Respiratory System and Gas Exchange
what is the formula for total oxygen content
(PaO2 x 0.003) + (Hb x 1.36 x SaO2)
what is the normal V/Q relationship
.8
what is PCO2 in atmospheric air
0
what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
0
what is PaO2
100
what is the partial pressure of O2 in the arteries (PaO2)
100
what is PAO2
105
what is the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli (PAO2)
105
what is PO2 in atmospheric air
160
what is the partial pressure of O2 (PO2)
160
what is the normal total oxygen content
20
atmospheric air is ____ O2
21%
what is the normal arterial bicarbonate (HCO3-)
24-30
what is the normal O2 content in venous blood
25
what is the normal arterial PaCO2
35-45
what is PACO2
40
what is PO2 in venous blood
40
what is PaCO2
40
what is the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli (PACO2)
40
what is PaCO2 in venous blood
46
why is partial pressure of O2 in the arteries (PaO2) less than partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli (PAO2)
5mmHg of O2 goes into the lungs to oxygenate its own tissues
most of the hemoglobin is bound when PaO2 is ____ mmHg
60
what is the partial pressure of nitrogen (PN2)
600
what is the normal arterial pH
7.35-7.45
atmospheric air pressure is ____ mmHg at sea level
760
atmospheric air is ____ nitrogen
78-79%
what is the normal arterial PaO2
80-100
what is the normal arterial SaO2
97-100
____ is a by-product of metabolism at the tissue level
CO2
____ is constantly coming out of the venous system and into the alveoli
CO2
hyperventilation/hypoventilation are defined in terms of ____
CO2
____ is higher than ambient air
PACO2
____ is lower than ambient air
PAO2
SpO2 (pulse oximetry) is done with a machine and usually gives you the same number/measurement that the invasive ____ measurement will give you
SaO2
____ is the total oxygen content in the arterial blood minus the oxygen content in the venous blood
a-vO2
the ____ tells you how much O2 the cells are using
a-vO2 difference
____ anemic hypoxia is when there is a lack of red blood cells as in anemia
absolute
increased PaCO2 causes more H+ ions which decreases blood pH and makes it more ____
acidic
if pH is < 7.35 it is
acidosis
if pH > 7.45 it is
alkalosis
____ is when tissues are lacking oxygen because of a hemoglobin problem
anemic hypoxia
what is the best way to measure oxygenation
arterial blood gases
what are the ways to measure oxygenation
arterial blood gases, co-oximeter, pulse oximeter
to measure arterial blood gases you must take blood from the ____
artery
decreased PaCO2 causes fewer H+ ions which increases blood pH and makes it more ____
basic
what is the protective mechanism when there is a shunt
body will close off the capillary and shunt the blood to a healthy alveoli
what is the protective mechanism when there is a dead space
body will shut off and quit pushing air to the alveoli
____ is when the tissues are lacking oxygen because there is a decrease in blood circulation
circulatory hypoxia
____ determines carbon monoxide poisoning
co-oximeter
what are the factors affecting diffusibility
concentration gradient, surface area, thickness of alveoli capillary membrane, rate of ventilation of O2 consumption, hyper/hypo ventilation
____ is when blood is not getting to the alveoli to receive oxygen
dead space
____ is when there is good ventilation but no perfusion
dead space
what can change the V/Q relationship
dead space or shunt
what are some things that cause an increase in alveolar PCO2
decrease alveolar ventilation, increase CO2 production
what are some things that causes decreased alveolar PO2
decrease ambient PO2, decrease alveolar ventilation, increase O2 consumption
as air gets humidified it ____ the pressure that enters the alveoli
decreases
PaO2 is the oxygen in the arterial blood that is ____
dissolved in a solution
what are the 3 ways carbon dioxide can be carried
dissolved in the blood, bound to hemoglobin, or converted to bicarbonate
____ is when pH is back in the normal range and both components are abnormal
fully compensated
the thicker the capillary membrane is the ____ it will be for air to diffuse into the alveolar system
harder
SaO2 is the oxygen in the arterial blood combined with ____ (how saturated the oxygen is)
hemoglobin
____ is the oxygen carrying part of the blood
hemoglobin
the concentration/pressure gradient states that gas moves (diffuses) from an area of ____
high concentration to low concentration
____ is when the tissues are lacking oxygen because they cannot use the oxygen that is supplied
histoxic hypoxia
what is created when you form a bicarbonate
hydrogen ion
____ is getting rid of more CO2 than you should be
hyperventilaiton
____ is decreased CO2 production comparted to alveolar ventilation
hyperventilation
____ is when PACO2 decreases below 40mmHg
hypervntialtion
____ is increased CO2 production compared to alveolar ventilation
hypoventilation
____ is when the PACO2 increases above 40mHg
hypoventilation
making a lot of CO2 but not getting rid of it is ____
hypoventilation
____ is when oxygen is not getting into the blood
hypoxemia
____ is when tissues are lacking oxygen because PaO2 is lower than 80mmHg
hypoxemic hypoxia
____ is when there is a lack of oxygen to the tissues
hypoxia
severe hypoxemia usually indicates ____
hypoxia
what are some things that causes a decrease to alveolar PCO2
increase alveolar ventilaiton, decrease CO2 production
what are some things that causes an increase to alveolar PO2
increase ambient PO2, increase alveolar ventilation, decrease O2 consumption
what are the factors that influence an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the right
increased CO2, decreased pH (acidic), increaesd 2,3 DPG, exercise, increased temperature (think CADET face right)
Dalton's law of pressure states the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of ____
individual partial pressures
____ is the movement of gases from blood to tissues and tissues back to blood
internal respiration
oxygen binds to ____ in the hemoglobin molecule
iron
the ____ are metabolic and responsible for bicarbonate
kidneys
____ attempt to compensate for any changes in the opposite system; they are important in the acid/base balance
kidneys and lungs
in hypoxemia the PaO2 is ____
less than 80
the ____ are respiratory and responsible for CO2
lungs
in determining arterial blood gases, if HCO3- is the problem it is ____
metabolic
if pH is < 7.35 and HCO3- is < 24 it is ____
metabolic acidosis
if pH is >7.45 and HCO3- is > 30 it is ____
metabolic alkalosis
an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the left favors ____
oxygen conservation
an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the right favors ____
oxygen release to tissue
____ is when pH is not back in the normal range and both components are abnormal
partailly compensated
____ describes pulmonary circulation (air crossing the membrane and into the capillaries)
perfusion (Q)
the ____ of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve provides a safety factor to allow for almost normal oxygen saturation despite significant limitation in lung function
plateau
____ is a non-invasive way to determine SaO2
pulse oximeter (SpO2)
____ anemic hypoxia is when there is enough hemoglobin but it cannot carry the oxygen
relative
in determining arterial blood gases, if PaCO2 is the problem it is ____
respiratory
if pH is < 7.35 and PaCO2 is > 45 it is ____
respiratory acidosis
if pH is > 7.45 and PaCO2 is < 35 it is ____
respiratory alkalosis
____ is when there is good blood flow but there is no air for it to pick up because the alveoli is collapsed
shunt
____ is when there is no ventilation but a fully perfused capillary
shunt
what is the normal shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
steep early and plateaus at the end
____ is when pH is not back in the normal range and only one component is abnormal
uncompensated
____ is the air flow in and out of the lungs
ventilation (V)
what are some factors that affect oxygen transport and cause hypoxia
ventilation, diffusion, red blood cells, circulation
