research quiz 3

there are 2 ways in which theory is incorporated in Mixed methods research

(a) the use of a social science framework &(b) the use of a participatory-social justice framework

temporal order

1 variable precedes another in time. It is said that one variable affects\predicts another variable. Researchers think about variables in order from "left to right" or cause and effect.

participatory-social justice theory

A lens for looking at a problem recognizing the non-neutrality of knowledge, the pervasive influence of human interests and issues such as power and social relationships. Has the effect of involving participants collaboratively in research, bringing about change to address inequities, and helping underrepresented groups and populations Still evolving

Forms of theories in quantitative research

A series of hypotheses If-then statement Visual model

locating theory in qualitative research

Can be at the beginning or end. If the study has a cultural theme or theoretical lens the theory occurs in the opening passages of study. Grounded theorists generate a theory grounded in the views of participants and place it as the conclusion of their studies.

true experiment

If you aim to test a causal claim about the relationship btwn 2 or more variables in your quantitative study, your best bet is to conduct this type of study...it will provide more control over potential confounding variables.

writing a quantitative theoretical perspective

Look for discipline-based literature for a theory ex: individual = psych literature, group of ppl = sociological lit, individual and group = social psych lit. Examine prior studies that address the topic and try to identify one overarching theory that explains central hypothesis or major research question. What explains why the IV would influence the DV? Script out the theory section (

mixed methods theory use

May include using theory deductively, in quantitative theory testing and validity, or in using it inductively as in an emerging qualitative theory or pattern.

when using social science theory in research

Place theory at beginning, write about theory by first advancing its name then description of how it informs the studies' components, include a diagram, have the theory provide a framework for both the quant and qual data collection, return to the theory at the end of study and review how it informed the findings and results.

qualitative theory use

Theory is used as a broad explanation for behaviors and attitudes, researchers also often use a theoretical lens or perspective, theory becomes the endpoint.

variable

a characteristic or attribute of an individual or an organization that can be measured or observed and that varies among the people or organization being studied. Ex: gender age, SES, and attitudes or behaviors such as racism, social control, political power, or leadership.

placement of theory in study

a general guide is to introduce the theory early in a plan or study: in the intro, the literature review section, immediately after hypotheses, or research questions (as a rationale for the connections among the variables) or in a separate section. Tip - write in separate section so that reader can clearly identify theory from other components.

hypothesis

a prediction about a specific event or relationship btwn variables. We use our theories and specification of variable to generate hypotheses.

a discussion about your theory goes where in quantitative research?

a section of a proposal on the literature review or in a sperate section called the theory base, theoretical rationale, or the theoretical perspective or the conceptual framework.

Nuremberg Code

a set of 10 principles formulated to define legitimate medical research. A direct response to the nonconsensual medical experiments conducted by nazi physicians in nazi concentration camps.

fat

additional words that are unnecessary to convey the meaning of ideas and need to be edited out.

disability theory

addresses understanding this populations sociocultural perspectives allowing them to take control over their lives rather than a biological understanding of disability.

independent variable

affect outcome in experimental study. Manipulated by researcher thus independent of all other influences. Aka treatment or manipulated variables.

outcome variable

aka criterion or response variable. Consider outcomes or results of predictor variables in survey method studies.

autonomy principle

all individuals are free to make choices and participate in research voluntarily.

a theory in a research study might appear as...

an argument, a discussion, a figure, a rationale, or a conceptual framework, and it helps to explain (or predict) phenomena that occur in the world.

the theory provides...

an expectation or prediction for why X would influence or affect Y.

theory in qualitative research

an interrelated set of constructs (or variables) formed into propositions, or hypotheses that specify the relationship among variables (typically in terms of magnitude or direction).

2 types of writer

bricklayer and let it all hang out on first draft.

queer theory

concerned with cultural and political means and conveys the voices and experiences of individuals (lgbtq) who have been suppressed

critical theory perspective

concerned with empowering human beings to transcend the constraints placed on them by race, class, & gender

habit of writing

continual work on the proposal is writing something each day or at least being engaged daily in the process of thinking, collecting info, and reviewing that goes into manuscript and proposal production.

dependent variable

depend on independent variable/ outcome or influence of independent variable. Recommended to measure multiple dependent variables.

Macro-level theories

explain larger aggregates such as social institutions, cultural systems, and whole societies.

theoretical rationale

identifying how and why the variables and relational statements are related.

confounding variable

in qualitative the third variable is called this. it can become quite problematic for establishing causality if it is not measured in a study

bricklayer

makes every paragraph just right before going on to the next.

social science theory

may be drawn from diverse theories found in the social sciences, such as leadership, economics, political science, marketing, behavioral change, adoption or diffusion, or any number of social science theories.

mixed methods research

may both test theories and generate them

informed consent

o - researchers must tell participants: § The general purpose of the research § What will be done to them during the research § What the potential benefits to them and others might be § What the potential harm to them might be § The fact that they may withdraw at any time without pentalty, even midstream.

writing ideas

o Encourage reaserchers to reach out to their audience, be concise and to the point, practice writing rather than talking about it. § Early in the process of research, write ideas down rather than talk about them. Before designing a proposal write a 1-2 page draft of your project and show to advisor to approve. § Work through several drafts of proposal rather than trying to polish the first draft.

3 stage model

o First = develop an outline o Write out a draft and then shift and sort ideas, moving around entire paragraphs in the manuscript. o Finally edit and polish each sentence

IRB

o Researchers have to apply to the institutional review board and have their research reviewed. § Obtain necessary permissions from individuals in authority to gain access to necessary sites and participants. § Select a site without vested interests. Allows for objectivity if you are not intertested in specific outcomes. § Negotiate authorship for publication.

designing sections of a proposal

o Specify sections early on in the design of a proposal. o Ask your adviser for copies of proposals from other students that he really liked and study them closely. o Determine whether your program offers a course on proposal development. o Sit down with advisor and go over their preferred format of a proposal.

core arguments that need to be addressed in any proposal

o What do readers need to better understand your topic? o What do readers need to know about your topic? o What do you propose to study? o What is the setting, and who are the people you will study?

quantitative is favored

potential participants are not available for extensive interactions or observation. when time funds are limited. when audiences require hard numbers.

moderating variable

predictor variables that affect the direction and/or strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

micro-level theories

provide explanations limited to small slices of time, space, or numbers of people

racialized discourses

raise important Q's about control and production of knowledge particularly about communities of color

According to the common rule

research is a systematic investigation including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.

Justice

research subjects are all treated equitably, such that any burden or benefits related to the research are shared fairly.

feminist perspective

research topics may include policy issues related to realizing social justice for women in specific contexts or knowledge about oppressive situations for women

quantitative research

researchers often test hypotheses stemming from theories. In their dissertation an entire section of research proposal might be devoted to presenting the broader theory guiding the hypothesis.

intervening or mediating variable

stand btwn independent and dependent variables and provide a quantitative assessment of how the independent variable is exerting its effects on the dependent variable

variables are distinguishable by 2 characteristics

temporal order and their measurement (or observation)

meso-level theories

theories of organizations, social movement, or communities, such as Collins theory of control in organizations, social movement, or communities

qualitative research

use of theory is much more varied. The inquirer may generate a theory as the final outcome of a study and place it at the end of a project OR at the beginning to provide a lens that shapes what is looked at and the questions asked.

predictor variable

used to predict an outcome of interest in survey method studies. Researcher is NOT able to manipulate. (aka antecedent variable)

causality

we would expect variable x to cause variable y

qualitative is favored

when little is known about a topic. when the participants belong to a culture that is closed or secretive

let-it-all-hang-out-on-the-first-draft

writes an entire first draft not caring how sloppy it looks.

analyzing data

§ Avoid going native (taking sides/disregarding data) § Avoid disclosing only positive results. § Respect the privacy of participants.

readability

§ Before writing proposal consider how you will enhance the readability of it for other people. · Use consistent terms throughout · Consider how narrative thoughts of different types guide a reader. o Umbrella thoughts: the general or core ideas one is trying to get across o Big thoughts in writing = specific ideas or images that fall within the realm of umbrella thoughts and serve to reinforce, calirfy, or elaborate upon the umbrella thoughts. o Little thoughts - ideas or images whose chief function is to reinforce big thoughts. o Attention or interest thoughts - ideas whose purposes are to keep the reader on track, organize ideas, and keep an individeials attenrion.

reporting, sharing, and storing data

§ Falsifying authorship, evidence, data, finding, or conclusions § Do not plagarize § Avoid disclosing info that would harm participants § Communicate in clear straightforward, appropriate language § Share data with others § Keep raw and other materials § Do not duplicate or piecemeal publications § Complete proof of compliance with ethical issues and a lack of conflict of interest. § Understand who owns the data.

Beginning the study

§ Identify a beneficial research problem § Disclose purpose of the study § Do not pressure participants into signing informed consent § Respect norms and charters of indigenous cultures.

formatting mixed methods

§ Longer than the others. This format shows that the researcher poses both a purpose statement and research questions for quantitative and qualitative components, and well as mixed components.

collecting data

§ Respect the site and disrupt as little as possible § Make sure that all participants receive the benefits § Avoid deceiving participants § Respect potential power imbalances § Avoid exploitation of participants § Avoid collecting harmful information

formatting quantitative

§ The form generally follows the model of an introduction, lit review, methods, results, and discussion.

voice, tense, and fat

§ Use active voice as much as possible § Use strong active verbs § Pay close attenrion to the tense of your verbs · Future tense appropriately indicates that the study will be conducted in the future, a key verb - use for proposals. · Past tense (jones reported) or present perfect ( researchers have reported) for lit review, and procedures, and describe results. Present tense - discuss results and present conclusions.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

· black men with syphilis never informed of their disease offered conscentives to be in study. Found cure and did NOT give it to the men · Belmont report in response to that.

coherence in writing

· the ideas tie together and logically flow from one sentence to another and from one paragraph to another

Principal of Beneficence

· the research should strive to do no harm, to maximize possible benefits, and to use a research design that is best suited to minimize risks and maximize benefits.

hook and eye exercise

· to connect major thoughts of each sentence and paragraph. If such connections cannot be made then the written passage lacks coherence.