Reproduction Quiz (Lesson 3 - Lesson 7 + Peers Presentations)

How does implantation occur?

1. After the egg gets fertilized in the fallopian tube, it stays there for around 3 days 2. Around day 5-6 the fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst 3. Then it goes to the uterus, where it attaches to the uterine lining (endometrium) !This process is called implantation!

Journey of the ovum/egg/oocyte when fertilization DOES happen

1. Egg matures in the ovary 2. Egg is released to the fallopian tube during ovulation 3. Egg travels along the fallopian tube to the uterus 4. Egg implants into the uterine lining for 9 months 5. After 9 months: Fetus will go through the cervix then the vagina to be born

Journey of the ovum/egg/oocyte when fertilization DOESN'T happen

1. Egg matures in the ovary 2. Egg is released to the fallopian tube during ovulation 3. Egg travels along the fallopian tube to the uterus 4. Egg leaves the body through the cervix and vagina

Phases of the menstrual cycle

1. Menstruation 2. Follicular Phase 3. Ovulation 4. Luteal phase

Journey of the sperm/spermatocyte

1. Sperm developed in the testis (also where testosterone is produced) 2. Sperm mature in the epididymis 3. During ejaculation, sperm travel into the vas deferens 4. Vas deferens bring sperm up to pass the seminal vesicle and prostate gland, where fluids are added 5. The fluid then leaves the body through the penis through the urethra

How many sperm during ejaculation? Why so many? What does the sperm travel to reach the egg?

300 million sperm during ejaculation, many of which will die in the acidic environment of the vagina. Sperm have to travel vagina -> cervix -> uterus -> fallopian tube to reach the egg

What are the sizes of the developing fetus at 4, 6, 10, 16, 28-32 weeks?

4 - poppy seed; 6 - lentil; 10 - kumquat (3 cm); 16 - avocado; 28-32 - coconut or around 42 cm and 1.7 kg

What are the defining features of the developing fetus at 4, 6, 10, 16, 28-32 weeks?

4 - the blastocyst has officially become an embryo, cells are rapidly dividing and organs begin to develop; 6 - facial features like the ears, nose and mouth are starting to form, little buds are observable, which are the legs and arms; 10 - the embryo is now a fetus, fingers and toenails are starting to form, some features like the intestines, liver and brain are beginning to function; 16 weeks (second trimester) - baby's gender may be detectable, its head is more upright; 28-32 (start of third trimester) - the baby's eyesight is improving, it can blink and now has eyelashes, turns its head from side to side and gains a lot more weight

How are cells taken from the cervix for testing? What is the procedure called?

A brush is used to collect cells from the surface of the cervix, the procedure is called Pap test

What if we get nerve damage? Can those cells grow back; why or why not?

Adult stem cells in the brain can produce neurons, or nerve cells. However, this regeneration is completely different from the skin and can be quite complicated. Neurons (nerve cells) don't have the ability to divide like skin cells, so the brain is not able to replenish already dead neurons. However, with the help of stem cells they can grow slowly (or with the help of scientists)

Follicular phase

After the uterine lining is shed, the woman's reproductive organs prepare to mature another ovum. A hormone from the pituitary gland in the brain stimulates the ovary to mature 5-20 follicles that have immature eggs. Normally, only one of these follicles will mature into an ovum, and the others die. The growth of the follicles stimulates the uterine lining to start thickening.

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants itself and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus.

What is anemia and how can it alter pregnancy?

Anemia is a condition where you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen. During pregnancy the volume of blood increases and women's red blood cells need more vitamins and iron to function properly. The condition can cause serious complications during pregnancy (preterm birth) and the woman may need to take supplements and eat food rich in iron.

What complications could a pregnant woman have if she doesn't have proper nutrition?

Anemia, pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure + damage to organs, most often the liver and kidneys), bleeding, stillbirth, low birthweight, wasting and developmental delays for children

Can fetuses breath underwater when they are born? Do fetuses have gills?

Babies DON'T BREATHE while in the womb, they receive oxygen from the umbilical cord. Even though they lungs are fully developed in 10-12 weeks, they are full with amniotic fluid. This fluid helps the fetus to start practicing breathing and developing muscles needed for breathing. Because it's normal for the lungs of the fetus to be filled with amniotic fluid, the baby can't drown.

Ideal position for a fetus in womb

Baby's head is facing down, chin tucked into its chest, with its back to womb (facing the waist)

What foods can and cannot a pregnant woman eat?

Can - dairy products, legumes, eggs, broccoli, dark, green, leafy vegetables, lean meat, dried fruits, salmon, sweet potatoes; Cannot - high mercury fish (shark), alcohol, processed junk food, raw eggs, undercooked meat or fish, caffeine

What materials can and cannot travel through the placenta?

Can - oxygen, carbon dioxide (as a waste product), glucose, amino and fatty acids, electrolytes, vitamins, water, antibodies against viruses; Cannot - high-molecular weighted drugs, toxins

When does cancer occur?

Cancer occurs when the checkpoints fail and mutations to cell DNA is not detected. Some mutations cause the cell to skip the G0 phase, resting phase and start the cycle again. HPV is known to cause these types of mutations.

What are stem cells?

Cells from which any other specialized types of cells can form (this kind is called totipotent)

What is differentiation?

Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to a more specialized one.

When are the most crucial times for a pregnant woman not to drink alcohol?

Consumed alcohol has the potential to disrupt the fetus' development at any stage of pregnancy

Fertilization (day 0, day 1, day 2, day 3-4, day 4, day 5, day 6-7, day 8-9)

Day 0 - fertilization of the egg; day 1 - first cleavage (division); day 2 - 2-cell stage; day 3-4 - 4-cell stage, 8-cell uncompacted morula; day 4 - 8-cell compacted morula; day 5 - early blastocyst; day 6-7 - late-stage blastocyst (hatching); day 8-9 - implantation of the blastocyst

What type of cells in the cervix does HPV affect? How long takes the initial infection to heal? How long does it take for a cancer to develop?

Epithelial cells, two years for the initial infection to heal, 10-30 years

When and how does the fetus' digestive system form?

Even though the baby doesn't need digestive system before it's born (placenta nourishes the fetus), the digestive system needs to be developed before birth since it needs to be functional for the first feeding after birth (Begins to form during the 5th week and stops at 23th week)

What are the symptoms/signs for a FAS child?

FAS causes brain damage, growth problems, irreversible defects on children, many physical, intellectual, cognitive, social and behavior problems

What is FAS?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, condition passed to the child due to the consumption of alcohol during the mother's pregnancy

Why is the HPV dangerous?

For many, HPV clears up on its own, thanks to the immune system. However, the virus can hide in cells and lead to cancer

Interphase phases + definitions

G1 = growth, S = DNA synthesis, G2 = growth and preparation for mitosis

How is HIV different from AIDS?

HIV is a virus, you cannot die from it, no cure while AIDS is a syndrome, caused by a single disease or virus, you can die from it (actually from the cold you catch). If you use drugs HIV won't progress into AIDS, but it wouldn't be cured

Haploid + Diploid

Haploid - 23 chromosomes (egg and sperm), diploid - 46 chromosomes (fertilized egg)

What effects could the baby have if the mother didn't have proper nutrition?

High levels of cholesterol, glucose and insulin (lead to diabet 2), high risk of obesity, brain damage, restrictions in the baby's growth, damage to organs

What causes sexual maturity to happen?

Hormones

What causes the menstrual cycle to happen?

Hormones

What is HIV? How does it impact the human body in general?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus weakens a person's immune system, may develop into AIDS. HIV doesn't have any noticeable traits, therefore, it's possible to not know that you have HIV. When infected you may feel sick, but also it's likely that you won't have any symptoms in the first few years of being sick. There's no cure but it can treated.

What unique situations can occur during a pregnancy?

IVF (In vitro fertilization) - mature eggs are collected from ovaries and then fertilized with sperm in the lab, the embryo is then transferred to the uterus; Identical twins - when a single fertilized egg splits into two and they develop individual fetuses (the two babies are genetically identical); Fraternal twins - two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperms (the babies are not genetically identical)

What medicines can a pregnant woman take, or not?

It is best for a pregnant woman not to take any medicines during the pregnancy especially in the first trimester when the organs of the baby are forming. However, if the condition puts the baby or the mother at risk (such as HIV) there are special medicines that could be taken. Medicines that SHOULD NOT be used during pregnancy: aspirin, ibuprofen

What complications could occur when a pregnant woman is HIV positive? Will the fetus be HIV positive in the womb?

It is likely that the baby will inherit the HIV because the virus can pass through the placenta and infect the fetus. During labour the baby is exposed to blood, which can infect it with HIV and when breastfeeding the mother can pass the disease. There are many complications for children born with HIV.

Major risk factor for getting cervical cancer + other reasons

Major - human papillomavirus infection, other - giving birth to many children, being exposed to drugs in the mother's womb, smoking cigarettes, using oral contraceptives for a long time

Menstrual cycle

Menstruation - day 1 - day 5; most fertile days - day 11 - day 16 (ovulation - day 14!)

What is the treatment of the ectopic pregnancy?

Methotrexate or if the baby is in later stage - laparoscopy

What is a miscarriage?

Miscarriage is when an embryo or fetus dies before the 20th week of pregnancy. It is more common early in the pregnancy. Miscarriage is very common among women but hard emotionally.

Is HPV transmitted only sexually?

No, the virus is not transmitted only sexually and not sexually active people can also catch it.

Symptoms of the fetus when the mother is taking drugs

Opiate - NAS, the baby develops drug dependency, tobacco - body deformities, drugs - underdevelopment of the brain tissue, NAS, the baby develops drug dependency

What medical procedures or medicines are involved in this situation?

RhoGAM is used to prevent an immune response (stops blood from making antibodies) to Rh positive blood in people with Rh negative.

How is ectopic pregnancy diagnosed?

Symptoms in the begging are the same as in normal pregnancy (missing period, nausea) but then early (4th - 12th week) severe abdominal/pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, fainting are appearing. Doctors diagnose it with a pelvic exam, blood test, an ultrasound

When does the HPV vaccine works?

The HPV works only before you are exposed to the virus.

What happens when the cell detects a problem with the DNA at any of the checkpoints?

The cell does cell death in order to not spread the mutation to further cells

Embryo

The early developmental stage of the baby in the uterus of the mother

How is the baby able to take the materials from the mother and turn them into cells?

The embryo uses the materials that travel across the placenta in order to feed the cells and support their division

What is the placenta and what is its role? How does it work?

The placenta is a thin layer/organ that develops in the mother's uterus during pregnancy. Acts as a connector between the mother and the baby, protects, nourishes and provides oxygen for the embryo. It's the embryo's organ for respiration, nourishment and excretion. Nutritions and oxygen diffuse from mother's blood to embryo's blood. Waste products diffuse from embryo's blood to the mother.

What happens to the placenta during birth?

The placenta is released out of the body, normally 5-30 minutes after giving birth, and it's important the whole placenta is expelled after pregnancy.

What is the probability of miscarriage with Rh factor?

The probability of miscarriage is high. The Rh factor itself doesn't cause the miscarriage but the risk comes from not taking medicines.

Menstruation explained

The uterus lining was growing in anticipation to support a fetus. However, when fertilization doesn't happen, hormones change and the thick uterine lining is no longer needed. Thus, the body cleanses the uterine lining by shedding it out of the body through the vagina. This is known as menstruation and can last between 3-7 days.

Could any complications occur?

There are possible complications: placental abruption (the placenta peels away from the wall of the womb prior to delivery, leading to bleeding and the embryo not getting all nutrients), placenta accreta (the placenta growing too deeply into the wall of the uterus and causing massive blood loss through or after delivery), placenta praevia (the partial or total cover of the cervix by the placenta, c-section is required), retained placenta (placenta not coming out of birth, causes blood loss and infections), placental insufficiency (the placenta doesn't work properly during pregnancy, depriving the baby from nutrients and oxygen, influencing the growth of the baby)

How is a pregnancy different for a woman who is HIV positive?

There are ways to protect your baby from getting HIV - taking additional treatment during the pregnancy, c-section instead of normal birth, not breastfeeding

What is an amniotic sac?

Thin-wall sac which could be found around the fetus during pregnancy, filled with amniotic fluid produced by the fetus, its function is to control the temperature of the fetus and protect it from injury.

Ovulation

This is when the mature egg is released from the ovary and travels into the fallopian tube. This egg release is triggered by another hormone from the brain. The ovum travels toward the uterus along the fallopian tube. It is moved along by small, hair-like projections inside the fallopian tube. This is the time when internal fertilization could occur.

How do stem cells become red blood cells?

Through the process Erythropoiesis - the cell commits to become a proerythroblast, it will become a new red cell. The formation of a new red blood cell takes about two days in the red bone marrow of bones.

How does our body makes more skin?

Through the process of mitosis, multipotent adult stem cells replace the damaged cells

What do totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent mean?

Totipotent - a single cell can give rise to a new organism, given appropriate maternal support, pluripotent - a cell that is able to give rise to several different cell types, not all! multipotent - cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialized types present in a specific tissue or organ

Not ideal positions for fetus in the womb

Transverse Lie - the baby lying horizontally in the uterus, requires c-section; Breech - buttocks and legs facing down; Posterior - the head is positioned downwards facing the stomach

What vitamins should a pregnant woman take? Why?

Vitamin C - protects the cells and keep them healthy, vitamin D - keeps the muscles, bones and teeth healthy, calcium - very important for the baby's bones and teeth, iron - a lack of iron may cause anemia, folic acid - prevents birth defects

Is a woman born with all of her eggs or she is creating them?

When a woman is born, she has all the eggs in her ovaries that she will use for her entire life (1-2 million). However, the eggs are immature at that stage.

Zygote

When male and female reproductive cells join together, the fertilized egg cell is called a zygote.

Luteal phase

When the ovum travels in the fallopian tube, the follicle that is left behind in the ovary continues to grow. With this, hormones are produced that cause the uterine lining to continue to thicken. If fertilization happened, then an embryo arrives at the uterus and implants into the lining. Implantation of the embryo causes the hormone HCG to be released, this is how often a woman knows she is pregnant. If fertilization did not occur, the follicle in the ovary withers and dies. The drop in hormones triggers the uterine lining to be shed, and the cycle repeats.

When is pregnancy affected by Rh factor? How can this affect the pregnancy?

When the woman is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive (Rh+ is dominant). The problem is that when the mother's blood and the baby's blood come into contact, the mother produces antibodies that can harm the baby's red blood cells. This could lead to anemia and other issues in the newborn.

Guinness Myth

Years ago Guinness proposed to pregnant women to drink beer because it contains iron (helps the production of red blood cells) and other crucial nutrients for the baby. However, in reality beer contains insignificant amount of iron and nutrients, so, now doctors doesn't recommend the usage of any alcohol during pregnancy.

Can a woman get pregnant on birth control?

Yes, a woman can get pregnant (9% probability) if she doesn't get her medications right. Birth control pills are designed to maintain a constant level of hormones (estrogen and progesterone), the released hormones lower the chance of ovulation.