Review 🤓

Which of the following quotes from the Federalist Papers best supports the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)?

"Liberty is to faction what air is to fire. . . . But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency."

At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates from larger states argued that each state's representation in the legislature should be proportional to its population. Smaller states argued that each state should have equal representation, regardless of population. The disagreement over representation threatened to derail the ratification of the Constitution. Which of the following statements accurately describes the compromise that led to both sides reaching agreement?

A bicameral legislature with an upper house representing each state equally and a lower house with representation proportional to each state's population

Which of the following is an accurate summary of James Madison's argument in The Federalist 10?

A large republic presents more opportunities for groups to participate, compete, and limit each other.

Which of the following examples describes the core value of equality of opportunity?

A student gains admittance to a university solely based on academic performance.

Which of the following provides the most accurate explanation of how consumer-driven media increases partisan polarization?

Consumer-driven media reinforces existing political biases in individuals.

The decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) led to the creation of super PACs that can legally raise unlimited amounts of money and engage in electioneering with few limits. Madison argued in The Federalist 10 that factions, like super PACs, would not be detrimental to society because the Constitution?

Created a large republic with many factions that would cancel each other out

Increases in the amount of money spent on national defense and security contracts, such as those that occurred after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and during the subsequent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, would most likely have which of the following consequences?

Defense contractors would increase their lobbying efforts in order to improve their chances of winning a contract.

Which of the following describes a visual limitation of the bar graph?

Even though the bar graph contains data from 1998 to 2014, there is no illustration of how spending is broken down by specific years or elections

As a compromise, the framers agreed on a bicameral legislature, with the House of Representatives elected by popular vote within states and the Senate selected by state legislatures. The direct election method conforms most to which of the following democratic ideals?

Government should be based on the consent of the governed

The idea of having a constitution, which includes a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances, promotes which of the following core American values?

Limited government

Which of the following statements are illustrated by the data in the table?

Millennials are more likely to say they have become more liberal politically over time than Baby Boomers.

Which of the following are supported by the data in the table?

More people become more socially conservative over time than more socially liberal.

The Declaration of Independence cites specific reasons for separating from British rule, including the British imposing taxes and maintaining a standing army without consent. Which of the following principles or ideas would these grievances be most related to?

Natural rights, such as life, liberty and property

Which of the following best demonstrates how political parties serve as linkage institutions?

Parties may organize activities to identify supporters, increase registration, and get out the vote

Which of the following best explains the role of parties in Congress?

Parties organize government by selecting chamber leadership and determining committee membership.

Based on the twin studies data shown in the bar graph, which of the following political traits are most influenced by genetics?

Political knowledge

According to the bar graph, which of the following statements is true about the influence of family on political traits?

Political party identification is about 70 percent influenced by family.

Which of the following public policies would Republicans be most likely to support?

Reducing government funding to organizations that provide reproductive services

A voter has seen his income increase by 3% over the past four years. He is encouraged that unemployment is down and the price of gas has remained relatively low. On Election day, by voting for incumbent presidential candidate, he has engaged in which type of voting?

Retrospective voting

A state has 11 electoral votes. In a presidential election, the Democratic candidate receives 48 percent of that state's popular vote, the Republican candidate receives 40 percent of the vote, and an independent candidate receives 12 percent of the vote. If the state is similar to most other states, how will the electoral votes most likely be allocated?

The Democratic candidate received all 11 electoral votes

Which of the following features of the data displayed make the use of the bar graph less helpful for a comparison?

The bar showing the spending for the Chamber of Commerce makes comparisons with the other groups more difficult.

Which of the following best explains how the format affected the polls?

The closed-ended format limited respondents to fewer options, which forced respondents to focus on the most important issue of those options.

In the 1950s Southern states attempted to prevent integration of their public schools. In return, the National Guard was sent to force states to implement federal regulations. This scenario illustrates which of the following about the relationship between the state and national governments?

The debate over the role of the central government and state powers is ongoing.

In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the Supreme Court ruled that corporations and labor unions could spend unlimited amounts of money supporting political candidates under certain circumstances. Which of the following was the basis for the Court's ruling?

The freedom of speech in the First Amendment

According to the bar graph, which of the following is true about the influence of the general environment on political traits?

The general environment accounts for about 20 percent of the influence on political party identification in twins.

Which of the following statements about political parties and the United States Constitution is true?

The issue of political parties is not addressed in the Constitution

Which of the following conclusions is most supported by the data in the chart?

The voting rights act of 1965 has significantly reduced disparities in voter registration between Whites and African Americans.

The data from the two polls, which ask the same question, illustrate which of the following?

Those making inferences from polling results should understand the methods used by pollsters.

The pluralist view of power focuses on

a large number of organized interests

Which of the following best characterizes the general argument made in Brutus 1?

a large republic is dangerous to personal liberty and undermines the states

If one were interested in showing how much certain industries spend on lobbying, the best way to change the visual would be to

categorize the data by industry group and combine the data so that a bar represents each group

Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 after running on the Democratic Party platform that included an expansion of federal programs aimed at pulling the United States out of the Great Depression. The expansion plan, known as the New Deal, substantially increased the voting base of the Democratic Party. As a result, the Democratic Party dominated Congress and many state governments for the next half century. The election of 1932 is considered a critical election because it

changed the base of support in each party

An important outcome of Marshall's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was to

confirm the supremacy of the federal government in the exercise of the constitutional powers granted to Congress.

The agenda-setting function of the media refers to the power to

decide which issues are important enough to bring to public attention.

The most important source of political values in the United States is probably

family

Dividing power between the states and the national government is referred to as

federalism

The Articles of Confederation attempted to create a

league of friendship

When a locality is required by a federal law to do something, regardless of whether it receives federal funding for that purpose, this duty is called

mandate

Those powers that are given exclusively to the states are

reserved powers

In the United States, programs such as the interstate highway system and services to the unemployed are most accurately considered

state functions, although the federal government seeks to regulate them.

The US constitution contained no bill of rights because, among other things,

the Framers thought they were creating a government with specific, limited powers

One reason that public policy often differs from public opinion is that

the US constitution places many checks on the influence of public opinion

If the United States were operating today under theArticles of Confederation, issues such as the effect of acid rain on the environment would be handled by

the individual states

All of the following are examples of a linkage institution influencing the policy process EXCEPT

the president delivering the State of the Union speech