Review Exercise B Ch.3 Abdomen

Pneumoperitoneum

Free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity

Ascites

General abdominal haziness

Females

Gonadal shielding for ________ may be impossible for studies of the lower abdominopelvic region

ASIS, Symphysis Pubis

Gonadal shielding for females involved placing the top of the shield at or slightly above the level of the __________ with the bottom at the ________

It obsures essential anatomy

Gonadal shielding should not be used during abdomen radiography if

Ulcerative colitis

Inflammatory condition of the colon

Volvulus

Large amount of air trapped in sigmoid colon with a tapered narrowing at the site of obstruction

Intussusception

Air-filled "coiled spring" appearance

Ulcerative colitis

Deep air-filled mucosal protrusions of colon wall

Care breathing instructions to the patient

Voluntary motion can be best prevented by

Ultrasound

__________ is used to evaluate patients with acute appendicitis.

Crohn's disease

Distended loops of air-filled small intestine

Volvulus

A twisting of a loop of bowel creating an obstruction

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Adynamic (paralytic) ileus

Bowel obstruction caused by a lack of intestinal peristalsis

Crohn's disease

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall that may result in bowel obstruction

Expiration

Exposure for an AP projection of the abdomen should be taken on _____________ (inspiration or expiration)

A.) AP Supine B.)AP erect or lateral decubitus abdomen C.) PA erect chest

List the projections commonly performed for an acute abdominal series or three-way abdomen series

A. Iliac wings B. Obturator foramina (if visible) C. Ischial spines D. Outer rib margins

Rotation can be determined on a kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) radiograph by the loss of the synmetric appearance of:

Intussusception

Telescoping of a section of bowel into another loop of bowel.

Iliac crest

The central ray is centered to the level of the ________ for a supine AP projection of the abdomen

Ultrasound

The preferred imaging modality for examining the gallbladder quickly is:

Pneumoperitoneum

Thin crest-shaped radiolucency underneath diaphragm

2in (5cm) above iliac crest, axilla

To ensure the diaphragm is included on an erect abdomen projection the central ray should be at the level of ________ which places the top of the 14x17 in IR at the level of the ___________.

False

True/False Because the liver margin is visible in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, it is not necessary to place a right or left anatomic side marker on the cassette before exposure

False; may have situs inversus in which the liver is on the patient's left

True/False For a KUB, it is accepted practice to indicate the side of the body during postprocessing after the exposure has been completed. The liver is always on the right side of the body

False

True/False For an adult abdomen, a collimation margin must be visible on all four sides of the radiograph

True

True/False A radiolucent pad should be placed underneath geriatric patients for added comfort

True

True/False A tall asthenic patient may require two 35x43 cm (14x17in) image receptors placed portrait if the entire abdomen is to be included

False

True/False The image receptor should be placed in portrait alignment for an abdomen study on an obese patient.

False short exposure time best controls perstalis

True/False The patient best controls peristalsis by holding his or her breath during exposure.

False

True/False The umbilicus ("belly button") is a reliable, alternative landmark to use for the obese patient.

A.) Patient breathing B.) Patient movement during exposure

What are the two causes of voluntary motion?

Use the shortest exposure time

What is the best mechanism to control involuntary motion?

Peristaltic action of the bowel

What is the primary cause for involuntary motion in the abdomen?

3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches)

What is the recommended overlap when using two landscape-placed image receptors for an AP projection of a supine abdomen of an obese patient?

Long scale

What scale of contrast is recommended for visualization of the abdominal structures on an abdominal x-ray?

Dorsal decubitus

Which decubitus position best demonstrates possible aneurysms, calcifications of the the aorta, or umbilical hernias?

Left lateral decubitus (free air best visualized in upper right abdomen in area of liver)

Which decubitus position of the abdomen best demonstrates intraperitoneal air in the abdomen

Pancreas

Which of the following abdominal structures is not visible on a properly exposed KUB?

80-85 kV, grid, 40 (102cm) SID

Which of the following exposure considerations would be most ideal for an AP abdomen of an average sized adult using a digital radiographic system?

PA, erect chest for free air under diaphragm

Which of the following projections requires a kV setting of 110 to 125

A.) Short exposure time B.) High-speed image receptor C.) Reduced kV and mAs

Which of the following technical consideration is essential when performing abdomen studies on a young pediatric patient?

two- way abdomen; AP supine abdomen, and left lateral decubitus

Which positioning routine should be used for an acute abdominal series if the patient is too ill to stand?

Lateral position

Which projection best demonstrates a possible aortic aneurysm in the prevertebral region of the abdomen

PA chest

Which projection of the three-way acute abdominal series best demonstrates free air under the diaphragm

Hypersthenic body type

Which type of body habitus might require two landscape aligned image receptors to be taken if the entire abdomen is to be included?

To increase the room for expansion of the abdominal organs within the abdominal cavity

Why is it recommended to take abdominal radiographs at the end of patient expiration

Increased object image receptor distance of kidneys on PA

Why may the PA projection of a KUB generally be less desirable than the AP projection

To allow intra-abdominal air to rise or abnormal fluids to accumulate

Why should a patient be placed in the decubitus position for a minimum of 5 minutes before expose

CT

With the use of iodinated contrast media ________, is able to distinguish between a simple cyst and a tumor of the liver