Review Questions chapter 16 A/P II

The blood volume in an adult averages approximately

5 liters

9. The normal pH of the blood is about

7.4

17. a) If you had a severe infection, would you expect your WBC count to be closest to 5000, 10,000 or 15,000/ul? b) What is this condition called?

A) 15,000 Infection in the body causes an increase of WBC. B) Leukocytosis an elevated level of WBC

18. a) Describe the appearance of platelets and state there major function? b) why should platelets not be called "cells"?

A) Flattened discs that appear round from above and spindle shaped in section. Major participation in vascular clotting system. B) they have no nucleus/anucleate, fragments of a cell.

19 a) Define hemostasis. B) List the three major phases of coagulation. Explain what initiates each phase and what the phase accomplishes. D) Which Ions is essential to virtually all stages of coagulation?

A) stoppage of blood flow within a damage blood vessel. B) 1, Injury to platelets due to contact, 2. prothrombin, 3. Fibrinogen Damage to b. vessels rips open platelet phase 1, platelet factor is protein molecule normally inside the platelet, now outside the platelet coming in contact with plasma protein liquid portion of blood, causing chemical reaction, you have to have calcium levl of 9-11mg from bones, prothrombin activator an enzyme speeds up the plasma protein, Phase 2 prothrombin normally produced by the liver requiring vit. K, plus prothrombin activator in the presence of calcium makes thrombin, Phase 3 when Fibrinogen is added to thrombin in the presence of calcium fibrin protein fibers that trap RBC and platelets is formed. It stops blood flow. d)Calcium

15. Describe the process of erythropoiesis. B. What name is given to the immature cell type released to the circulation

A.To ensure that the number of erythrocytes in blood remains with the homeostatic range, new cells are produced 2million per second. This process depends on iron, amino acids, and certain B vitamins. Stimulus, Kidney releases erythropoietin, erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow, enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count, O2-carring ability of blood rises. B. Reticulocyte= young erythrocytes

12. Discuss hemoglobin relative to its chemical structure, its function, and the color changes it undergoes during loading and unloading of oxygen.

Hemoglobin is made up of the red heme pigment bound to the protein globin. Globin consists of four polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups. When oxygen binds to iron, the hemoglobin, now called (oxyhemoglobin), assumes a new three dimensional shape and becomes ruby red.(bright) when oxygen detaches from iron (deoxyhemoglobin) reduced hemoglobin becomes dark red. AP 5th 2013 Ch. 16 p. 555

What nutrients are needed for erythropoiesis

Iron, vitamin B

16. Besides the ability to move by amoeboid motion, WHAt other physiological attributes contribute to the function of white blood cells in the body?

The physiological attributes that contribute to the function of white blood cells in the body include exhibition of positive chemotaxis enabling them to pinpoint areas of tissue damage, diapedesis (moving through capillary walls), and the ability to participate in phagocytosis.

If you had a high hematocrit, would you expect your hemoglobin determination to be low or high ? why?

With a high hematocrit, you would expect the hemoglobin determination to be high, since the hematocrit is the percent of blood made up of RBCs, which contain hemoglobin.

11. A. Define formed elements and list their three major categories B. Which is least numerous? C>Which comprise(s) the buffy coat in a hematocrit tube?

a. The formed elements are living blood cells. The major categories of formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. b. The least numerous of the formed elements are the leukocytes. c. Leukocytes

The white blood cell that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is the

basophil

Blood proteins play an important part in

blood clotting, immunity, and blood volume

All ofthe following are true of RBCs except

contain nuclei

The hormonal stimulus that prompts rbc formation is

erythropoietin

The most numerous WBC is the

neutrophils