German Peasants' War -Luther caused people to question the social hierarchy ---priesthood of all believers- if we are common in spirit in the eyes of God, why not social equality on Earth too

The Imitation of Christ (1420-1427)

-written by Thomas a Kempis -describes the ideal type of piety for clerics and all Christians -must live like Christ -avoid firvolity, fear God -live every day as if it were your last -be ready for judgement -- profound impact on the Devotio Moderna- foundational work

Martin Luther

-wrote the 95 theses that propelled the reformation --major ideas? ---salvation by faith, indulgences suck, question authority of the church, nature of the eucharist, marriage of clergy, authority of scripture -anti-Semitic in later years -Christ is present in the ceremony of the eucharist but not literally IN the bread and wine- emphasizes the relationship of the individual with God

Johannes Pfefferkorn

Dominican- urges that Jewish texts, especially the Talmud, should be burned -faced backlash from Reuchlin, but eventually won over

Council of Constance (1414-1418)

The council ended the Western Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V

Concordat of Worms 1122

compromise arranged in 1122 between Pope Calixtus II (1119-24) and the Holy Roman emperor Henry V (reigned 1106-25) settling the Investiture Controversy -The King was recognised as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority ("by the lance") in the territories they governed, but not with sacred authority ("by ring and staff"); the result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters both to the pope and to the king, for they were obligated to affirm the right of the sovereign to call upon them for military support, under his oath of fealty.

Golden Bull of 1356

leads to consistent method of election--balance between church and secular powers --decided 7 electors that would choose the Holy Roman Emperor ---Archbishop of Mainz ---Archbishop of Trier ---Archbishop of Cologne ---Duke Elector of Saxony ---King of Bohemia ---Count Palatine of Rhine ---Margrave of Brandenberg

Nicene Creed

profession of faith -We believe in one God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible.

Against the Murdering Hordes of Peasants (1525)

written by Martin Luther addressing the peasants who had resorted to violence in the German Peasants' War -they have become faithless by acting this violently- secular authorities have every right in the world to murder them