Review Exercise B Ch.3 Abdomen
Pneumoperitoneum
Free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
General abdominal haziness
Females
Gonadal shielding for ________ may be impossible for studies of the lower abdominopelvic region
ASIS, Symphysis Pubis
Gonadal shielding for females involved placing the top of the shield at or slightly above the level of the __________ with the bottom at the ________
It obsures essential anatomy
Gonadal shielding should not be used during abdomen radiography if
Ulcerative colitis
Inflammatory condition of the colon
Volvulus
Large amount of air trapped in sigmoid colon with a tapered narrowing at the site of obstruction
Intussusception
Air-filled "coiled spring" appearance
Ulcerative colitis
Deep air-filled mucosal protrusions of colon wall
Care breathing instructions to the patient
Voluntary motion can be best prevented by
Ultrasound
__________ is used to evaluate patients with acute appendicitis.
Crohn's disease
Distended loops of air-filled small intestine
Volvulus
A twisting of a loop of bowel creating an obstruction
Ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Adynamic (paralytic) ileus
Bowel obstruction caused by a lack of intestinal peristalsis
Crohn's disease
Chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall that may result in bowel obstruction
Expiration
Exposure for an AP projection of the abdomen should be taken on _____________ (inspiration or expiration)
A.) AP Supine B.)AP erect or lateral decubitus abdomen C.) PA erect chest
List the projections commonly performed for an acute abdominal series or three-way abdomen series
A. Iliac wings B. Obturator foramina (if visible) C. Ischial spines D. Outer rib margins
Rotation can be determined on a kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) radiograph by the loss of the synmetric appearance of:
Intussusception
Telescoping of a section of bowel into another loop of bowel.
Iliac crest
The central ray is centered to the level of the ________ for a supine AP projection of the abdomen
Ultrasound
The preferred imaging modality for examining the gallbladder quickly is:
Pneumoperitoneum
Thin crest-shaped radiolucency underneath diaphragm
2in (5cm) above iliac crest, axilla
To ensure the diaphragm is included on an erect abdomen projection the central ray should be at the level of ________ which places the top of the 14x17 in IR at the level of the ___________.
False
True/False Because the liver margin is visible in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, it is not necessary to place a right or left anatomic side marker on the cassette before exposure
False; may have situs inversus in which the liver is on the patient's left
True/False For a KUB, it is accepted practice to indicate the side of the body during postprocessing after the exposure has been completed. The liver is always on the right side of the body
False
True/False For an adult abdomen, a collimation margin must be visible on all four sides of the radiograph
True
True/False A radiolucent pad should be placed underneath geriatric patients for added comfort
True
True/False A tall asthenic patient may require two 35x43 cm (14x17in) image receptors placed portrait if the entire abdomen is to be included
False
True/False The image receptor should be placed in portrait alignment for an abdomen study on an obese patient.
False short exposure time best controls perstalis
True/False The patient best controls peristalsis by holding his or her breath during exposure.
False
True/False The umbilicus ("belly button") is a reliable, alternative landmark to use for the obese patient.
A.) Patient breathing B.) Patient movement during exposure
What are the two causes of voluntary motion?
Use the shortest exposure time
What is the best mechanism to control involuntary motion?
Peristaltic action of the bowel
What is the primary cause for involuntary motion in the abdomen?
3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches)
What is the recommended overlap when using two landscape-placed image receptors for an AP projection of a supine abdomen of an obese patient?
Long scale
What scale of contrast is recommended for visualization of the abdominal structures on an abdominal x-ray?
Dorsal decubitus
Which decubitus position best demonstrates possible aneurysms, calcifications of the the aorta, or umbilical hernias?
Left lateral decubitus (free air best visualized in upper right abdomen in area of liver)
Which decubitus position of the abdomen best demonstrates intraperitoneal air in the abdomen
Pancreas
Which of the following abdominal structures is not visible on a properly exposed KUB?
80-85 kV, grid, 40 (102cm) SID
Which of the following exposure considerations would be most ideal for an AP abdomen of an average sized adult using a digital radiographic system?
PA, erect chest for free air under diaphragm
Which of the following projections requires a kV setting of 110 to 125
A.) Short exposure time B.) High-speed image receptor C.) Reduced kV and mAs
Which of the following technical consideration is essential when performing abdomen studies on a young pediatric patient?
two- way abdomen; AP supine abdomen, and left lateral decubitus
Which positioning routine should be used for an acute abdominal series if the patient is too ill to stand?
Lateral position
Which projection best demonstrates a possible aortic aneurysm in the prevertebral region of the abdomen
PA chest
Which projection of the three-way acute abdominal series best demonstrates free air under the diaphragm
Hypersthenic body type
Which type of body habitus might require two landscape aligned image receptors to be taken if the entire abdomen is to be included?
To increase the room for expansion of the abdominal organs within the abdominal cavity
Why is it recommended to take abdominal radiographs at the end of patient expiration
Increased object image receptor distance of kidneys on PA
Why may the PA projection of a KUB generally be less desirable than the AP projection
To allow intra-abdominal air to rise or abnormal fluids to accumulate
Why should a patient be placed in the decubitus position for a minimum of 5 minutes before expose
CT
With the use of iodinated contrast media ________, is able to distinguish between a simple cyst and a tumor of the liver
