Respiratory System and Gas Exchange

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what is the formula for total oxygen content

(PaO2 x 0.003) + (Hb x 1.36 x SaO2)

what is the normal V/Q relationship

.8

what is PCO2 in atmospheric air

0

what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)

0

what is PaO2

100

what is the partial pressure of O2 in the arteries (PaO2)

100

what is PAO2

105

what is the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli (PAO2)

105

what is PO2 in atmospheric air

160

what is the partial pressure of O2 (PO2)

160

what is the normal total oxygen content

20

atmospheric air is ____ O2

21%

what is the normal arterial bicarbonate (HCO3-)

24-30

what is the normal O2 content in venous blood

25

what is the normal arterial PaCO2

35-45

what is PACO2

40

what is PO2 in venous blood

40

what is PaCO2

40

what is the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli (PACO2)

40

what is PaCO2 in venous blood

46

why is partial pressure of O2 in the arteries (PaO2) less than partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli (PAO2)

5mmHg of O2 goes into the lungs to oxygenate its own tissues

most of the hemoglobin is bound when PaO2 is ____ mmHg

60

what is the partial pressure of nitrogen (PN2)

600

what is the normal arterial pH

7.35-7.45

atmospheric air pressure is ____ mmHg at sea level

760

atmospheric air is ____ nitrogen

78-79%

what is the normal arterial PaO2

80-100

what is the normal arterial SaO2

97-100

____ is a by-product of metabolism at the tissue level

CO2

____ is constantly coming out of the venous system and into the alveoli

CO2

hyperventilation/hypoventilation are defined in terms of ____

CO2

____ is higher than ambient air

PACO2

____ is lower than ambient air

PAO2

SpO2 (pulse oximetry) is done with a machine and usually gives you the same number/measurement that the invasive ____ measurement will give you

SaO2

____ is the total oxygen content in the arterial blood minus the oxygen content in the venous blood

a-vO2

the ____ tells you how much O2 the cells are using

a-vO2 difference

____ anemic hypoxia is when there is a lack of red blood cells as in anemia

absolute

increased PaCO2 causes more H+ ions which decreases blood pH and makes it more ____

acidic

if pH is < 7.35 it is

acidosis

if pH > 7.45 it is

alkalosis

____ is when tissues are lacking oxygen because of a hemoglobin problem

anemic hypoxia

what is the best way to measure oxygenation

arterial blood gases

what are the ways to measure oxygenation

arterial blood gases, co-oximeter, pulse oximeter

to measure arterial blood gases you must take blood from the ____

artery

decreased PaCO2 causes fewer H+ ions which increases blood pH and makes it more ____

basic

what is the protective mechanism when there is a shunt

body will close off the capillary and shunt the blood to a healthy alveoli

what is the protective mechanism when there is a dead space

body will shut off and quit pushing air to the alveoli

____ is when the tissues are lacking oxygen because there is a decrease in blood circulation

circulatory hypoxia

____ determines carbon monoxide poisoning

co-oximeter

what are the factors affecting diffusibility

concentration gradient, surface area, thickness of alveoli capillary membrane, rate of ventilation of O2 consumption, hyper/hypo ventilation

____ is when blood is not getting to the alveoli to receive oxygen

dead space

____ is when there is good ventilation but no perfusion

dead space

what can change the V/Q relationship

dead space or shunt

what are some things that cause an increase in alveolar PCO2

decrease alveolar ventilation, increase CO2 production

what are some things that causes decreased alveolar PO2

decrease ambient PO2, decrease alveolar ventilation, increase O2 consumption

as air gets humidified it ____ the pressure that enters the alveoli

decreases

PaO2 is the oxygen in the arterial blood that is ____

dissolved in a solution

what are the 3 ways carbon dioxide can be carried

dissolved in the blood, bound to hemoglobin, or converted to bicarbonate

____ is when pH is back in the normal range and both components are abnormal

fully compensated

the thicker the capillary membrane is the ____ it will be for air to diffuse into the alveolar system

harder

SaO2 is the oxygen in the arterial blood combined with ____ (how saturated the oxygen is)

hemoglobin

____ is the oxygen carrying part of the blood

hemoglobin

the concentration/pressure gradient states that gas moves (diffuses) from an area of ____

high concentration to low concentration

____ is when the tissues are lacking oxygen because they cannot use the oxygen that is supplied

histoxic hypoxia

what is created when you form a bicarbonate

hydrogen ion

____ is getting rid of more CO2 than you should be

hyperventilaiton

____ is decreased CO2 production comparted to alveolar ventilation

hyperventilation

____ is when PACO2 decreases below 40mmHg

hypervntialtion

____ is increased CO2 production compared to alveolar ventilation

hypoventilation

____ is when the PACO2 increases above 40mHg

hypoventilation

making a lot of CO2 but not getting rid of it is ____

hypoventilation

____ is when oxygen is not getting into the blood

hypoxemia

____ is when tissues are lacking oxygen because PaO2 is lower than 80mmHg

hypoxemic hypoxia

____ is when there is a lack of oxygen to the tissues

hypoxia

severe hypoxemia usually indicates ____

hypoxia

what are some things that causes a decrease to alveolar PCO2

increase alveolar ventilaiton, decrease CO2 production

what are some things that causes an increase to alveolar PO2

increase ambient PO2, increase alveolar ventilation, decrease O2 consumption

what are the factors that influence an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the right

increased CO2, decreased pH (acidic), increaesd 2,3 DPG, exercise, increased temperature (think CADET face right)

Dalton's law of pressure states the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of ____

individual partial pressures

____ is the movement of gases from blood to tissues and tissues back to blood

internal respiration

oxygen binds to ____ in the hemoglobin molecule

iron

the ____ are metabolic and responsible for bicarbonate

kidneys

____ attempt to compensate for any changes in the opposite system; they are important in the acid/base balance

kidneys and lungs

in hypoxemia the PaO2 is ____

less than 80

the ____ are respiratory and responsible for CO2

lungs

in determining arterial blood gases, if HCO3- is the problem it is ____

metabolic

if pH is < 7.35 and HCO3- is < 24 it is ____

metabolic acidosis

if pH is >7.45 and HCO3- is > 30 it is ____

metabolic alkalosis

an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the left favors ____

oxygen conservation

an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the right favors ____

oxygen release to tissue

____ is when pH is not back in the normal range and both components are abnormal

partailly compensated

____ describes pulmonary circulation (air crossing the membrane and into the capillaries)

perfusion (Q)

the ____ of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve provides a safety factor to allow for almost normal oxygen saturation despite significant limitation in lung function

plateau

____ is a non-invasive way to determine SaO2

pulse oximeter (SpO2)

____ anemic hypoxia is when there is enough hemoglobin but it cannot carry the oxygen

relative

in determining arterial blood gases, if PaCO2 is the problem it is ____

respiratory

if pH is < 7.35 and PaCO2 is > 45 it is ____

respiratory acidosis

if pH is > 7.45 and PaCO2 is < 35 it is ____

respiratory alkalosis

____ is when there is good blood flow but there is no air for it to pick up because the alveoli is collapsed

shunt

____ is when there is no ventilation but a fully perfused capillary

shunt

what is the normal shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

steep early and plateaus at the end

____ is when pH is not back in the normal range and only one component is abnormal

uncompensated

____ is the air flow in and out of the lungs

ventilation (V)

what are some factors that affect oxygen transport and cause hypoxia

ventilation, diffusion, red blood cells, circulation


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