SB: Chemistry 1

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CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the pH of a solution with a pOH of 6.8 at 25ºC?

7.2

(General Science) [BONUS] Short Answer: Convert 1 cubic decimeter into cubic centimeters:

ANSWER: 1,000

BONUS23) Chemistry - Short Answer Order the following three species from the lowest to highest bond order in MO theory: 1) B₂, 2) B₂+, 3) B₂-.

ANSWER: 2, 1, 3

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the pH of a solution with a pOH of 6.8 at 25ºC?

ANSWER: 7.2

TOSS-UP 24) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the name of the element with the symbol Sb?

ANSWER: ANTIMONY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the most common name for the conformation that the ring structure of cyclohexane adopts to reach a strain-free value?

ANSWER: CHAIR

BONUS1) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat is the chemical formula for hypophosphorous [high-p oh-fos-fohr-u hs]acid?

ANSWER: H3PO2

CHEMISTRY Short Answer When a strip of sodium reacts with dilute HCl, what gas is produced?

ANSWER: HYDROGEN

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Arrange the following 4 bonds in order of decreasing polarity: Br-Br; K-Br; P-Cl; Li-F

ANSWER: Li-F; K-Br; P-Cl; Br-Br

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following elements does NOT commonly form simple ions? W) Silicon X) Oxygen Y) Lead Z) Sulfur

ANSWER: W) SILICON

BONUS10) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following amino acids is present in collagen and is often called an imino acid? W) Cysteine [s is-t een] X) Serine Y) Glutamic acid Z) Proline

ANSWER: Z) PROLINE

Bonus: Which of the following substances would you expect to be the most miscible with water? W) Methanol X) Ethyl acetate Y) 2-butanal Z) Butyraldehyde

W) METHANOL

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: According to standard chemical nomenclature, what is the formula for ammonium sulfate?

(NH₄)₂SO₄

Which of the following molecules is most polar?W) EthaneX) Carbon tetrachlorideY) HexaneZ) Pyridine

Z) PYRIDINE

Which of the following IR spectrum wavenumber ranges are characteristic of alcohols, terminal alkynes, and amines? W) 3700 - 3200 X) 3200 - 2700 Y) 2300 - 2100 Z) 1750 - 1650

W) 3700 - 3200

Which of the following bonds has the shortest bond length? W) H-F X) H-Cl Y) H-Br Z) H-I

W) H-F

Short Answer Specifying the sign, what is the oxidation state of phosphorus in Na2P2O6?

+5 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 5)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in H2?

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consider a hypothetical reaction, A + B → C + D. At zero time, the concentration of A = 1 molar, after 30 seconds A = 0.5 molar, and after 50 seconds A = 0.3 molar. Calculate the average rate of disappearance of A over the time interval 30 seconds to 50 seconds, in molarity per second:

1 × 10⁻² (ACCEPT: 0.01)

Bonus: Rank the following three gaseous phase monatomic elements in ascending order of electron affinity: 1) Boron; 2) Silicon; 3) Chlorine.

1,2,3

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: Knowing that the chemical name for gypsum is calcium sulfate dihydrate, gypsum is what percent water by weight? Assume the atomic masses of calcium = 40; sulfur = 32 and oxygen = 16.

At what temperature, in degrees Celsius, does the change in enthalpy for the oxidation of 1 mole of graphite under 1 atmosphere of oxygen to generate carbon dioxide exactly equal the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide?

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In the electrolysis of water, if a very small amount of sodium sulfate is added to the water, give the equation for the half reaction that occurs at the ANODE. Make sure to indicate proper charges and the state of each substance, such as solid, liquid, aqueous, or gas:

2H₂O(liquid)→O₂(gas) + 4H⁺ (aqueous) + 4e⁻

Short Answer When calcium chloride is dissolved in water, its van't Hoff factor would be closest to what whole number?

Identify all of the following three compounds that have onlyLondon dispersion forces operating between the molecules: 1) Difluoromethane [dye-floor-oh-MEH-thane]; 2) Hydrogen chloride; 3) Tetrachloromethane [tetrah-kloor-oh-MEH-thane].

3 (ACCEPT: TETRACHLOROMETHANE)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the bond order for each oxygen-oxygen bond in the ozone or O₃ molecule?

3/2 (ACCEPT: 1.5)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many moles of oxygen are contained in one mole of ammonium sulfate?

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, in kilojoules, of water at 25ºC and 1 atmosphere. Assume the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid water is -286 kilojoules and the standard enthalpy of formation of water gas is -242 kilojoules:

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many milliliters of a 0.250 molar H₂SO₄ solution will react with 10 milliliters of a 0.250 molar NaOH solution

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: If pure water is at its boiling point at standard pressure, how many additional calories of heat are needed to convert 1 gram of water from the liquid to the vapor state?

540

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: In a strong acid-base titration, what is the pH of the solution when the equivalence point is reached?

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: To the nearest whole number, how many grams of Na₂SO₄, whose formula weight is 142, are needed to prepare a 500 milliliter 0.100 molar solution?

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consider the following equilibrium reaction, PCl₅(gas) ↔ PCl₃(gas) + Cl2(gas). If a 1-liter flask contains 0.02 moles of PCl₃ and 0.02 moles of Cl₂ at equilibrium, how many moles of PCl₅ are in the flask. Assume the equilibrium constant is 5 × 10⁻².

8 × 10⁻³ (ACCEPT: 0.008)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Using proper chemical nomenclature, finish balancing the following combustion reaction for the gaseous products of carbon dioxide and water: 2C₄H₁₀(gas) + 13O₂(gas) → what?

8CO₂ + 10H₂O (products in any order)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name the 2 different bond angles present in a molecule with octahedral geometry, such as in SF₆:

90; 180

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to standard chemical nomenclature, what is the formula for ammonium sulfate?

ANSWER: (NH₄)₂SO₄

CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of 5 moles of hydrogen?

ANSWER: 0

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Identify the number of pi bonds, respectively, in the following: 1) formaldehyde [for-MAL-duh-hyd], 2) sulfate ion, 3) acetylene [uh-SET-l-een].

ANSWER: 1) ONE, 2) TWO, 3) TWO

TOSS-UP9) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements concerning periodic trends in chemistry that are true: 1) atomic radius increases as you go down a group; 2) sodium fluoride has more ionic character than sodium bromide; 3) electronegativity increases as you go down a group.

ANSWER: 1, 2

BONUS 17) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Of the following five solutions, name all that are nonelectrolytic: 1) acetone; 2) glucose; 3) acetic acid; 4) nitric acid; 5) ammonia.

ANSWER: 1, 2 (ACCEPT: ACETONE, GLUCOSE)

BONUS12) Chemistry - Short Answer One mole of the following three compounds is added to 1 liter of water in order to reduce its freezing point. Rank them, from the smallest freezing point reduction to the greatest: 1) Sucrose; 2) Ammonium chloride; 3) Calcium chloride.

ANSWER: 1, 2, 3

BONUS5) Chemistry - Short Answer Rank the following three 0.1 molar solutions from the least basic to most basic: 1) Urea; 2) Ammonia; 3) Barium hydroxide.

ANSWER: 1, 2, 3

TOSS-UP15) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three compounds that are network solids: 1) Silicon dioxide; 2) Silicon carbide [car-byde]; 3) Boron nitride.

ANSWER: 1, 2, 3

TOSS-UP15) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements regarding galvanic cells that are true: 1) The anode is the site of oxidation; 2) A salt bridge or semipermeable membrane is required to complete the circuit; 3) Batteries consist of multiple galvanic cells connected in a series.

ANSWER: 1, 2, 3

CHEMISTRY Short Answer By number, name all of the following four nonmetal oxides that have bent molecular geometries: 1) sulfur dioxide, 2) carbon dioxide, 3) nitrogen dioxide, 4) sulfur trioxide.

ANSWER: 1, 3

BONUS 3) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name all of the following five compounds that are soluble in water: 1) sodium sulfate, 2) lead (II) iodide, 3) barium chloride, 4) iron (II) hydroxide, 5) calcium sulfate.

ANSWER: 1, 3 (ACCEPT: SODIUM SULFATE, BARIUM CHLORIDE)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Providing your answer as a decimal, what is the bond order for the oxygen-oxygen bonds in ozone?

ANSWER: 1.5

[bonus] Short Answer How many carbons are in the following compound: (read slowly) 4-ethyl-4-methyl octane

ANSWER: 11

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many atoms are in one molecule of butane?

ANSWER: 14

CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many modes of vibration would a non-linear molecule with 9 atoms exhibit?

ANSWER: 21

TOSS-UP 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Pure gold is how many karats?

ANSWER: 24

BONUS 15) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer How many yards are in 1 rod?

ANSWER: 5.5

BONUS22) Chemistry - Short Answer How many vibrational degrees of freedom does a molecule of ethyne have?

ANSWER: 7

BONUS- GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer: What Greek letter is used to symbolize wavelength?

ANSWER: LAMBDA

Short Answer: How many nodes are in an 's' orbital?

ANSWER: NONE (ACCEPT: ZERO)

TOSS-UP6) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat is the chemical formula of baking soda?

ANSWER: NaHCO₃

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Using proper chemical nomenclature, finish balancing the following chemical reaction. Make sure to indicate the state of each substance, such as solid, liquid, aqueous, or gas: 3NaOH(aqueous) + H₃PO₄(aqueous) → what?

ANSWER: Na₃PO₄(aqueous) + 3H₂O(liquid) (products in any order)

[Bonus] Short Answer Arrange the following 4 elements in order of increasing atomic radii: lithium; oxygen; potassium; sodium

ANSWER: OXYGEN; LITHIUM; SODIUM; POTASSIUM

Short Answer: In addition to iron, what 2 substances must be present for iron to rust?

ANSWER: OXYGEN; WATER (ACCEPT: O2, H2O)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 species that contain an odd number of electrons: O₂ ¹⁻; O₂²⁻; SO₂; CO

ANSWER: O₂¹⁻

Short Answer What type of magnetism exists in substances in which electrons are unpaired and are very weakly attracted by magnetic fields?

ANSWER: PARAMAGNETISM (ACCEPT: PARAMAGNETIC)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the name for the straight-chain alkane containing 5 carbons?

ANSWER: PENTANE

(General Science) Short Answer Which of the following 5 sources accounts for the largest share of energy used in the U.S.: coal; petroleum products; nuclear energy; renewable energy; natural gas

ANSWER: PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer What is the name for the phenomenon in which electrons move from an atomic orbital on one atom to the pi-star antibonding orbital of another, when available?

ANSWER: PI BACKBONDING (ACCEPT: PI BACKDONATION)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer If the electronegativity difference in the bonding atoms is intermediate in strength, what general type of bond is typically formed?

ANSWER: POLAR COVALENT (DO NOT ACCEPT: COVALENT)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the term for a product generated in one step of a reaction mechanism that is consumed as a reactant in another step?

ANSWER: REACTION INTERMEDIATE (ACCEPT: REACTIVE INTERMEDIATE OR INTERMEDIATE)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer The family of olefin metathesis catalysts developed by Grubbs employs which metallic element?

ANSWER: RUTHENIUM

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many sigma and pi bonds, respectively, are there in a molecule with the following formula: [read slowly] CH₃CHCHCH₂CH₃

ANSWER: SIGMA 14; PI = 1

Short Answer A molecule that contains 4 carbon-hydrogen single bonds and one carbon-carbon double bond contains how many sigma and pi bonds, respectively?

ANSWER: SIGMA = 5; PI = 1

TOSS-UP21) Chemistry - Short Answer A student is working up a reaction and discovers, via thin layer chromatography on a silica plate, that there are many side products in her reaction mixture. The student decides to use column chromatography on her reaction mixture, using the same mobile phase as she did for her TLC plate. What stationary phase should she use in order to keep the conditions as similar as possible to the TLC plate?

ANSWER: SILICA (Accept: SILICON DIOXIDE)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What ring size would be obtained at the end of the following three-step reaction sequence: 1) Diels-Alder cyclization of 1,3- cyclohexadiene [sy-kloh-HEKsuh-deen] with methyl vinyl ketone; 2) Ozone; 3) Dimethyl [dy-METH-uhl] sulfide?

ANSWER: SIX

BONUS 23) CHEMISTRY Short Answer The wavelength of light emitted from a quantum dot generally depends on what feature of the dot?

ANSWER: SIZE (ACCEPT: DIAMETER)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for the sulfite ion? )

ANSWER: SO3^(2-) (ACCEPT: SO3^(-2 )

TOSS-UP13) Chemistry - Short Answer Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen with formula O3. What is both the hybridization and molecular geometry of the central oxygen atom in ozone?

ANSWER: SP2 AND BENT

TOSS-UP15) Chemistry - Short Answer What is the name given to ions, such as the sulfate ion in the reaction of aluminum sulfate and sodium hydroxide, that do not participate in the reaction, but are written in the total ionic equation?

ANSWER: SPECTATOR IONS (ACCEPT: SPECTATORS)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer A complex ion has a coordination number of 4 and exhibits cis-trans isomerism. What must the geometry of this ion be?

ANSWER: SQUARE PLANAR

BONUS11 ) Chemistry - Short Answer A complex ion has a coordination number of 4 and exhibits cis-trans isomerism. What must the geometry of this ion be? ANSWER: SQUARE PLANAR

ANSWER: SQUARE PLANAR

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What term describes a reaction that forms two stereoisomers [ster-ee-oh-EYE-suh-mers] in unequal amounts?

ANSWER: STEREOSELECTIVE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the relationship of the organic compounds diethyl ether, n-butyl alcohol, and methyl propyl ether?

ANSWER: STRUCTURAL ISOMERS (ACCEPT: CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERS)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer At -78º Celsius, dry ice changes directly from a solid to a gas. What is this process called?

ANSWER: SUBLIMATION

TOSS-UP7) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat is the name of the process when a heated solid changes directly to gas without going through the liquid state?

ANSWER: SUBLIMATION

TOSS-UP 9) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Acid rain, a major environmental problem, results primarily from the production of what aqueous acid?

ANSWER: SULFURIC ACID (ACCEPT: H2SO4)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer What is the molecular geometry about the nitrogen atoms in hydrazine [HIGH-drah-zeen]?

ANSWER: TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL (ACCEPT: TRIPOD; DO NOT ACCEPT: PYRAMIDAL, TETRAHEDRAL)

Chemistry - Short Answer What is the molecular geometry of SOCl₂?

ANSWER: TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL (ACCEPT: TRIPOD; DO NOT ACCEPT: PYRAMIDAL, TETRAHEDRAL)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the name given to the only temperature and pressure at which all three phases of water can be in equilibrium with each other?

ANSWER: TRIPLE POINT

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In the industrially important water-gas shift reaction, carbon monoxide and water vapor react to form carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen gas as products. If the system is closed and the reaction has reached equilibrium, how would the equilibrium shift if the volume is decreased?

ANSWER: UNCHANGED (ACCEPT: THERE IS NO SHIFT)

BONUS15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice At which of the following pH values is zinc hydroxide likely to be most soluble? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 6 Z) 8

ANSWER: W) 2

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice How many total atoms are contained within a body-centered orthorhombic [ohr-thuh-ROM-bik] unit cell? W) 2 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 6

ANSWER: W) 2ANSWER: W) 2

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following one-to-one solutions of liquids would be expected to show the most deviation from Raoult's Law's prediction of vapor pressure? W) A mixture of water and ethanol X) A mixture of pentane and hexane Y) A mixture of water and cyclohexanol Z) A mixture of acetone and chloroform

ANSWER: W) A MIXTURE OF WATER AND ETHANOL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following chemicals is least likely to hydrogen bond with water? W) Benzene X) Water Y) Ammonia Z) Formic acid

ANSWER: W) BENZENE

(General Science) Multiple Choice Some vitamin tablets contain high concentrations of zinc and must be formulated to include high levels of which of the following minerals in order to prevent an induced anemia: W) copper X) calcium Y) magnesium Z) boron

ANSWER: W) COPPER

BONUS19) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Assuming that none of the following molecules contain any rings, which one contains exactly one carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen double bond? W) C₄H₈O X) C₄H₈Cl₂ Y) C₄H₄O Z) C₄H₄Cl₂

ANSWER: W) C₄H₈O

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following can bond to a metal ion? W) Ligand X) Lewis acid Y) Bronsted-Lowry acid Z) Enantiomer

ANSWER: W) LIGAND

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following describes the quantum number that indicates the direction in space of the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom: W) magnetic quantum number X) principle quantum number Y) angular momentum quantum number Z) spin quantum number

ANSWER: W) MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER

BONUS 14) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following best explains the relative acidity of carboxylic acids? W) Resonance-stabilized conjugate base X) Long O-H bond length Y) Polar covalent O-H bond Z) sp² -hybridized carbonyl carbon

ANSWER: W) RESONANCE-STABILIZED CONJUGATE BASE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide through reduction would be effective method for reducing harmful levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, this conversion is very difficult for which of the following reasons? W) There is a limited supply of rhenium in the world X) Not all steps of the reduction have been completely determined Y) The final step takes an extremely long time Z) The carbon dioxide is too difficult to harness

ANSWER: W) THERE IS A LIMITED SUPPLY OF RHENIUM IN THE WORLD

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The PH3 molecule has what type of molecular geometry? W) Trigonal pyramidal X) Trigonal planar Y) Angular Z) Tetrahedral

ANSWER: W) TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the term used to describe the resistance to flow of a liquid: W) viscosity X) surface tension Y) maleability Z) vapor pressure

ANSWER: W) VISCOSITY

BONUS 11) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a component of a phospholipid [fos-foh-LIP-id]? W) Water X) Glycerol Y) Fatty acid Z) Phosphate group

ANSWER: W) WATER

[bonus] Multiple Choice A molecule whose geometry of electron domains is tetrahedral and whose shape is bent or angular is: W) water X) sulfur dioxide Y) carbon dioxide Z) ammonium

ANSWER: W) WATER

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Good nucleophiles [noo-klee-uh-FYLS], which promote substitution instead of elimination reactions, tend to be which of the following? W) Weak bases X) Strong bases Y) Weak acids Z) Strong acids

ANSWER: W) WEAK BASES

[Bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of glucose: W) when glucose joins with galactose, fructose is formed X) it is also called dextrose Y) cellulose is a polymer of glucose molecules Z) its formula is C₆H₁₂O₆

ANSWER: W) WHEN GLUCOSE JOINS WITH GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE IS FORMED

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following analytical tools can provide information about the crystalline structure of unknown materials? W) X-ray diffraction X) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Y) High pressure liquid chromatography Z) Dynamic light scattering

ANSWER: W) X-RAY DIFFRACTION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A system consists of two gases inside a piston. The two gases react to form a solid product. During the reaction, 150 joules of heat are released and the surroundings do 50 joules of work on the system. What is the change in internal energy in joules of the system? W) -200 X) -100 Y) +100 Z) +200

ANSWER: X) -100

(General Science) Multiple Choice: An isotonic solution of sodium chloride, also known as normal saline, is what percent by mass: W) 0.045% X) 0.9% Y) 2.5% Z) 10%

ANSWER: X) 0.9%

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Who was the inventor of the first electrochemical cell? W) Michael Faraday X) Alessandro Volta Y) James Maxwell Z) Benjamin Franklin

ANSWER: X) ALESSANDRO VOLTA

BONUS9) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Silicon can be doped with which of the following to produce a p-type semiconductor? W) Oxygen X) Aluminum Y) Carbon Z) Phosphorus

ANSWER: X) ALUMINUM

TOSS-UP15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following quantum numbers describes the shape of the orbital? W) Principal X) Azimuthal Y) Magnetic Z) Spin

ANSWER: X) AZIMUTHAL

BONUS15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice For which of the following gas-phase reactions are the equilibrium constants Kc and Kp equivalent to one another? W) Ozone is produced from diatomic oxygen X) Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are produced from carbon monoxide and steam Y) Ammonia is produced from hydrogen and nitrogen Z) Gaseous methanol is produced from carbon monoxide and hydrogen

ANSWER: X) CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN ARE PRODUCED FROM CARBON MONOXIDE AND STEAM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice What are the products of the complete combustion of cyclohexane [sy-kluh-HEK-sayn]? W) Carbon monoxide, carbon trioxide and water X) Carbon dioxide and water Y) Carbon monoxide and water Z) A variety of small hydrocarbons

ANSWER: X) CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is an element that is very important to human life, is contained in vitamin B-12, belongs to a group of transition metals, and has magnetic properties like iron: W) selenium X) cobalt Y) zinc Z) manganese

ANSWER: X) COBALT

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of ideal gases: W) 2 or more gases form homogeneous mixtures in all proportions X) collisions between gas particles are both elastic and inelastic Y) they diffuse rapidly Z) they assume the shapes of their containers

ANSWER: X) COLLISIONS BETWEEN GAS PARTICLES ARE BOTH ELASTIC AND INELASTIC

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Making biodiesels is a transesterification reaction. Which of the following represents the product(s) of this reaction? W) Phosphodiesters and glycerol X) Fatty acid esters and glycerol Y) Fatty acids and alcohol Z) Acetyl-ethyl ester

ANSWER: X) FATTY ACID ESTERS AND GLYCEROL

Multiple Choice: Colloids formed by the dispersal of a gas in a liquid are called: W) emulsions X) foams Y) aerosols Z) solid sols

ANSWER: X) FOAMS

(general science) [bonus] Multiple Choice The oil used with an oil-immersion objective in compound light microscopes takes advantage of what optical phenomenon to improve magnification: W) chromatic coherence X) index of refraction Y) polarization Z) dispersion

ANSWER: X) INDEX OF REFRACTION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the formula for n-Octadecanoic acid? W) C₆H₁₂O₆ X) C₁₈H₃₆COOH Y) C₁₇H₃₅COOH Z) C₁₆H₃₂COOH

ANSWER: Y) C₁₇H₃₅COOH

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is an aldehyde [AL-duh-hyd]? W) C₁₁H₂₀ X) C₅H₁₁OH Y) C₅H₁₁CHO Z) C₅H₁₁NH₂

ANSWER: Y) C₅H₁₁CHO

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following describes the relationship between cis-3-pentene and trans-3-pentene? W) Structural isomers [EYE-suh-mers] X) Chiral molecules Y) Diastereomers [dy-uh-STER-ee-uh-mers] Z) Enantiomers [ih-NAN-tee-uh-mers]

ANSWER: Y) DIASTEREOMERS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Reduction involves which of the following? W) Gain of electrons and increase in oxidation number X) Loss of electrons and increase in oxidation number Y) Gain of electrons and decrease in oxidation number Z) Loss of electrons and decrease in oxidation number

ANSWER: Y) GAIN OF ELECTRONS AND DECREASE IN OXIDATION NUMBER

TOSS-UP 1) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The First Law of Thermodynamics equates: W) velocity and pressure X) entropy and energy Y) heat and work Z) temperature and energy

ANSWER: Y) HEAT AND WORK

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Ceramic materials have all but which of the following properties? W) Low density X) High thermal expansion Y) High ductility Z) High corrosion resistance

ANSWER: Y) HIGH DUCTILITY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice In preparing to perform a flame test on a sample, a high molar solution of which of the following chemicals would be best to use to clean your nichrome wire? W) Sodium hydroxide X) Nitrous acid Y) Hydrochloric acid Z) Lithium hydroxide

ANSWER: Y) HYDROCHLORIC ACID

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is considered a diatomic element? W) Sodium X) Sulfur Y) Iodine Z) Tungsten

ANSWER: Y) IODINE

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements concerning intermolecular forces is NOT true? W) Ion-induced dipole forces decay more quickly with distance than ion-dipole forces X) The Lennard-Jones potential has a single minimum value Y) Isooctane experiences larger London dispersion forces than linear n-octane Z) Van der Waals interaction potentials decay with the inverse sixth-power of molecular separation

ANSWER: Y) ISOOCTANE EXPERIENCES LARGER LONDON DISPERSION FORCES THAN LINEAR N-OCTANE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is TRUE about the solubility of a gas in water? W) It increases as both temperature and partial pressure of the gas rise X) It increases as temperature rises but decreases as partial pressure of the gas rises Y) It decreases as temperature rises but increases as partial pressure of the gas rises Z) It decreases as both temperature and partial pressure of the gas rise

ANSWER: Y) IT DECREASES AS TEMPERATURE RISES BUT INCREASES AS PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE GAS RISES

Multiple Choice Which of the following is typically TRUE of organic compounds: W) acetylene contains delocalized pi bonds X) the simplest carboxylic acid is ethanoic acid Y) ketones have no hydrogen atoms directly attached to the carbonyl group Z) alcohols contain nonpolar hydroxyl groups

ANSWER: Y) KETONES HAVE NO HYDROGEN ATOMS DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE CARBONYL GROUP

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A molecular solid will most typically have which of the following melting points: W) very high X) high to very high Y) low Z) variable

ANSWER: Y) LOW

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice In which of the following sets of elements would all members be expected to have very similar chemical properties? W) Neon, oxygen, and fluorine X) Argon, bromine, and krypton Y) Magnesium, calcium, and barium Z) Aluminum, silicon, and phosphorus

ANSWER: Y) MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, AND BARIUM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) any foreign substance added to water will cause a freezing point drop X) a nonvolatile solute raises the boiling point of a solvent Y) methane has a higher boiling point than ethane Z) freezing point depression is a colligative property

ANSWER: Y) METHANE HAS A HIGHER BOILING POINT THAN ETHANE

BONUS7) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following is a network solid at the standard atmospheric temperature and pressure? W) Ammonia X) Sodium chloride Y) Silicon carbide Z) Diborane

ANSWER: Y) SILICON CARBIDE

BONUS 15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Metallic sodium will react with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. What type of reaction is this? W) Synthesis X) Decomposition Y) Single displacement Z) Double displacement

ANSWER: Y) SINGLE DISPLACEMENT

(General Science) Multiple Choice One kilogram is nearly equivalent to how many pounds: W) 454 X) 4.54 Y) 220 Z) 2.2

ANSWER: Z) 2.2

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following is the molecular orbital theory prediction for the bond order of the dioxygenyl radical cation, whose chemical formula is O₂+? W) 1 X) 1.5 Y) 2 Z) 2.5

ANSWER: Z) 2.5

BONUS16) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following is the molecular orbital theory prediction for the bond order of the dioxygenyl radical cation, whose chemical formula is O2+? W) 1 X) 1.5 Y) 2 Z) 2.5

ANSWER: Z) 2.5

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice For a d orbital, which of the following is NOT an allowed value for the magnetic quantum number ml ? W) -1 X) 0 Y) 2 Z) 3

ANSWER: Z) 3

Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules has the highest bond enthalpy, or energy it would take to break apart the bond: W) F₂ X) H₂ Y) HCl Z) CO

ANSWER: Z) CO

Multiple Choice Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule: W) HCN X) HBr Y) CHCl₃ Z) CO₂

ANSWER: Z) CO₂

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following would be LEAST applicable for determining the end point in a titration experiment: W) pH meter X) phenolphthalein (read as: fee-knoll-THAY-lean) solution Y) potentiometer Z) mass spectrometry

ANSWER: Z) MASS SPECTROMETRY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following are elements in the Periodic Table whose outer shell electrons are on two principal energy levels: W) alkali metals X) noble gases Y) alkaline Earth metals Z) transition elements

ANSWER: Z) TRANSITION ELEMENTS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is generally NOT considered to be an appropriate SN2 electrophile? W) Benzyl bromide X) Allyl bromide Y) Propargyl bromide Z) Vinyl bromide

ANSWER: Z) VINYL BROMIDE

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer What rule, which can be explained by the preferential stability of highly substituted carbocations, predicts that the major product in an elimination reaction with an unhindered base is the most substituted alkene?

ANSWER: ZAITSEV'S RULE

TOSS-UP 4) Chemistry - Short Answer Argon gas has a total of 3 degrees of freedom. How many of these degrees of freedom are rotation and vibrational, respectively?

ANSWER: ZERO AND ZERO

BONUS 1) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the electron configuration of bromine in noble gas notation?

ANSWER: [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁵ (ACCEPT: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵

BONUS 1) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the ground state electron configuration of iron in iron (III) sulfate?

ANSWER: [Ar]3d⁵

Bonus: What quantum number determines if an orbital is s, p, d, or f?

AZIMUTHAL (ACCEPT: ANGULAR MOMENTUM OR L)

Bonus 4) Chemistry - Short Answer A sealed vessel contains 8 grams of oxygen gas and 12 grams of methane. If no other gases are present and the total pressure is 800 torr, what is the partial pressure, in torr, of oxygen?

Answer: 200

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: In the electrolysis of a copper chloride solution, what forms at the cathode and anode, respectively?

CATHODE = COPPER (ACCEPT: Cu); ANODE = CHLORINE (ACCEPT: CHLORINE GAS or Cl₂)

Toss-Up 5) Chemistry - Short Answer What name is given to the thermodynamic state function equal to the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume, whose difference in a chemical reaction is equal to the isobaric heat transfer accompanying the reaction, and which is symbolized by the letter H?

Enthalpy

Short Answer What element has the lowest boiling point?

HELIUM

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the most common term for the direct addition of water to an alkene (read as: al-KEEN) to make an alcohol?

HYDRATION

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the general name for a hypothetical gas that obeys Boyles's law at all temperatures and pressures?

IDEAL GAS (ACCEPT: IDEAL)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: Find the mass percent composition, rounded to the nearest whole number, for each atom in KClO₃. Assume the atomic masses of potassium = 39, chlorine = 35, and oxygen = 16

K = 32%; Cl = 29%; O = 39%

What is the only alkali metal that forms a stable nitride at room temperature and standard pressure?

LITHIUM

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Arrange the following 4 bonds in order of decreasing polarity: Br-Br; K-Br; P-Cl; Li-F

Li-F; K-Br; P-Cl; Br-B

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 concentration units that are temperature-dependent: molal (read as: moe-LAHL); molarity; normality

MOLARITY; NORMALITY

Bonus: The industrial production of ammonia involves a reaction that combines what two gases?

NITROGEN AND HYDROGEN (ALSO ACCEPT: N2AND H2)

Bonus: Identify all of the following three compounds that have sp2[S-P-2]hybridized central atoms: 1) Nitrogen trichloride; 2) Carbon dioxide; 3) Hydrocyanic acid.

NONE OF THEM

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the name for the straight-chain alkane containing 5 carbons?

PENTANE

Within the visible spectrum of light, photons with the longest wavelength are associated with what color?

RED

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the scientific term for the ratio between the density of a given substance to that of water when both are at the same temperature?

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (ACCEPT: RELATIVE DENSITY)

Part of the reason that graphene demonstrates such high mechanical strength is that the carbon atoms are in what hybridization state?

SP^2

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: According to VSEPR bonding theory, what type of geometry does a molecule have when the central atom is surrounded by 4 bonded groups, such as in methane?

TETRAHEDRAL

Many salts dissolve to a greater extent inhot water than cold water. Which of the following best explains this fact? W) Most salts dissolve endothermically X) Most salts dissolve exothermically Y) There are more collisions between salt ions and water molecules at a higher temperature Z) The ion-dipole forces between water molecules and salt ions increase with temperature

W) MOST SALTS DISSOLVE ENDOTHERMICALLY

Which of the following compounds does NOT have an adequate octet-rule-satisfying Lewis structure representation? W) Nitrogen dioxide X) Sulfur dioxide Y) Carbon dioxide Z) Oxygen difluoride

W) NITROGEN DIOXIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice According to VSEPR bonding theory, if one of the bonded atoms in a trigonal bipyramidal molecule is replaced by 2 electron pairs, the molecule will assume what geometric shape, such as in ClF₃: W) t-shaped X) see-saw Y) linear Z) bent

W) T-SHAPED

The bond angle in NH3is closest to which of the following degree values? W) 90 X) 110 Y) 120 Z) 180

X) 110

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to the pKa of an acid whose Ka = 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ : W) 2.3 X) 3.3 Y) 4.0 Z) 5.0

X) 3.3

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Hydrogen gas effuses through a pinhole opening from one compartment to another about how many times as fast as nitrogen gas: W) 2.4-times X) 3.7-times Y) 5.3-times Z) 8.2-times

X) 3.7-TIMES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: The molar heat of vaporization for water at its boiling point and in kilojoules per mole is: W) 6.01 X) 40.7 Y) 540 Z) 2,260

X) 40.7

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Group 1 cations and group 7 anions combine to form: W) metal alloys X) alkali halides Y) alkaloids Z) organometallic compounds

X) ALKALI HALIDES

Bonus: Which of the following neutral ground state atoms has the lowest ionization energy?W) CarbonX) BoronY) NitrogenZ) Oxygen

X) BORON

Which of the following matches the molecular formula of a cyclic alkane [AL-kayn]? W) C5H12 [C five H twelve] X) C5H10 [C five H ten] Y) C5H8 [C five H eight] Z) C5H5 [C five H five]

X) C5H10

Bonus: Which of the following techniques would be most useful for determining the change in enthalpy of a reaction?W) Visible light spectroscopyX) Calorimetry [cal-or-IH-metree]Y) CrystallographyZ) Gravimetry [graa-VIH-metree]

X) CALORIMETRY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Ca(OH)₂, NaOH, and Ba(OH)₂, are all: W) weak bases X) completely ionized in water Y) alkali halides Z) standard buffers

X) COMPLETELY IONIZED IN WATER

Which of the following molecules can exist in boat and chair configurations? W) Benzene X) Cyclohexane [sye-kloh-HEX-ane] Y) Cyclopentadiene [sye-kloh-penta-DYE-een] Z) Napthalene [NAP-thah-leen]

X) CYCLOHEXANE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a molecule with a square pyramidal molecular geometry around its central atom: W) PCl₅ X) ClF₅ Y) XeF₄ Z) SF₆

X) ClF₅

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: The release of hydrogen gas in the above experiment is called: W) combustion X) effervescence Y) diffusion Z) ebullition

X) EFFERVESCENCE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: A Buchner (read as: BYOU-kh-ner) funnel is a piece of laboratory glassware often used in chemistry labs for which of the following procedures: W) combustion X) filtration Y) centrifugation Z) distillation

X) FILTRATION

Under which of the following conditions does the behavior of real gases deviate most from that predicted by the Ideal Gas Law? W) Low pressure, low temperature X) High pressure, low temperature Y) Low pressure, high temperature Z) High pressure, high temperature

X) HIGH PRESSURE, LOW TEMPERATURE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules exhibits a dipole moment: W) CH₄ X) H₂S Y) CO₂ Z) SO₃

X) H₂S

Which of the following is an example of a molecular solid? W) Silicon X) Iodine Y) Diamond Z) Graphite

X) IODINE

Bonus: A protein chemist isolates a new enzyme. Which of the following techniques, when performed alone, would be most useful for determining its size? W) NMR spectroscopy X) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry Y) Elemental analysis Z) Gravimetric analysis

X) MALDI-TOF MASS SPECTROMETRY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following substances has the greatest density: W) hexane X) methylene chloride Y) diethyl ether Z) ethyl acetate

X) METHYLENE CHLORIDE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following are the units of the rate constant for a 2nd order reaction given that concentration is measured in molarity and time in seconds: W) M⁻² s ⁻¹ X) M⁻¹ s⁻¹ Y) Ms⁻¹ Z) M⁻² minutes⁻¹

X) M⁻¹ s⁻¹

Bonus: M2+ is a metal ion with a ground state electron configuration of [Ar]3d⁸4s⁰[argon-3-d-8-4-s-0]. What is the identity of M? W) Molybdenum [muh-LIB-den-um] X) Nickel Y) Niobium Z) Magnesium

X) NICKEL

Bonus: A student performs combustion analysis on a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and possibly nitrogen -with molecular mass 56 grams permole. One mole of the compound reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to generate 2 moles of carbon dioxide, 1 mole of water, and an unknown product. How many nitrogen atoms are in the chemical formula? W) Zero X) One Y) Two Z) Three

X) ONE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The reaction Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂ 3Fe + 4H₂O, is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) decomposition X) single replacement Y) combustion Z) combination

X) SINGLE REPLACEMENT

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: What is the difference between heat and temperature? W) Temperature is a form of heat, while heat is a measurement X) Temperature is a measurement of molecular kinetic energy, while heat is a form of energy Y) Heat and temperature have different wavelengths Z) Heat and temperature have similar wavelengths but different amplitudes

X) TEMPERATURE IS A MEASUREMENT OF MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY, WHILE HEAT IS A FORM OF ENERGY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: In order to calculate the heat of fusion for a piece of ice placed in warm water, you must know: W) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the water X) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the ice Y) The energy released by the ice and the mass of the warm water Z) The energy released by the ice and the mass of ice

X) THE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE WARM WATER AND THE MASS OF THE ICE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is NOT true of polyunsaturated fatty acids? W) They are highly concentrated in cell membranes of the nervous system X) They are the most prevalent fatty acid found in the human body Y) They contain two or more double bonds Z) They play a crucial role in brain function ANSWER:

X) THEY ARE THE MOST PREVALENT FATTY ACID FOUND IN THE HUMAN BODY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a substance that is very reactive with the oxygen in air and must be stored under water or some other substance to keep it from becoming incendiary: W) fullerene X) white phosphorous Y) calcium fluoride Z) calcium oxide

X) WHITE PHOSPHOROUS

Bonus: If we assume that the bond order in carbon monoxide is three, which of the following correctly gives the formal charges on carbon and oxygen? W) 0 on both carbon and oxygen X) +1 on carbon and -1 on oxygen Y) -1 on carbon and +1 on oxygen Z) +2 on carbonand -2 on oxygen

Y) -1 ON CARBON AND +1 ON OXYGEN

What is the maximum number of electrons that the 3dlevelcan hold? W) 2 X) 6 Y) 10 Z) 14

Y) 10

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the theoretical end of a titration: W) end point X) indicator point Y) equivalence point Z) standardization point

Y) EQUIVALENCE POINT

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the term for the mixing of atomic orbitals to explain covalent bonds? W) Transmutation X) Ionization Y) Hybridization Z) Localization

Y) HYBRIDIZATION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT true: W) any foreign substance added to water will cause a freezing point drop X) a nonvolatile solute raises the boiling point of a solvent Y) methane has a higher boiling point than ethane Z) freezing point depression is a colligative property

Y) METHANE HAS A HIGHER BOILING POINT THAN ETHANE

Bonus: Whatsigns for enthalpy and entropy changes, respectively, guarantee a spontaneous reactionat all temperatures? W) Positive, positive X) Positive, negative Y) Negative, positive Z) Negative, negative

Y) NEGATIVE, POSITIVE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT generally true of reaction equilibria: W) if the temperature of an exothermic reaction is raised, the equilibrium shifts to the left X) the equilibrium constants for forward and reverse reactions are the reciprocals of each other Y) pure liquids appear in the equilibrium expression but pure solids do not Z) an equilibrium constant greater than 1 means that the reaction favors products at equilibrium

Y) PURE LIQUIDS APPEAR IN THE EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION BUT PURE SOLIDS DO NOT

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following compounds is used as a fuel additive in what is commonly known as "dry-gas" by solubilizing water to reduce its contamination in gasoline: W) isooctane X) glycerol Y) MTBE Z) isopropyl alcohol

Z) ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following would be LEAST applicable for determining the end point in a titration experiment: W) pH meter X) phenolphthalein (read as: fee-knoll-THAY-lean) solution Y) potentiometer Z) mass spectrometry

Z) MASS SPECTROMETRY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice L-alanine and D-alanine are BEST classified as what type of isomers: W) cis X) trans Y) structural Z) optical

Z) OPTICAL

An aqueous solution contains silver ions, barium ions, iron (III) ions, and nitrate ions. Upon addition of sodium chloride, which of the following will precipitate out of the solutionfirst? W) Iron (III) chloride X) Barium chloride Y) Sodium nitrate Z) Silver chloride

Z) SILVER CHLORIDE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the oxidation number of tin in SnS2?

ANSWER: +4

Short Answer: How many unpaired electrons are in a neutral bromine atom?

ANSWER: 1

CHEMISTRY Short Answer In scientific notation, one attojoule is equal to how many joules?

ANSWER: 1 x 10^18

Short Answer What are the bond angles around each carbon in a benzene ring?

ANSWER: 120º

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the pH of a 1 molar NaOH solution at 25ºC?

ANSWER: 14

BONUS16) Chemistry - Short Answer Rank the following four atoms from the smallest atomic radius to the largest atomic radius: 1) Oxygen; 2) Fluorine; 3) Sulfur; 4) Chlorine.

ANSWER: 2, 1, 4, 3 (ACCEPT: FLOURINE, OXYGEN, CHLORINE, SULFUR)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer The Lewis dot structure for the N^(+2) ion would show how many dots?

ANSWER: 3

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the general name for a substance that facilitates a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy while remaining unaltered?

ANSWER: CATALYST

[Bonus] Short Answer What is the systematic IUPAC name for the following acid: HClO

ANSWER: HYPOCHLOROUS ACID

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many different structural isomers are there for heptane?

ANSWER: NINE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is considered a weak acid: W) HCO₂H X) HClO₄ Y) HNO₃ Z) HBr

ANSWER: W) HCO₂H

Multiple Choice: Boyle's gas law concerns which of the following two variables: W) volume and pressure X) volume and temperature Y) pressure and temperature Z) pressure and moles

ANSWER: W) VOLUME AND PRESSURE

BONUS21) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following is the molecular orbital theory prediction for the bond order of ozone? W) 1 X) 1.5 Y) 2 Z) 2.5

ANSWER: X) 1.5

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Group 1 cations and group 7 anions combine to form: W) metal alloys X) alkali halides Y) alkaloids Z) organometallic compounds

ANSWER: X) ALKALI HALIDES

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules is an alkane? W) C₄H₈ X) C₃H₈ Y) C₂H₂ Z) C₂H₅OH

ANSWER: X) C₃H₈

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following gases will have the LOWEST freezing point: W) hydrogen X) water Y) helium Z) carbon dioxide

ANSWER: Y) HELIUM

BONUS7) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following chlorides is least soluble? W) Barium chloride X) Cesium chloride Y) Lead(II) chloride Z) Nickel(II) chloride

ANSWER: Y) LEAD(II) CHLORIDE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the electron capacity in each of the 4 sublevels s, p, d, and f, respectively?

s = 2; p = 6; d = 10; f = 14

Multiple Choice Which of the following elements has the largest second ionization energy: W) fluorine X) nitrogen Y) boron Z) lithium

ANSWER: Z) LITHIUM (Solution: core electrons must be removed)

BONUS Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding alkaline earth W) Calcium burns brick-red in a flame test X) Magnesium has no naturally occurring radioisotopes Y) Radium is found in all uranium-bearing ores Z) Radium has 3 stable isotopes

ANSWER: Z) RADIUM HAS 3 STABLE ISOTOPES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: According to standard chemical nomenclature, what is the formula for aluminum bicarbonate?

Al(HCO₃)₃

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the process by which electricity is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen?

ELECTROLYSIS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in LiAlH₄?

-1

Bonus: A 12.4 liter balloon is at 27 degrees Celsius. It is cooled at constant pressure to -23 degrees Celsius. To the nearest tenth and in liters, what is the final volume of the balloon?

10.3

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer 1.0 gram of an unknown organic molecule is dissolved in 50.0 grams of benzene. Determine the molecular mass of the unknown if this solution freezes at 4.5ºC. Assume the freezing point constant of benzene is 5.0ºC per molal, and the freezing point of benzene is 5.5ºC. Give your answer to the nearest whole number in grams per mole.

100

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: A sample of oxygen gas is collected over water at 14ºC. Knowing that the vapor pressure of water at 14ºC is 1.6 kilopascals, and that the pressure of the resultant mixture is 120 kilopascals, find the pressure, to the first decimal place, exerted by the dry oxygen alone:

118.4

Identify all of the following three metals that have soluble chlorides: 1) Silver; 2) Iron; 3) Zinc.

2 AND 3

Bonus: Order the following three gases from slowest to fastest in terms of their rate of effusionat 25 degrees Celcius: 1) Helium; 2) Argon; 3) Neon.

2, 3, 1

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: You need to prepare 500 milliliters of a 0.100 molar NaOH solution from a 0.250 molar solution. What volume, in milliliters, of the 0.250 molar solution must be diluted to 500 milliliters?

200

A cylinder has an internal diameter of 3 centimeters and a piston is depressed 20 centimeters with a pressure of 2 atmospheres. Assuming that atmospheric pressure is 1 x 10⁵ pascals, to two significant figures and in joules, how much work is done during the compression?

CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many quantum numbers are required to completely describe a specific electron in a multi-electron atom?

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the oxidation number of chromium in the chromate ion, or CrO4²⁻ ?

6 (ACCEPT: +6) (DO NOT ACCEPT: -6)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the atomic number for the ground state element with the following electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁵ (read as: 1, s, 2; 2, s, 2; 2, p, 5)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the oxidation state of bromine in the compound bromous acid?

ANSWER: +3

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In the Haber reaction, where diatomic hydrogen and diatomic nitrogen react to form ammonia, how many moles of ammonia could be formed if one starts with 0.75 moles of hydrogen?

ANSWER: 0.50

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What subshell is defined by an electron with quantum numbers n = 3 and l = 2 [ell equals 2]?

ANSWER: 3d

TOSS UP- Short Answer Which of the halogens is a liquid at room temperature:

ANSWER: BROMINE

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer What process, whose first oxidative step is catalyzed in the atmosphere by dust grains and industrially by vanadium pentoxide, generates oleum, which is reacted with water to make sulfuric acid?

ANSWER: CONTACT PROCESS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What term describes the general process by which a racemate [ray-SEE-mayt] is separated into its component enantiomers?

ANSWER: RESOLUTION (ACCEPT: CHEMICAL RESOLUTION)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is one of the main reasons why oxygenates are used as gasoline additives: W) allow for more complete combustion X) decrease sulfur buildup in engine pistons Y) prevent water condensation in stored fuels Z) corrosion inhibition

ANSWER: W) ALLOW FOR MORE COMPLETE COMBUSTION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice When assigning electrons to subshells, which of the following subshells will be filled first? W) 4f X) 5s Y) 5d Z) 6s

ANSWER: X) 5s

TOSS-UP14) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following values for oxygen will be larger than the corresponding value for boron? W) Atomic radius X) Ionization energy Y) Melting point Z) Metallic character

ANSWER: X) IONIZATION ENERGY

Multiple Choice Organic compounds that contain double bonds are said to be: W) saturated X) unsaturated Y) unable to undergo cis-trans isomerization Z) unable to undergo addition reactions

ANSWER: X) UNSATURATED

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a step in balancing a redox reaction in an acidic solution? W) Write the unbalanced net ionic equation X) Determine which atoms are oxidized and which atoms are reduced Y) Balance each half-reaction for O by adding hydroxide (OH- ) to the side with less oxygen Z) Balance each half-reaction for H by adding H+ to the side with less H

ANSWER: Y) BALANCE EACH HALF-REACTION FOR O BY ADDING HYDROXIDE (OH- ) TO THE SIDE WITH LESS OXYGEN

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice "Synthons" are key precursors associated with retrosynthetic analysis, a logical framework pioneered by what chemist? W) Emil Fischer X) Robert Robinson Y) E. J. Corey Z) Georg Wittig

ANSWER: Y) E. J. COREY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following gases would deviate most from ideal gas behavior? W) Helium X) Hydrogen Y) Oxygen Z) Neon

ANSWER: Y) OXYGEN

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice What is the local VSEPR geometry of a fully substituted carbonyl carbon? W) Tetrahedral X) Trigonal pyramidal Y) Trigonal planar Z) T-shaped

ANSWER: Y) TRIGONAL PLANAR

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following bonds is the longest in length? W) Fluorine-fluorine X) Chlorine-chlorine Y) Bromine-bromine Z) Iodine-iodine

ANSWER: Z) IODINE-IODINE

Bonus: What organic functional group can be found at the N terminus of a protein and consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more carbon atoms?

Answer: AMINE

Bonus: Other than hydrogen and the noble elementsWhat non-noble element has the lowest energy valence orbitals?

FLUORINE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: When a strip of sodium reacts with dilute HCl, what gas is produced?

HYDROGEN

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for potassium perchlorate?

KClO₄

What is the coordination number of a body-centered cubic lattice? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 6 Z) 8

Z) 8

Nitrogen monoxideis an example ofwhich of the following? W) An expanded octet X) A resonance molecule Y) A dimerizing molecule Z) A free radical

Z) A FREE RADICAL

Bonus: Which of the following biological macromolecules does NOTcontain nitrogen? W) DNA X) RNA Y) Insulin Z) Amylose [AM-il-ohse]

Z) AMYLOSE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Calculate ∆Gº (read as: delta G naught), giving your answer in kilojoules, for a reaction in which ∆Hº = +180 kilojoules and ∆Sº = +100 joules per kelvin at 300 kelvin and 1 atmosphere pressure:

+150 (ACCEPT: 150) (SO NOT ACCEPT: -150)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consider the reaction, N₂(gas) + 3H₂(gas) 2NH₃(gas). If the concentration of ammonia increases from 0.3 molar to 0.9 molar in a 10-minute period, find the average rate of reaction over this time interval. Give your answer to the 2nd decimal place in moles per liter minute:

0.03

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In a titration experiment, it takes 20.0 milliliters of a 0.05 molar barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)₂, solution to neutralize 40 milliliters of a nitric acid, or HNO₃, solution to the equivalence point. Calculate the molarity of HNO₃, rounded to the second decimal place:

0.05

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Calculate the one-atmosphere boiling point elevation, in degrees Celsius to the 2nd decimal place, for a solution made by dissolving 1 gram of solute in 0.1 kilograms of water. Assume the formula weight of the solute is 300 and the boiling point depression constant is 2.0ºC per molal..

0.07 (ACCEPT: 0.06)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer For the following 3 processes, predict whether the change in enthalpy, or ∆Sº (read as: delta S naught), is positive or negative, respectively: 1) decomposition of ammonium nitrate 2) sublimation of dry ice 3) condensation of gaseous iodine to liquid iodine

1) +; 2) +; 3) -

) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name the LARGEST atom or ion in EACH of the following 3 pairs: 1) an iron 3 plus ion or an iron 2 plus ion 2) an oxygen atom or an oxygen 2 minus ion 3) a gallium 3 plus ion or a gallium atom

1) IRON 2 PLUS ION; 2) OXYGEN 2 MINUS ION; 3) GALLIUM ATOM

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer A sample of gas occupies a volume of 300 cubic centimeters at a pressure of 2 atmospheres. Calculate what the pressure would have to be, in atmospheres to the first decimal place, in order for the gas to have a volume of 500 cubic centimeters at constant temperature:

1.2

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consider the following equilibrium reaction, PCl₅(gas) ↔ PCl₃(gas) + Cl₂(gas). If a 2 mole sample of PCl₅ dissociates to give 0.2 moles of Cl₂ at equilibrium, find the molar amounts, to the 1st decimal place, of PCl₅ at equilibrium:

1.8

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the overall reaction order for the following rate law: rate = k[NH₄⁺][NO₂⁻] (read as: k times the concentration of NH₄⁺ times the concentration of NO₂⁻)

2 (ACCEPT: 2nd ORDER) (Solution: exponents 1 + 1 = 2)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: How many grams of KCl, with a molar mass of 75, are needed to make 1 liter of a 3 molar solution?

225

Bonus: Rank the following three acid solutions from lowest pH to highest pH: 1) 1.0 normal sulfuric acid; 2) 1.0 molal sulfuric acid; 3) 1.0 molar sulfuric acid.

3, 2, 1

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: Under constant temperatures, a sample of gas at a pressure of 120 kilopascals is allowed to expand from 2 liters to 8 liters. Calculate the new pressure, in kilopascals:

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer The molecule (2E, 4Z, 6E)-2,4,6-octatriene [2 comma 4 comma 6 -ok-tuh-TRY-een] can isomerize to cis-5,6-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene [cis-5 comma 6-dyMETH-uhl-1 comma 3-sy-kloh-HEK-suh-deen]. Identify: 1) The family of pericyclic reactions for this particular isomerization; 2) The mode of activation; and 3) The direction of stereochemical rotation.

ANSWER: 1) ELECTROCYCLIC; 2) THERMAL; 3) DISROTATORY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer The generation of proteolytic [proh-tee-uh-LIT-ik] fragments is essential to protein purification. Chymotrypsin [ky-moh-TRIP-sin] is an endopeptidase [endoh-PEP-ti-days] that will cleave peptide amide bonds. Name two of the four amino acids this enzyme cleaves.

ANSWER: (ACCEPT TWO) PHENYLALANINE, TYROSINE, TRYPTOPHAN, METHIONINE

ANSWER: +150 (ACCEPT: 150) (SO NOT ACCEPT: -150) (Solution: ∆Gº = ∆Hº-T∆Sº = 180kJ - [300K(0.10 kJ/K)] = 150 kJ)

BONUS 5) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Calculate the change in energy from a hydrogen atom's ground state to its first excited state in Rydbergs.

ANSWER: +3/4

BONUS13) Chemistry - Short Answer What is the oxidation state of chromium in the coordination compound of charge +3 that is formed from the reaction of five ammonia ligands and one chloride ligand with the central chromium ion?

ANSWER: +4

[bonus] Short Answer Giving its proper charge, what is the oxidation number of the manganese atom in the following compound: MnO₄⁻ (read as: M, N, O, 4, minus)

ANSWER: +7 (ACCEPT: 7) (Solution: Mn + 4(-2) = -1; Mn = +7)

BONUS 6) CHEMISTRY Short Answer If 35 liters of neon gas at 77° Celsius is cooled, the volume drops to 10 liters. If the pressure remains constant, what is the final temperature of the gas, in degrees Celsius?

ANSWER: -173°

TOSS-UP13) Chemistry - Short Answer For an electron in a 3d subshell, what is the smallest value the magnetic quantum number can take?

ANSWER: -2

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer If one mole of a substance with a molar mass of 20 is burned at constant pressure and 800 kilojoules of energy is released as heat, what is the standard enthalpy change, in kilojoules, when a 5-gram sample of this substance is burned at constant pressure?

ANSWER: -200 (MUST INCLUDE NEGATIVE SIGN IN ANSWER)

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Rounded to the nearest decimal place, convert 13 Kelvin into degrees Centigrade

ANSWER: -260

BONUS19) Chemistry - Short Answer Assume that heptane boils at a temperature of 97 degrees Celsius and has a molar enthalpy of vaporization of 37 kilojoules per mole. What is the delta G, to two significant figures and in joules, for the vaporization of one mole of heptane at 100 degrees Celsius?

ANSWER: -300 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 300)

BONUS10) Chemistry - Short Answer A gas phase reaction is conducted in a cylinder with a moveable piston. If the reaction releases 320 joules of heat and does 150 joules of PV work, what is the change in internal energy, in joules, for this reaction?

ANSWER: -470

BONUS 9) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Determine the entropy, in calories per mole Kelvin, of a system that is at 27° Celsius and which has undergone a 1500 calorie per mole decrease in Gibbs free energy accompanied by a negligible change in enthalpy.

ANSWER: -5

BONUS19) Chemistry - Short Answer Given that the enthalpy of formation of liquid water is -290 kilojoules per mole, that of gaseous carbon dioxide is -390 kilojoules per mole, and that of gaseous methane is -75 kilojoules per mole, find the enthalpy of combustion of one mole of methane in kilojoules.

ANSWER: -8 95

CHEMISTRY Short Answer In carbon dioxide, what is the formal charge on the central atom?

ANSWER: 0

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the standard molar enthalpy of formation, in kilojoules per mole, for hydrogen gas?

ANSWER: 0

[Bonus] Short Answer: What is the formal charge of nitrogen in the ammonia, or NH₃, molecule?

ANSWER: 0

BONUS 23) CHEMISTRY Short Answer A sample containing sulfuric acid requires 10 milliliters of 0.6 molar sodium hydroxide to reach the equivalence point during a titration. Providing your answer as a decimal to three places, how many moles of sulfuric acid were in the sample?

ANSWER: 0.003

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consider the reaction, N₂(gas) + 3H₂(gas) → 2NH₃(gas). If the concentration of ammonia increases from 0.3 molar to 0.9 molar in a 10-minute period, find the average rate of reaction over this time interval. Give your answer to the 2nd decimal place in moles per liter minute:

ANSWER: 0.03 (Solution: rate = ∆[NH₃]/2∆t = 0.6M/2(10min) = 0.03 mole/L-min)

ANSWER: 0.05 (Solution: 0.05 mol Ba(OH)₂/L × 0.02L = 0.001 mol Ba(OH)₂ × 2 = 0.002 mol; 0.002 mol ÷ 0.04L = 0.05M)

[bonus] Short Answer A solution contains 0.50 moles of methanol in 100 grams of water. What is the mole fraction of methanol, to the second decimal place?

ANSWER: 0.08 (DO NOT ACCEPT 8.0%) (Solution: 100g/18 g mol-1 = 5.56 moles; 0.5 mol/(5.56 + 0.5) = 0.0825)

BONUS 11) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Osmium is one of the densest elements known at 22.59 grams per milliliter. Providing your answer to three decimal places, what would be the volume in milliliters of a bar of osmium weighing 2.0 grams?

ANSWER: 0.089

BONUS 9) CHEMISTRY Short Answer In a titration experiment, how many grams of sodium hydroxide are needed to neutralize 25 milliliters of a 0.1 molar hydrogen chloride solution?

ANSWER: 0.1

[Bonus] Short Answer: Consider a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen gases that has a total pressure of 0.63 atmospheres. If the partial pressure of nitrogen is 0.32 atmospheres, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the mixture, in atmospheres to the second decimal place?

ANSWER: 0.31

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the molarity of a sodium hydroxide solution made by dissolving 4 grams NaOH in 250 milliliters of water?

ANSWER: 0.4 (Solution: 4.0 g (1 mole / 40 g) = 0.1; 0.1 moles/0.250 L = 0.4 M or moles/L)

[bonus] Short Answer To the second decimal place, what is the concentration of nitrate ions, in moles per liter, in a 0.26 molar Al(NO₃)₃ solution?

ANSWER: 0.78 (Solution: 3 × 0.26 = 0.78)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are TRUE concerning crystal field theory: 1) Carbon monoxide is a strong-field ligand; 2) Tetrahedral splitting is larger than octahedral splitting; 3) Square planar compounds can be chiral.

ANSWER: 1

BONUS7) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three titrations that would be neutral at the equivalence point: 1) Hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide; 2) Hypochlorous acid with sodium hydroxide; 3) Hydrochloric acid with ammonia.

ANSWER: 1

TOSS-UP19) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three formula-name pairs that are correctly matched: 1) CuSO4∙5H2O and blue vitriol; 2) MgSO4 and Milk of Magnesia; 3) CaO and limestone.

ANSWER: 1

TOSS-UP22) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three compounds that would form a solid state composed of molecules interacting through hydrogen bonds: 1) Water; 2) Acetone; 3) Silicon dioxide.

ANSWER: 1

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three reactions that can be considered metathesis reactions: 1) The reaction of acetic acid with sodium bicarbonate; 2) The reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide; 3) The reaction of solid copper with silver nitrate.

ANSWER: 1 AND 2

BONUS13) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three organic functional groups that, when substituted for a hydrogen on a benzene ring, would further activate that ring towards electrophilic substitution: 1) Amine; 2) Methyl; 3) Nitro.

ANSWER: 1 AND 2

TOSS-UP9) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three compounds that have more ionic character than lithium chloride: 1) Lithium fluoride; 2) Rubidium fluoride; 3) Lithium bromide.

ANSWER: 1 AND 2

Short Answer In which positions on the benzene ring are the methyl groups found in the compound o-xylene or ortho-xylene (read as: ORTHO-ZIE-lean):

ANSWER: 1 AND 2 (ACCEPT: 2 AND 1)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three organic acids that would be more acidic in water than in acetic acid: 1) Chloroacetic acid; 2) Formic acid; 3) Propanoic acid.

ANSWER: 1 AND 2 (ACCEPT: CHLOROACETIC ACID AND FORMIC ACID)

BONUS21) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three species that would be able to oxidize copper from the +1 to +2 oxidation state: 1) Potassium dichromate; 2) Sodium borohydride; 3) Silver nitrate.

ANSWER: 1 AND 3

BONUS22) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements concerning beryllium that are true: 1) Beryllium has a higher melting point than both magnesium and calcium; 2) Beryllium chloride has a higher ionic character than magnesium chloride; 3) Beryllium has a filled 2s subshell.

ANSWER: 1 AND 3

BONUS23) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements concerning electrochemistry that are true: 1) A Faraday is the number of coulombs of charge generated by 1 mole of electrons; 2) The oxidation of copper into copper(II) ions can spontaneously drive the reduction of protons into hydrogen gas at standard state; 3) The oxidation of zinc into zinc(II) ions can spontaneously drive the reduction of protons into hydrogen gas at standard state.

ANSWER: 1 AND 3

TOSS-UP11 ) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three quantities that are considered state functions: 1) Enthalpy; 2) Heat; 3) Volume.

ANSWER: 1 AND 3

BONUS 17) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Identify all of the following four compounds that are ionic: 1) sodium sulfate, 2) methane, 3) ammonium chloride, 4) beryllium iodide.

ANSWER: 1 AND 3 (ACCEPT: SODIUM SULFATE AND AMMONIUM CHLORIDE)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three reactions that would result in a precipitate. 1) Addition of barium nitrate and sodium sulfate; 2) Addition of aluminum nitrate and zinc sulfate; 3) Addition of sodium hydroxide and ammonium sulfate.

ANSWER: 1 ONLY

BONUS10) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three reactions that would result in a precipitate. 1) Addition of barium nitrate and sodium sulfate; 2) Addition of aluminum nitrate and zinc sulfate; 3) Addition of sodium hydroxide and ammonium sulfate.

ANSWER: 1 ONLY

ANSWER: 1 × 10⁻² (ACCEPT: 0.01) (Solution: ave rate = -∆A/∆t = (0.3 - 0.5M)/(50 - 30s) = 0.010 M/s)

ANSWER: 1) +; 2) +; 3) -

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name the LARGEST atom or ion in EACH of the following 3 pairs: 1) an iron 3 plus ion or an iron 2 plus ion 2) an oxygen atom or an oxygen 2 minus ion 3) a gallium 3 plus ion or a gallium atom

ANSWER: 1) IRON 2 PLUS ION; 2) OXYGEN 2 MINUS ION; 3) GALLIUM ATOM

Chemistry - Short Answer Name all of the following statements that are true for isothermal reversible expansions of ideal gases: 1) All heat flow into the system is converted into work; 2) The gas increases in pressure; 3) This process is part of Carnot's cycle.

ANSWER: 1, 2, 3

TOSS-UP23) Chemistry - Short Answer Name all of the following statements that are true for isothermal reversible expansions of ideal gases: 1) All heat flow into the system is converted into work; 2) The gas increases in pressure; 3) This process is part of Carnot's cycle.

ANSWER: 1, 2, 3

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Arrange the following three choices in order of increasing number of oxygen atoms: 1) one mole of carbon monoxide; 2) one mole of carbon dioxide; 3) one-half mole of calcium carbonate.

ANSWER: 1, 3, 2 (ACCEPT: ONE MOLE OF CARBON MONOXIDE; ONE-HALF MOLE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE; ONE MOLE OF CARBON DIOXIDE)

BONUS 9) CHEMISTRY Short Answer A gaseous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon have molar fractions of 0.25, 0.65, and .010, respectively. What is the pressure in atmospheres of nitrogen if the total pressure of the mixture is 4.0 atmospheres?

ANSWER: 1.0

ANSWER: 1.2 (Solution: P₂ = P₁V₁/V₂ = (2 atm)(300 cm³)/500 cm³ = 1.2 atm)

BONUS 17) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Given that the Kb of a particular solvent is 2.53 o C per molal and providing your answer to two decimal places, by how many degrees Celsius would the boiling point of a solution be raised if it contains 3.0 moles of a nonelectrolyte in 6.0 kilograms of solvent?

ANSWER: 1.27 (ACCEPT: 1.26)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the bond order of the nitrogen-oxygen bond in the nitrate anion?

ANSWER: 1.33 (ACCEPT: 4/3 or 1 1/3)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In a titration experiment, 6.0 milliliters of a 0.05 molar monoprotic weak acid are titrated with 0.10 molar sodium hydroxide. How much base in milliliters will it take to reach the half-equivalence point?

ANSWER: 1.5

BONUS 21) CHEMISTRY Short Answer The equilibrium constant K for the following reaction is 6 x 10⁻⁴ : (CH₃)₂NH + H₂O →*(CH₃)₂NH₂⁺ + OH⁻ [CH 3 2 NH plus H 2 O yields star C H 3 2 N H 2 plus plus O H minus]. Providing your answer in scientific notation, find K for the reaction (CH₃)₂NH₂ + →*(CH₃)₂NH + H⁺ [C H 3 2 N H 2 plus yields star C H 3 2 N H plus H plus].

ANSWER: 1.7 x 10⁻¹¹

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consider the following equilibrium reaction, PCl₅(gas) ↔ PCl₃(gas) + Cl₂(gas). If a 2 mole sample of PCl5 dissociates to give 0.2 moles of Cl₂ at equilibrium, find the molar amounts, to the 1st decimal place, of PCl₅ at equilibrium:

ANSWER: 1.8 (Solution: 2 - 0.2 = 1.8)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consider the following equilibrium reaction, PCl5(gas) ↔ PCl3(gas) + Cl2(gas). If a 2 mole sample of PCl5 dissociates to give 0.2 moles of Cl2 at equilibrium, find the molar amounts, to the 1st decimal place, of PCl5 at equilibrium:

ANSWER: 1.8 (Solution: 2 - 0.2 = 1.8)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many milliliters of 0.75 molar HCl are required to completely neutralize 25.0 milliliters of 0.15 molar Ba(OH)2?

ANSWER: 10

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Within a single atom, what is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in an atomic shell defined by the quantum numbers n = 3 and l = 2 (read as: L equals 2)?

ANSWER: 10

BONUS 22) Chemistry - Short Answer If you have 50 milliliters of a 0.75 molar solution of NaCl, how much water, in milliliters, should you add to dilute the NaCl concentration to 0.25 molar?

ANSWER: 100

[BONUS] Short Answer: What mass of sodium hydroxide, in grams, would contain 40 grams of oxygen?

ANSWER: 100 (Solution: NaOH = 40g × 1 mol O/16 × 1 mol NaOH/1 mol O × 40g NaOH/1 mol NaOH = 100g)

ANSWER: 100 (Solution: ΔT(f) = 5.5º - 4.5º = 1.0ºC; m = ΔT(f)/ K(f) = 1.0º/5.0º = 0.2m or 0.2mol/kg; (1.0g unkn/0.05 kg benz)(1kg benz/0.2 mol unkn) = 100 g/mol)

BONUS16) Chemistry - Short Answer Approximating copper (II) chloride's molar mass as 133 grams per mole, and assuming that the boiling point elevation constant for water is 0.5 degrees Celsius per molal, calculate the boiling point in degrees Celsius to one decimal place of a solution prepared by dissolving 80 grams of copper (II) chloride in 1 kilogram of water.

ANSWER: 100.9

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer A plastic undergoes deformation at 740° Celsius. Given that its original cross-sectional area is 70 centimeters, its cross-sectional area after deformation is 62 centimeters, and its yield strength is 300 megapascals, determine the percent cold work to the nearest whole number.

ANSWER: 11%

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Hydrazine, N2H4, is manufactured at extremely high pressures and temperatures using ammonia gas and producing hydrogen gas. If 22.4 liters of ammonia gas are used to make hydrazine, how many liters of hydrazine gas are produced?

ANSWER: 11.2

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer A sample of oxygen gas is collected over water at 14ºC. Knowing that the vapor pressure of water at 14ºC is 1.6 kilopascals, and that the pressure of the resultant mixture is 120 kilopascals, find the pressure, to the first decimal place, exerted by the dry oxygen alone:

ANSWER: 118.4 (Solution: P(dry) = P(t) - P(wv) = 120 kPa - 1.6 kPa = 118.4 kPa)

BONUS 19) CHEMISTRY Short Answer To heat 0.5 kilograms of water from 20 degrees Celsius to 80 degrees Celsius, providing your answer in kilojoules, how much energy is needed?

ANSWER: 126 (ACCEPT: VALUES FROM 125 TO 126)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Bonus Find the mass of 1 mole of cuprous oxide, or Cu2O. Assume the atomic mass of copper is 64 and oxygen is 16.

ANSWER: 144

Short Answer Predict the bond angle or shape for the central atom in a molecule of beryllium dichloride:

ANSWER: 180º (ACCEPT: LINEAR)

BONUS 1) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Convert an atmospheric pressure of 0.25 atmospheres into mm Hg:

ANSWER: 190

[BONUS] Short Answer: In standard chemical nomenclature, what is the ground-state electron configuration for fluorine?

ANSWER: 1s2 2s2 2p5 (ACCEPT: [He]2s2 2p5 )

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the electron configuration of chromium?

ANSWER: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1 3d^5 (ACCEPT: [Ar (argon)] 4s^1 3d^5)

[Bonus] Short Answer In standard chemical nomenclature, what is the complete electron configuration for the sodium ion, Na+ ?

ANSWER: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ (ACCEPT: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s⁰ )

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Give the electronic configuration for sulfur, located in Period 3 and Group 16 of the Periodic Table:

ANSWER: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴ (ACCEPT: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴ )

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer A student prepares a solution of sodium chloride in water at 25 degrees Celsius. Name all of the following three properties of the solution that would be unchanged if the solution was heated to 80 degrees Celsius: 1) Molarity; 2) Molality; 3) Volume.

ANSWER: 2

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding a chemical reaction where delta G is negative and the change in entropy is negative: 1) Requires energy; 2) Is exergonic; 3) Increases the disorder in a system.

ANSWER: 2

BONUS 25) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Providing your answer to one significant figure, determine the pH of a 5.0 molar solution of acetic acid, given that acetic acid's Ka is 2 x 10⁻⁵ .

ANSWER: 2

BONUS15) Chemistry - Short Answer A student prepares a solution of sodium chloride in water at 25 degrees Celsius. Name all of the following three properties of the solution that would be unchanged if the solution was heated to 80 degrees Celsius: 1) Molarity; 2) Molality; 3) Volume.

ANSWER: 2

BONUS23) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding a chemical reaction where delta G is negative and the change in entropy is negative: 1) Requires energy; 2) Is exergonic; 3) Increases the disorder in a system.

ANSWER: 2

Chemistry - Short Answer The rate of a reaction between reagent A and reagent B is first order in B. By what factor is the rate of reaction multiplied if the concentration of reagent B is doubled?

ANSWER: 2

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer By number, identify all of the following four statements that are TRUE: 1) liquids with large intermolecular forces tend to have very low boiling points, 2) liquids with large intermolecular forces tend to have considerable surface tension, 3) ethanol has a higher boiling point than methanol, 4) the hardness of diamond is due to strong van der Waals forces.

ANSWER: 2 AND 3

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three organic functional groups that contain carbon atoms in an sp2 hybridization state: 1) Alkynes; 2) Esters; 3) Carboxylic acids.

ANSWER: 2 AND 3

BONUS22) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three organic functional groups that contain carbon atoms in an sp2 hybridization state: 1) Alkynes; 2) Esters; 3) Carboxylic acids.

ANSWER: 2 AND 3

TOSS-UP21) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements concerning second order reactions that are true: 1) The reaction half-life is independent of time; 2) The rate constant can be given in units of liters per mole-seconds; 3) Graphing the reciprocal of reactant concentration versus time shows a positive sloping line.

ANSWER: 2 AND 3

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three compounds or ions that contain atoms that violate the octet rule: 1) Azide ion; 2) Triiodide [try-EYE-oh-died] ion; 3) Carbon dioxide.

ANSWER: 2 ONLY

BONUS 21) CHEMISTRY Short Answer A particle has a de Broglie [duh broh-GLEE] wavelength of 3 x 10⁻¹⁰ meters when it is traveling at 1.1 x 10⁷ meters per second. Expressing your answer in kilograms and in scientific notation to one significant figure, what is its approximate mass?

ANSWER: 2 X 10⁻³¹

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Arrange the following three methods of solvent degassing in order from least effective to most effective: 1) atmosphere exchange under sonication, 2) purging, 3) freeze-pump-thaw.

ANSWER: 2, 1, 3 (ACCEPT: PURGING, ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE UNDER SONICATION, FREEZE-PUMP-THAW)

Bonus 16) Chemistry - Short Answer Rank the following four atoms from the smallest atomic radius to the largest atomic radius: 1) Oxygen; 2) Fluorine; 3) Sulfur; 4) Chlorine

ANSWER: 2, 1, 4, 3 (ACCEPT: FLOURINE, OXYGEN, CHLORINE, SULFUR)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Place the following four substances in order from lowest to highest boiling point: 1) carbon tetrachloride, 2) ethane, 3) propane, 4) water.

ANSWER: 2, 3, 1, 4 (ACCEPT: ETHANE, PROPANE, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, WATER)

BONUS 12) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Put the following four compounds in order from least to most covalently bonded: 1) beryllium sulfide, 2) lithium oxide, 3) magnesium chloride, 4) calcium bromide.

ANSWER: 2, 3, 4, 1 (ACCEPT: LITHIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, CALCIUM BROMIDE, BERYLLIUM SULFIDE)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Nitrogen monoxide decomposes into diatomic nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures. A one-liter reaction vessel at 2000°C contains an equilibrium mixture of 192 grams of O2, 112 grams of N₂, and 3 grams of NO. Using values of 14 grams per mole and 16 grams per mole for the respective molar masses of atomic nitrogen and oxygen, what is the equilibrium constant for the decomposition at this temperature to two significant figures?

ANSWER: 2.4x10^3 (ACCEPT 2400)

BONUS4) Chemistry - Short Answer Nitrogen monoxide decomposes into diatomic nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures. A one-liter reaction vessel at 2000°C contains an equilibrium mixture of 192 grams of O2, 112 grams of N2, and 3 grams of NO. Using values of 14 grams per mole and 16 grams per mole for the respective molar masses of atomic nitrogen and oxygen, what is the equilibrium constant for the decomposition at this temperature to two significant figures?

ANSWER: 2.4x10³ (ACCEPT 2400)

Chemistry - Short Answer What is the bond order of N₂⁺ ?

ANSWER: 2.5

BONUS4) Chemistry - Short Answer If the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction A yields B is 2.0 x 10⁻⁵, then what is the equilibrium constant for the reaction 2B yields 2A?

ANSWER: 2.5 × 10⁹

BONUS4) Chemistry - Short Answer A sealed vessel contains 8 grams of oxygen gas and 12 grams of methane. If no other gases are present and the total pressure is 800 torr, what is the partial pressure, in torr, of oxygen?

ANSWER: 200

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer You need to prepare 500 milliliters of a 0.100 molar NaOH solution from a 0.250 molar solution. What volume, in milliliters, of the 0.250 molar solution must be diluted to 500 milliliters?

ANSWER: 200 (Solution: M₁V₁ = M₂V₂; (0.250M)(x) = (0.100M)(500ml), x = 200 ml)

[BONUS] Short Answer: Element number 19 has an isotope named potassium-40. How many neutrons does this isotope contain?

ANSWER: 21

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Knowing that the chemical name for gypsum is calcium sulfate dihydrate, gypsum is what percent water by weight? Assume the atomic masses of calcium = 40; sulfur = 32 and oxygen = 16.

ANSWER: 21 (Solution: CaSO₄•2H₂O)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Giving your answer to the first decimal place and in liters, one mole of gas at 1.00 atmosphere pressure and a temperature of 273.15 kelvin occupies what volume?

ANSWER: 22.4

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Giving your answer to the first decimal place and in liters, one mole of gas at 1.00 atmosphere pressure and a temperature of 273.15 kelvin occupies what volume?

ANSWER: 22.4

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many grams of KCl, with a molar mass of 75, are needed to make 1 liter of a 3 molar solution?

ANSWER: 225 (Solution: 1 L × (3.0 mol/L)(75 g/mol) = 225 g)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer For 680 milligrams of tannic acid, which has a molar mass of 1700 grams per mole, dissolved in water, it takes 40.00 milliliters of 0.25 molar sodium hydroxide to titrate the solution to a pH of 13. Based on this data, how many acidic protons does tannic acid have?

ANSWER: 25

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short In kilojoules per mole to the nearest whole number, what is the total bond energy for ethane, assuming that the carbon-hydrogen bond energy is 413 kilojoules per mole and the carbon-carbon bond energy is 348 kilojoules per mole?

ANSWER: 2826

[bonus] Short Answer Rounded to the nearest whole number, what is the percent of magnesium in magnesium carbonate, given the atomic mass of magnesium is 24 grams per mole?

ANSWER: 29 (Solution: MgCO3 = 24 + 12 + (3 × 16) = 84; 24/84 = 28.57%)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Given the molar mass of silver as 107.87 grams per mole, how many moles of silver are contained in 1.806 x 10^24 atoms?

ANSWER: 3

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the pH of a 0.001 molar solution of hydrochloric acid?

ANSWER: 3

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer At the beginning of an experiment measuring the phosphorescence produced by a phosphorescent substance, the brightness is measured at 12 lumens. After five minutes, the brightness is 6 lumens. After 10 minutes, it is 4 lumens. What brightness, in lumens, would you expect to find after 15 minutes?

ANSWER: 3

BONUS11 ) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that characterize SN1 reactions: 1) They have single-step mechanisms; 2) Their rate is strongly dependent on nucleophile strength; 3) They are faster in polar, protic solvents like water or ethanol.

ANSWER: 3

BONUS13) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three reactions that would result in a precipitate. 1) Addition of iron(III) nitrate to sodium sulfate; 2) Addition of aluminum nitrate and zinc sulfate; 3) Addition of iron(III) nitrate to sodium hydroxide.

ANSWER: 3

BONUS15) Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three processes that would have a negativechange in Gibbs free energy when conducted at atmospheric pressure: 1) Boiling of water at 95 degrees Celsius; 2) Freezing of water at 5 degrees Celsius; 3) Sublimation of ice at 105 degrees Celsius.

ANSWER: 3

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the bond order between the 2 carbon atoms in acetylene?

ANSWER: 3

Short Answer The hybridization of one 's' (read as: one s) orbital and two 'p' (read as: two p) orbitals creates how many sp² hybrid orbitals?

ANSWER: 3

TOSS-UP 11) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the pH of a solution at 25°C that has a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.001?

ANSWER: 3

TOSS-UP4) Chemistry - Short Answer What is the pH of a solution of hydrochloric acid that is initially 0.1 molar but is diluted 100-fold?

ANSWER: 3

{Bonus} (General Science) Short Answer In 2004, 19.7 million barrels of petroleum products were used each day in the U.S. Rounded to the nearest gallon, how much does this represent per person per day?

ANSWER: 3 (Solution: (42 gal × 19.7)/300 million people = 3 gals)

[bonus] Short Answer At standard temperature and pressure, if a sample of argon has a volume of 67 liters, how many moles of argon are in the sample, to the nearest whole number?

ANSWER: 3 (Solution: (67L)(1mol Ar/22.4L) = 3 mol Ar)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Providing your answer as a whole number, what is the overall order of the reaction governed by the rate law R = k[NO2]^2 [Br2] [R equals k times the concentration of N-O-2 squared times the concentration of bromine]?

ANSWER: 3 (ACCEPT: THIRD OR THIRD ORDER)

BONUS 11) CHEMISTRY Short Answer A reaction between two solutions A and B has a rate constant k of 1. If A increases from 2.0 molar to 4.0 molar and B is held constant, the reaction rate is doubled. If B goes from 2.0 molar to 4.0 molar and A is held constant, the reaction rate is quadrupled. What is the overall reaction order?

ANSWER: 3 (ACCEPT: THIRD)

Chemistry - Short Answer Rank the following three solid structures from the one with the lowest coordination number to the one with the highest: 1) Body-centered cubic; 2) Hexagonal closest-packed; 3) Simple cubic.

ANSWER: 3, 1, 2 (ACCEPT: SIMPLE CUBIC, BODY-CENTERED CUBIC, HEXAGONAL CLOSEST-PACKED)

Chemistry - Short Answer Rank the following three compounds from the lowest to the highest molecular mass: 1) Iron(II) phosphate; 2) Iron(III) phosphate; 3) Aluminum phosphate.

ANSWER: 3, 2, 1

TOSS-UP22) Chemistry - Short Answer Rank the following three compounds from the lowest to the highest molecular mass: 1) Iron(II) phosphate; 2) Iron(III) phosphate; 3) Aluminum phosphate.

ANSWER: 3, 2, 1

BONUS 7) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name all of the following five substances which are classified as strong electrolytes: 1) carbonic acid; 2) hydrogen fluoride; 3) sodium chloride; 4) acetic acid; 5) hydrochloric acid.

ANSWER: 3, 5 (ACCEPT: SODIUM CHLORIDE, HYDROCHLORIC ACID)

BONUS 17) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Given that the Ka of benzoic acid is 6.4 x 10⁻⁵ and its pKa is 4.2, providing your answer to one decimal place, what is the pH of a solution of 0.1 molar benzoic acid and 0.10 molar sodium benzoate?

ANSWER: 3.2

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the bond order for each oxygen-oxygen bond in the ozone or O₃ molecule?

ANSWER: 3/2 (ACCEPT: 1.5)

TOSS-UP10) Chemistry - Short Answer Reaction A has the same change in Gibbs free energy per mole of reactants as reaction B. If 2 moles of electrons are transferred per mole of reactants in reaction A, and 3 moles of electrons are transferred per mole of reactants in reaction B, what is the ratio of the redox potential for reaction A to that of B?

ANSWER: 3/2 (ACCEPT: 1.5)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Under constant temperatures, a sample of gas at a pressure of 120 kilopascals is allowed to expand from 2 liters to 8 liters. Calculate the new pressure, in kilopascals:

ANSWER: 30 (Solution: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂; (120 kPa)(2L) = (P₂)(8L); = 30 kPa)

(General Science) Short Answer Name all of the following 4 reagents that would NOT be labeled as a highly flammable substance: methanol; diethyl ether; 30% hydrogen peroxide; benzene

ANSWER: 30% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer A buffer solution contains a 10 to 1 ratio of conjugate base to weak acid. The pKa of the weak acid is 5. What is the pH of the solution?

ANSWER: 4

BONUS 11) Chemistry - Short Answer Consider the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with molecular oxygen to form dinitrogen pentoxide. If the rate of consumption of oxygen gas is 1 liter per minute, what is the rate, in liters per minute, of disappearance of nitrogen dioxide gas?

ANSWER: 4

Bonus 11) Chemistry - Short Answer Consider the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with molecular oxygen to form dinitrogen pentoxide. If the rate of consumption of oxygen gas is 1 liter per minute, what is the rate, in liters per minute, of disappearance of nitrogen dioxide gas?

ANSWER: 4

CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many quantum numbers are required to completely describe a specific electron in a multi-electron atom?

ANSWER: 4

Short Answer What is the pH of a 1 × 10⁻⁴ molar HCl solution?

ANSWER: 4

[BONUS] Short Answer: How many parts per million of arsenic are in a 2-gram water sample if it contains 8.0 micrograms of arsenic?

ANSWER: 4 (Solution: 8 × 10^-6 g/2g = 4 × 10^-6 g = 4 ppm)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Place the following four solvents in order of fastest to slowest reaction rate for SN2: 1) water, 2) DMSO, 3) methanol, 4) acetonitrile [as-i-toh-NY-tril].

ANSWER: 4, 2, 1, 3 (ACCEPT: ACETONITRILE, DMSO, WATER, METHANOL)

BONUS 21) CHEMISTRY Short Answer To what total volume in milliliters would 100 milliliters of an 80% ethanol solution by volume need to be diluted to obtain a 20% solution by volume?

ANSWER: 400

ANSWER: 44 (Solution: ∆H°(reaction) = Σn(p)∆H(f)°(products) - Σn(r)∆H(f)°(reactants) = [-242 - (-286) = +44.0 kJ)

Short Answer The hybridization of one 's' (read as: one s) orbital and 3 'p' (read as: three p) orbitals and one 'd' (read as: one d) orbital creates how many sp 3 d hybrid orbitals?

ANSWER: 5

TOSS-UP 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer How many significant figures are in the number 3.8400 × 104 ? (read as: three point eight four zero zero times ten to the fourth power)

ANSWER: 5

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Which one of the following five metals would react the least with dilute hydrochloric acid: 1) lead, 2) chromium, 3) manganese, 4) nickel, 5) gold?

ANSWER: 5 (ACCEPT: GOLD)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many milliliters of a 0.250 molar H₂SO₄ solution will react with 10 milliliters of a 0.250 molar NaOH solution

ANSWER: 5 (Solution: N(H₂SO₄) = (2eq/mol)(0.250 mol/L) = 0.5 eq/L; N(NaOH) = 0.250 eq/L; (N(H₂SO₄))(V(H₂SO₄)) = (N(naOH))(V(NaOH)); (0.5 meq/ml)(x) = (0.25 meq/ml)(10 ml) = 5 ml)

[Bonus] (General Science) Short Answer: Rounded to the nearest whole number, convert 283K into degrees Fahrenheit:

ANSWER: 50 (Solution: 283 - 273 = 10ºC; 10 × 1.8 + 32 = 50ºF)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer If pure water is at its boiling point at standard pressure, how many additional calories of heat are needed to convert 1 gram of water from the liquid to the vapor state?

ANSWER: 540

[Bonus] Short Answer If you were to evaporate 1 liter or kilogram of water, how many calories of latent heat are stored in the vapor?

ANSWER: 540,000 (ACCEPT: 5.4 × 10⁵) (Solution: lat heatvap = 540cal/g)

BONUS 7) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer To the nearest gram, convert 20 ounces into grams

ANSWER: 567 (ACCEPT: 566 - 568) (Solution: 20 × 28.35 = 567)

[bonus] Short Answer In grams per liter, what is density of a gas whose molar mass is 134.4 grams per mole at standard temperature and pressure?

ANSWER: 6 (Solution: d = (134.4g/mol)/22.4L/mol) = 6.0g/L)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the oxidation number of chromium in the chromate ion, or CrO₄²⁻?

ANSWER: 6 (ACCEPT: +6) (DO NOT ACCEPT: -6)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer A 4.0 gram sample of calcium chloride contains 6.0 × 1022 cations. Giving your answer in scientific notation to the nearest whole number, determine the number of anions in 2 grams of CaCl₂. Assume the atomic mass of calcium is 40 and chloride is 35.

ANSWER: 6 × 1022 (Solution: (2g CaCl₂)(6.0 × 1022 Ca²⁺/4g CaCl₂)(2 Cl⁻ /1 Ca²⁺) = 6.0 × 1022 Cl⁻ )

CHEMISTRY Short Answer A 4.0 gram sample of calcium chloride contains 6.0 × 10²² cations. Giving your answer in scientific notation to the nearest whole number, determine the number of anions in 2 grams of CaCl₂. Assume the atomic mass of calcium is 40 and chloride is 35.

ANSWER: 6 × 10²²

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In a strong acid-base titration, what is the pH of the solution when the equivalence point is reached?

ANSWER: 7

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer To the nearest whole number, how many grams of Na₂SO₄, whose formula weight is 142, are needed to prepare a 500 milliliter 0.100 molar solution?

ANSWER: 7 (Solution: (0.5L)(0.1 mol/L) = 0.05 mol (142 g/mol) = 7.1 g)

[Bonus] Short Answer A gas sample occupies a volume of 10.0 liters at a pressure of 800 torr. If the pressure on the sample becomes 1.5 atmospheres and temperature remains constant, what volume does the gas now occupy, to the first decimal place in liters?

ANSWER: 7.0 ( Solution: P1V1 = P2V2; (800 torr)(10.0L) = (1140 torr)(V2); V2 = 7.0L)

[bonus] Short Answer If the total number of moles of gas in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases is 12 moles, and the mole fraction of oxygen is 0.6, how many moles of oxygen gas are present, to the first decimal place?

ANSWER: 7.2 (Solution: XO = nO/nt; 0.6 = nO/12 mol = 7.2 mol)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many electrons with quantum number l = 1 (read as: L equals 1) are in an atom of silicon in its ground state?

ANSWER: 8

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Consider the reaction A plus B yields C, which is second-order in the reactant A and first-order in the reactant B. If the concentrations of both A and B are doubled, then by what factor is the reaction rate multiplied?

ANSWER: 8

Bonus Short answer Chromium metal crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice. What is the coordination number of each chromium atom in this lattice?

ANSWER: 8

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consider the following equilibrium reaction, PCl₅(gas) ↔ PCl₃(gas) + Cl₂(gas). If a 1-liter flask contains 0.02 moles of PCl₃ and 0.02 moles of Cl₂ at equilibrium, how many moles of PCl₅ are in the flask. Assume the equilibrium constant is 5 × 10-2 .

ANSWER: 8 × 10-3 (ACCEPT: 0.008) (Solution: Kc = [PCl₃][Cl₂]/[PCl₅] = (0.02)(0.02)/(0.05) = 0.008 moles)

ANSWER: 8CO₂ + 10H₂O (products in any order)

BONUS 15) CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many total carbons are in the organic compound 1, 1-dichloro-3-ethyl-2,4 dimethylpentane [dy-METH-uhl-PEN-tayn]?

ANSWER: 9

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the atomic number for the ground state element with the following electron configuration: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5 (read as: 1, s, 2; 2, s, 2; 2, p, 5)

ANSWER: 9

Short Answer What is the pH of a solution having a hydroxide ion concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁵ M?

ANSWER: 9

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer If the pKa of a weak acid is 4.74, what is the pKb of its conjugate base?

ANSWER: 9.26

BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Express the number 9587.3 in proper scientific notation with the correct amount of significant figures

ANSWER: 9.5873 × 103

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name the 2 different bond angles present in a molecule with octahedral geometry, such as in SF6:

ANSWER: 90; 180

(General Science) [BONUS] Short Answer: What is the generic name for the trade-named drug Tylenol?

ANSWER: ACETAMINOPHEN

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the conjugate acid of the acetate ion?

ANSWER: ACETIC ACID (ACCEPT: ETHANOIC ACID)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer An enzyme begins oxidation of a fourteen-carbon fatty acid. This metabolic step produces a twelve-carbon fatty acid and what other product?

ANSWER: ACETIC ACID (ACCEPT: ETHANOIC ACID)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Give the name of the periodic table group that contains elements that are silver in color, soft, and react explosively with water.

ANSWER: ALKALI METALS (ACCEPT: GROUP 1 OR GROUP 1A)

One confirmed transformation of ununoctium [un-un-AWKtee-um] is the decay of ununoctium-294 into livermorium [liver-MOOR-ee-um]-290. What type of decay process is this?

ANSWER: ALPHA DECAY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer When a certain powder is mixed into a solution of silver nitrate, a white precipitate forms. When the powder is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide, bubbles form, which produce a noxious odor. These bubbles, when bubbled into a solution of nickel (II) hydroxide, produce a drastic color change from green to dark blue. What is the identity of this powder?

ANSWER: AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (ACCEPT: FLUORIDE, BROMIDE, OR IODIDE IN PLACE OF CHLORIDE)

BONUS 5) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Which of the gas laws is demonstrated when an aerosol can is thrown into a fire and explodes?

ANSWER: AMONTON'S (ACCEPT: IDEAL GAS LAW OR GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW)

TOSS-UP6) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat type of solid, examples of which include thin films, gels, and glasses, is characterized by only short to medium range order and lacks crystallinity?

ANSWER: AMORPHOUS

TOSS-UP10) Chemistry - Short Answer What term can apply to the compounds 1-octanol and sodium dodecyl-sulfate [doh-dek-ihl sulfate], as well as transmembrane proteins, phospholipids, and surfactants, characterizing molecules that contain both fat-soluble and water-soluble components?

ANSWER: AMPHIPATHIC (ACCEPT: AMPHIPHILIC)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Which quantum number is allowed values ranging from 0 to n -1 and is associated with atomic orbital shape?

ANSWER: ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (ACCEPT: l, AZIMUTHAL, SUBSIDIARY)

[bonus] (general science) Short Answer What substance made of several fibrous materials was widely used in the 20th century for its heat resistant properties but is now banned because it can cause lung cancer when inhaled?

ANSWER: ASBESTOS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer List the five halogens in order of increasing first ionization energy.

ANSWER: ASTATINE, IODINE, BROMINE, CHLORINE, FLUORINE (DO NOT ACCEPT ANOTHER ORDER)

TOSS-UP 18) CHEMISTRY Short Answer In the periodic table, what name is given to the number representing the total of a given element's protons and neutrons?

ANSWER: ATOMIC MASS

[BONUS] Short Answer: How many atoms of each element are in the following molecule: Al2(SO4)3

ANSWER: Al = 2; S = 3; O = 12

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to standard chemical nomenclature, what is the formula for aluminum bicarbonate?

ANSWER: Al(HCO₃)₃

[bonus] Short Answer Arrange the following 4 cations in order of increasing ionic radii: Mg²⁺; Rb⁺ ; Al³⁺; Na⁺

ANSWER: Al³⁺; Mg²⁺; Na⁺ ; Rb⁺

Short Answer: C₆H₆ is the molecular formula for what aromatic hydrocarbon?

ANSWER: BENZENE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What element has the following four characteristics: 1) it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals; 2) it is used primarily as a hardening agent in alloys; 3) its dust is highly toxic, and 4) it is an alkaline [AL-kuh-lyn] earth metal.

ANSWER: BERYLLIUM

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Nuclides that have neutron-to-proton ratios that are too high compared with stable nuclides tend to undergo what kind of decay?

ANSWER: BETA (ACCEPT: BETA MINUS)

TOSS-UP23) Chemistry - Short Answer The elements of Group 15 can exist in several different oxidation states. What element can only exist in positive oxidation states?

ANSWER: BISMUTH

Chemistry - Short Answer The ideal gas constant is another form of what other constant, but written in energy per unit temperature per mole rather than energy per unit temperature per particle?

ANSWER: BOLTZMANN CONSTANT

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer The lattice enthalpy of a solid cannot be measured directly, but it can be measured through application of Hess's law to a series of physical and chemical changes. What is the term for this closed path of steps?

ANSWER: BORN-HABER CYCLE

TOSS-UP 17) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Which acid-base theory states that any molecule or ion that can produce a proton is an acid, and any that can take up a proton is a base:

ANSWER: BRØNSTED-LOWRY THEORY (ACCEPT: BRØNSTED)

Toss-Up 22) Chemistry - Short Answer What laboratory instrument, containing gradations that increase from top to bottom, is used to deliver precise quantities of titrant to the analyte in a titration?

ANSWER: BURETTE (ACCEPT: BURET)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the major organic product formed when 1-butanol is treated with the Collins reagent?

ANSWER: BUTANAL

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer If 4.67 grams of butane reacts with 23.12 grams of molecular oxygen to produce 2.67 grams of carbon dioxide, what is the limiting reactant?

ANSWER: BUTANE

Short Answer Calculate the atom percent composition, rounded to the nearest whole number, for each atom in acetic acid:

ANSWER: C = 25%; H = 50%; O = 25%

[bonus] Short Answer Calculate the mass percent composition, rounded to the nearest whole number, for each atom in acetic acid:

ANSWER: C = 40%; H = 7%; O = 53% (Solution: C = 24/60 × 100% = 40%; H = 4/60 × 100% = 6.7%; O = 32/60 × 100% = 53.3%)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Providing your answer in proper point group abbreviation, to what point group does the molecule 1, 2-difluoroethane [1 comma 2-di-floo-uh-roh-ETH-ayn] belong?

ANSWER: C2h

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the most reduced symmetry operation symbol for a molecule that has a rotation angle of 240°?

ANSWER: C3 ^2

[BONUS] Short Answer: What is the empirical formula for the following: C18H33N6O3

ANSWER: C6H11N2O

Short Answer: What element is central to synthetic chemistry because of the unique ability of its atoms to bind to one another with single, double and triple bonds and form chains, branches and rings of varying sizes?

ANSWER: CARBON

TOSS-UP23) Chemistry - Short Answer What group 14 element has the highest melting point?

ANSWER: CARBON

Short Answer How many carbon and hydrogen atoms are in a cyclopentane molecule?

ANSWER: CARBON = 5; HYDROGEN = 10

(general science) Short Answer How many carbon and hydrogen atoms are in an octane molecule?

ANSWER: CARBON = 8; HYDROGEN = 18

[Bonus] Short Answer How many carbons and hydrogens are in the following compound: (read slowly) 2,4-dimethyl hexane

ANSWER: CARBON = 8; HYDROGEN = 18

BONUS 19) CHEMISTRY Short Answer When an acid is added to any metal carbonate, such as barium carbonate, what gas is always formed?

ANSWER: CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO₂)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer When baking cupcakes, a common ingredient used to make the batter rise is baking soda. What is the gas produced that causes the batter to rise?

ANSWER: CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO₂)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer When hydrochloric acid in an aqueous solution reacts with solid sodium bicarbonate, what are the products?

ANSWER: CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, AND SODIUM CHLORIDE (ACCEPT: CARBON DIOXIDE GAS, LIQUID WATER, AND AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE)

Short Answer: In the combustion of methane, if the supply of oxygen is somewhat insufficient, what colorless, odorless and poisonous gas is produced?

ANSWER: CARBON MONOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Amides are formed through a reversible reaction that causes loss of water. This reaction occurs between an amine [uh-MEEN] and what other type of molecule?

ANSWER: CARBOXYLIC ACID

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Since internal alkynes [AL-kyns] have an additional pi bond, they do not form the same products as alkenes [AL-kyns] upon cleavage by ozone or potassium permanganate [per-MANG-guh-nayt]. What functional group does this cleavage produce for internal alkynes?

ANSWER: CARBOXYLIC ACID

BONUS1) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat class of organic molecules has the formula R-COOH and can react with alcohols to produce esters?

ANSWER: CARBOXYLIC ACID

CHEMISTRY Short Answer In the electrolysis of a copper chloride solution, what forms at the cathode and anode, respectively?

ANSWER: CATHODE = COPPER (ACCEPT: Cu); ANODE = CHLORINE (ACCEPT: CHLORINE GAS or Cl₂)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Consisting of a fatty acid chain attached through an amide linkage to sphingosine [SFING-guh-seen], what is the fundamental structural unit common to all sphingolipids?

ANSWER: CERAMIDE

BONUS 24) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Which element has the lowest ionization energy of all stable neutral atoms?

ANSWER: CESIUM (ACCEPT: CS)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the name of the property that distinguishes L-alanine [AL-uh-neen] from D-alanine?

ANSWER: CHIRALITY (ACCEPT: ENANTIOMER, HANDEDNESS, ROTATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Give the systematic chemical name for the following ionic compound: Cr₂(SeO₄)₃

ANSWER: CHROMIUM(III) SELENATE

[bonus] Short Answer What is the empirical formula for acetic acid?

ANSWER: CH₂O (Solution: C₂H₄O₂ in 1:2:1 ratio)

[bonus] Name all of the following compounds that exhibit ONLY London forces: CH₄; N₂; BaCl₂; NH₃

ANSWER: CH₄; N²2

[BONUS] Short Answer Arrange the following compounds in order of INCREASING ionic characteristic: HCl; LiBr; CO; KF

ANSWER: CO; HCl; LiBr; KF

CHEMISTRY Short Answer In the balanced equation 2Ag⁺ + Cu [yields] 2Ag + Cu²⁺, what is the reducing agent?

ANSWER: COPPER (DO NOT ACCEPT: COPPER 2+)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Organolithium [ohr-guh-noh-LITH-ee-uhm] reagents can be reacted with salts made from which element to form a Gilman reagent? Specify both the element and its oxidation state.

ANSWER: COPPER 1+ (ACCEPT: COPPER, 1)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What general type of bonding is found in molecules in which electrons are shared by nuclei?

ANSWER: COVALENT

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the specific chemical term for the minimum pressure required to produce liquefaction of a substance at the critical temperature?

ANSWER: CRITICAL PRESSURE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the term that describes the temperature at which ferromagnetic materials no longer exhibit spontaneous magnetization?

ANSWER: CURIE (ACCEPT: CURIE POINT)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Of the following 5 alkanes, which one has the LEAST combined strain energy from angle strain and torsional strain: [read slowly] cyclopropane; cyclobutane; cyclopentane; cyclohexane; cyclo-octane

ANSWER: CYCLOHEXANE

[BONUS] Short Answer: Which one of the following 5 atoms can violate the octet rule with more than 8 electrons: O; F; Cl; N; C

ANSWER: Cl

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer A student performs combustion analysis on a compound X containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to determine its molecular formula. Given the molar mass is 76, if she combusts 1 mole of X in excess oxygen and observes 2 moles of CO₂ gas and 2 moles of H₂O gas as products, what is the molecular formula?

ANSWER: C₂H₄O₃

BONUS5) Chemistry - Short Answer A student performs combustion analysis on a compound X containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to determine its molecular formula. Given the molar mass is 76, if she combusts 1 mole of X in excess oxygen and observes 2 moles of CO₂ gas and 2 moles of H₂O gas as products, what is the molecular formula?

ANSWER: C₂H₄O₃

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer By name or number, identify all of the following four characteristics that are intensive properties of a bubble of air: 1) density, 2) radius, 3) percent oxygen, 4) temperature.

ANSWER: DENSITY, PERCENT OXYGEN, AND TEMPERATURE (ACCEPT: 1, 3, AND 4)

BONUS 9) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the name for the apparatus commonly found in chemistry labs that is designed to store materials in dry air that consists of a glass bowl, an air-tight lid, and a place where a drying agent, such as silica gel, is placed:

ANSWER: DESSICATOR

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Carbon dioxide has a boiling point of -57° Celsius, whereas sulfur dioxide has a boiling point of -10° Celsius. This difference is most likely due to the fact that sulfur dioxide exhibits which intermolecular force, while carbon dioxide does not?

ANSWER: DIPOLE-DIPOLE (ACCEPT: DIPOLE FORCES)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In free-radical polymerization, there are two possible termination steps. One is combination of free radicals. What is the other?

ANSWER: DISPROPORTIONATION

Short Answer: What is the MOST common method for separating a mixture of liquids based on the differences in component volatilities?

ANSWER: DISTILLATION (ACCEPT: FRACTIONAL or SIMPLE DISTILLATION)

(General Science) [BONUS] Short Answer: What is the term for the process of the addition of small amounts of certain elements that makes semiconductors become useful electronic materials?

ANSWER: DOPING

BONUS 17) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What general chemical term best describes a metal that can be drawn out into thin wire or threads without breaking?

ANSWER: DUCTILE

Short Answer: What general term BEST describes the use of electrical current to cause a normally non-spontaneous reaction to occur?

ANSWER: ELECTROLYSIS

Chemistry - Short Answer What scientist, whose graduate students Geiger and Marsden performed an experiment that involved shooting alpha particles at a metallic foil, was the first to propose that an atom consisted of a dense positively-charged nucleus with mobile electrons surrounding the nucleus?

ANSWER: ERNEST RUTHERFORD (ACCEPT: RUTHERFORD)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the name of the bond linking each fatty acid to glycerol [GLIS-uh-rol] in a triglyceride?

ANSWER: ESTER

TOSS-UP 10) Chemistry - Short Answer What major organic product is produced when an ethene and hydrogen gas are reacted on Raney [ray-nee] nickel?

ANSWER: ETHANE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 molecules that are considered saturated hydrocarbons: ethylene; ethane; cyclohexane

ANSWER: ETHANE; CYCLOHEXANE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Plastics with the recycling symbols of 2 and 4, such as those used to make plastic bags, are produced from what monomer?

ANSWER: ETHYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What gaseous organic compound is made when ethanol is heated in a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid?

ANSWER: ETHYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What are the 2 alkenes (read as: al-KEENS) with the shortest carbon chains and lowest molecular weights?

ANSWER: ETHYLENE; PROPYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE; PROPENE)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 processes where latent heat is absorbed: evaporation; condensation; water melts; water freezes

ANSWER: EVAPORATION; WATER MELTS

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the SI prefix that multiples a unit by a factor of 1018?

ANSWER: EXA

BONUS 23) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Which halogen is the poorest SN2 leaving group?

ANSWER: FLUORINE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What element corresponds to the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p5 ?

ANSWER: FLUORINE

BONUS 3) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What element is a corrosive, greenish-yellow gas, is widely used in the manufacturing of polymers such as Teflon, and is the 13th most abundant element in the Earth's crust?

ANSWER: FLUORINE (ACCEPT: F)

BONUS 17) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What isotope will be formed when oxygen-19 undergoes beta minus decay?

ANSWER: FLUORINE-19 (ACCEPT: F-19)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What separation technique would effectively separate a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and water?

ANSWER: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION (ACCEPT: DISTILLATION)

TOSS-UP4) Chemistry - Short Answer In the Arrhenius equation, the exponential term is multiplied by a quantity, A, originally introduced as a fudge factor. What is the name of this term?

ANSWER: FREQUENCY FACTOR (Accept: PREEXPONENTIAL FACTOR)

Toss-Up 4) Chemistry - Short Answer In the Arrhenius equation, the exponential term is multiplied by a quantity, A, originally introduced as a fudge factor. What is the name of this term?

ANSWER: FREQUENCY FACTOR (Accept: PREEXPONENTIAL FACTOR)

Short Answer: What is the name for the voltaic cells in which the reactants are continuously supplied to the cell and the products are continuously removed?

ANSWER: FUEL CELL (ACCEPT: HYDROGEN-OXYGEN FUEL CELL)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Carbon nanotubes are potentially useful in applications such as nanotechnology, optics, and electronics. What allotrope of carbon makes up these cylinders?

ANSWER: FULLERENE (ACCEPT: BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE OR BUCKYTUBE)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Arrange the following 3 choices in order of increasing bond energies: O₂; N₂; F₂

ANSWER: F₂; O₂; N₂

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In semicrystalline polymers, the ordered regions will break up and become disordered at the melting temperature. However, amorphous regions soften over a wider range. What is the name of this range?

ANSWER: GLASS TRANSITION

BONUS 21) CHEMISTRY Short Answer In semicrystalline polymers, the ordered regions will break up and become disordered at the melting temperature. However, amorphous regions soften over a wider range. What is the name of this range?

ANSWER: GLASS TRANSITION

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the name for the most malleable and ductile metal which can be dissolved in aqua regia but is unaffected by air and most other reagents?

ANSWER: GOLD

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Arrange the following 4 metals in order of increasing reactivity in dilute HCl: zinc; aluminum; gold; calcium

ANSWER: GOLD; ZINC; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM

CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for hydrogen sulfide?

ANSWER: H2S

[BONUS] Short Answer: In a chemical reaction, what is the term that describes the time required for a reactant to reach half its original concentration?

ANSWER: HALF-LIFE (ACCEPT: t½ )

BONUS-Short Answer What is the general term for a salt of one of the halogens?

ANSWER: HALIDE

[BONUS] Short Answer: Classify the following 3 elements as a halogen, metalloid, or transition metal, respectively: silicon; iron; iodine

ANSWER: HALOGEN = IODINE; METALLOID = SILICON; TRANSITION METAL = IRON

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer The salt lithium fluoride is far less soluble than both lithium iodide and potassium fluoride. What theory explains this by characterizing Lewis acids and bases in terms of polarizability and charge density?

ANSWER: HARD-SOFT ACID BASE (ACCEPT: HSAB OR PEARSON ACID BASE CONCEPT)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What simple system is used to describe molecular vibrations in quantum mechanics?

ANSWER: HARMONIC OSCILLATOR (ACCEPT: BALL AND SPRING)

[bonus] Short Answer Arrange the following 3 oxoacids or oxyacids in order of INCREASING acid strength: HBrO₃; HBrO₂; HBrO

ANSWER: HBrO; HBrO₂; HBrO₃

[bonus] Short Answer What is the molecular formula for the conjugate base of the following Brønsted-Lowry acid: H₂CO₃

ANSWER: HCO₃⁻

BONUS 11) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Which 3 Noble gases undergo no chemical reactions and form no known compounds?

ANSWER: HELIUM, NEON, ARGON (ACCEPT: He, Ne, Ar)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the molecular formula for the conjugate acid of the following Brønsted-Lowry base: SO4^(2-)

ANSWER: HSO4 -

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the most common term for the direct addition of water to an alkene (read as: al-KEEN) to make an alcohol?

ANSWER: HYDRATION

[BONUS] Short Answer: What type of interaction occurs between molecules of H2O that causes it to have a higher boiling point than H2S?

ANSWER: HYDROGEN BONDING

BONUS 18) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the oxidizing agent typically used in hydroborationoxidation?

ANSWER: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (ACCEPT: HYDROPEROXIDE ANION, H2O2)

Short Answer: The conversion of olein, a liquid oil, into stearin, a solid fat, by the addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst and high heat is commonly known as what type of reaction?

ANSWER: HYDROGENATION

TOSS-UP23) Chemistry - Short Answer What reaction, that can be catalyzed by Adams's catalyst, Wilkinson's catalyst, Raney nickel, or alloys of platinum and rhodium, is responsible for forming alkanes from alkenes?

ANSWER: HYDROGENATION

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the general name for a hypothetical gas that obeys Boyles's law at all temperatures and pressures?

ANSWER: IDEAL GAS (ACCEPT: IDEAL)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to kinetic-molecular theory, what is the mathematical relationship between molar mass and average gas phase speed?

ANSWER: INVERSE SQUARE

BONUS 23) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the name of the reaction, commonly used in lecture demonstrations, in which two colorless solutions are mixed, and the liquid turns to a shade of dark blue after a short time delay?

ANSWER: IODINE CLOCK (ACCEPT: HARCOURT-ESSEN)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer If the electronegativity difference in the bonding atoms is large, what general type of bond is formed?

ANSWER: IONIC

Short Answer What is the systematic IUPAC name for the compound Fe(NO₂)₃?

ANSWER: IRON (III) NITRITE (read as: iron three nitrite) (MUST BE EXACT)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Give the chemical name for the compound formed when pure iron and pure sulfur are mixed together and heated:

ANSWER: IRON SULFIDE (ACCEPT: IRON(II) SULFIDE or FERROUS SULFIDE)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to general solubility rules, name all of the following 5 substances that are NOT soluble in water: lithium iodide; sodium chloride; iron(II) hydroxide; sodium nitrate; barium sulfate

ANSWER: IRON(II) HYDROXIDE; BARIUM SULFATE

TOSS-UP14) Chemistry - Short Answer What scientist is credited with discovering electrons and calculating their mass to charge ratio?

ANSWER: J.J. THOMSON

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Find the mass percent composition, rounded to the nearest whole number, for each atom in KClO₃. Assume the atomic masses of potassium = 39, chlorine = 35, and oxygen = 16

ANSWER: K = 32%; Cl = 29%; O = 39% (Solution: K = 39g/122g × 100% = 32%; Cl = 35/122 × 100% = 29%; O = 48/122 × 100% = 39%)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for potassium perchlorate?

ANSWER: KClO₄

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What two chemists, in 2001, were awarded half the Nobel Prize for their work on asymmetric hydrogenation?

ANSWER: KNOWLES AND NOYORI

BONUS 3) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What disaccharide [dy-SAK-uh-ryd] is composed of beta-Dgalactose [guh-LAK-tos] in a beta-1,4 linkage with alpha-D-glucose?

ANSWER: LACTOSE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Give the name of the group of elements that have high melting points, are electropositive, and are frequently used in lasers and television sets.

ANSWER: LANTHANIDES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Of the following group of 4 cations, which are the LARGEST and SMALLEST ions, respectively: K+ ; Na+ ; Rb+ ; Li+

ANSWER: LARGEST = Rb+ ; SMALLEST = Li+ (ACCEPT: RUBIDIUM AND LITHIUM)

BONUS5) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat chemical law predicts the response of a system at equilibrium to a perturbation in temperature, concentration, volume, or pressure by stating that the equilibrium shifts to counteract the change?

ANSWER: LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the IUPAC name of the compound PbCO3?

ANSWER: LEAD (II) CARBONATE (DO NOT ACCEPT: PLUMBOUS CARBONATE, LEAD CARBONATE)

BONUS 23) CHEMISTRY Short Answer In a flame test for lithium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, which gives off a red color:

ANSWER: LITHIUM

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Bottom-up approaches to nanotechnology generally involve microscopy. What technique is primarily involved in the top-down approach?

ANSWER: LITHOGRAPHY (ACCEPT: SMALL-SCALE LITHOGRAPHY, MICRON-SCALE LITHOGRAPHY, AND ELECTRON-BEAM LITHOGRAPHY)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to valence bond theory, we assume that in methane, each pair of electrons is confined to the region between the carbon and hydrogen nuclei, where the bond is strongest. What is the term used to describe this regional confinement?

ANSWER: LOCALIZED (ACCEPT: LOCALIZED BOND AND LOCALIZED BONDING)

Short Answer Order the following 3 ionic solids in terms of their lattice energies or enthalpies, going from the HIGHEST to the LOWEST: LiBr; KBr; NaBr

ANSWER: LiBr; NaBr; KBr

BONUS23) Chemistry - Short Answer A metal, M, adopts the +3 oxidation state. What is the chemical formula of the most stable ionic compound that forms between M and oxygen?

ANSWER: M2O3

[BONUS] Short Answer: Arrange the following 3 liquids in order of DECREASING surface tension at 20ºC: water; ethanol; mercury

ANSWER: MERCURY; WATER; ETHANOL

Short Answer: What simple alcohol is commercially produced by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas under pressure and heat and in the presence of a catalyst?

ANSWER: METHANOL (ACCEPT: CH3OH or METHYL ALCOHOL or WOOD ALCOHOL) (Solution: CO + 2H2 ! CH3OH)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What chemical term is given to the formations that occur in water when a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail organize into spheres that orient the tails within the sphere?

ANSWER: MICELLE

BONUS14) Chemistry - Short Answer When computing freezing point depression and boiling point elevation most directly, what measure of solute concentration should be used, which has units of moles per kilogram?

ANSWER: MOLALITY

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 concentration units that are temperature-dependent: molal (read as: moe-LAHL); molarity; normality

ANSWER: MOLARITY; NORMALITY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Given the molar mass of oxygen is 16 grams per mole and the molar mass of magnesium is 24 grams per mole, what is the empirical formula of a compound containing 48 grams of magnesium and 32 grams of oxygen?

ANSWER: MgO

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Catalytic cracking is the most commonly used process in the manufacture of olefins. Different products can be produced from different reactants. If you want to produce an aromatic through cracking followed by dehydration, with what reactant should you begin?

ANSWER: NAPHTHENE(S) (ACCEPT: CYCLOALKANE(S))

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Dr. Ecniecs, who loves riddles, gave the following riddle about the periodic table: Element A is left-right adjacent to element B. Element A never shares what it holds. Element B is always taking from other elements. Both elements are a clear gas. Both elements are nonmetals. Combined, they have a mass less than that of gallium. What are the identities of elements A and B?

ANSWER: NEON AND FLUORINE

TOSS-UP1) Chemistry - Short Answer In electrochemistry, what equation, named for the 1920 Nobel prize winner in chemistry, gives the redox potential of a galvanic cell as a function of temperature, the reaction quotient, and standard redox potential?

ANSWER: NERNST EQUATION

[bonus] Short Answer Name all of the following 4 compounds that exhibit hydrogen bonding: CH₄; H₂S; NH₃; CH₃OH

ANSWER: NH₃; CH₃OH

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements concerning chemical kinetics that are TRUE: 1) Zero-order rate constants have units of inverse seconds; 2) First-order reactions have half-lives that are dependent on time; 3) Catalysts cannot appear in the rate law for a reaction.

ANSWER: NONE OF THEM

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the chemical formula for the conjugate base of HNO₂?

ANSWER: NO₂⁻

[bonus] (General Science) Short Answer What is the most common name for the technique that places a molecule in a strong magnetic field, irradiates the molecule with radio waves, and finally detects changes in the spin of atoms in the molecule?

ANSWER: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (ACCEPT: NMR or MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY)

BONUS 15) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the electron-pair geometry for ICl₄ ⁻ [eye C L 4 minus]?

ANSWER: OCTAHEDRAL

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the rule that states that main-group elements tend to undergo reactions that leave them with 8 outer-shell electrons?

ANSWER: OCTET RULE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer In general, metals are relatively hard except for what group of metals in the Periodic Table?

ANSWER: ONE (ACCEPT: GROUP 1A or ALKALI METALS)

(general science) Short Answer One metric ton equals how many grams?

ANSWER: ONE MILLION (ACCEPT: 1 × 10⁶ or 10⁶)

Short Answer: What scientific principle BEST describes why fresh pickles soaked in brine shrivel up after a period of time?

ANSWER: OSMOSIS

TOSS-UP6) Chemistry - Short Answer What process, that uses a platinum-rhodium alloy as a catalyst, uses ammonia from the Haber process as a reactant to form nitric oxide, which is then oxidized and dissolved in water to form nitric acid?

ANSWER: OSTWALD PROCESS

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name the elements in the following reaction that have been oxidized and reduced, respectively: Zn(solid) + CuSO₄(aqueous) → ZnSO₄(aqueous) + Cu(solid)

ANSWER: OXIDIZED = Zn (ACCEPT: ZINC); REDUCED = Cu (ACCEPT: COPPER)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer A lab performs atomic spectroscopy, usually using a flame as an excitation source. However, flames only ionize a very small percentage of the atoms, so the lab wants to find a better excitation source. Name a common source that could be used to solve this problem.

ANSWER: PLASMA (ACCEPT: PLASMA EMISSION, INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA SOURCE, OR ICP)

BONUS 18) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the general term for a bond in which the shared bonding electrons are attracted somewhat more strongly by one atom than the other?

ANSWER: POLAR COVALENT BOND

TOSS-UP7) Chemistry - Short Answer What polymer, consisting of repeating C₂H₃Cl units, is one of the most widely produced plastics and finds usage in industries from construction to clothing?

ANSWER: POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (Accept: PVC)

Short Answer: What are the names for positive and negative ions, respectively?

ANSWER: POSITIVE = CATIONS; NEGATIVE = ANIONS

TOSS-UP 2) What are the names for positive and negative ions, respectively?

ANSWER: POSITIVE = CATIONS; NEGATIVE = ANIONS

CHEMISTRY Short Answer In a flame test on an unknown compound, the flame is violet. What element is likely to be in the compound?

ANSWER: POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: RUBIDIUM, CESIUM)

BONUS 11) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Several candidates have been proposed as the discoverer of oxygen. Who, however, is the scientist who most carefully documented his work and thus has been credited with its discovery?

ANSWER: PRIESTLY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name the molecule with the formula CH₃COOCH₂CH₂CH₃.

ANSWER: PROPYL ETHANOATE (ACCEPT: PROPYL ACETATE)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What adjective describes a mixture that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers [i-NAN-tee-uh-mers] of a chiral [KY-ruhl] molecule?

ANSWER: RACEMIC (ACCEPT: RACEMATES)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Hydrogen and chlorine are reacted in a 500 milliliter flask to form hydrogen chloride. It takes 0.08 seconds for the amount of chlorine to change by -0.005 moles. Providing your answers as decimals, determine the rate of conversion, in moles per second, and the rate of reaction, in molarity per second.

ANSWER: RATE OF CONVERSION = 0.0625; RATE OF REACTION = 0.125

BONUS14) Chemistry - Short Answer What allotrope of sulfur contains irreducible units of S8 rings and is the most stable allotrope at room temperature and atmospheric pressure?

ANSWER: RHOMBIC SULFUR

[bonus] Short Answer What is the systematic IUPAC name for the compound RbClO₄?

ANSWER: RUBIDIUM PERCHLORATE (DO NOT ACCEPT: RUBIDIUM ONE PERCHLORATE)

[bonus] Short Answer Order the following 4 bonds from those with the LOWEST electronegativity difference to the GREATEST difference: F-H; O-H; S-H; Cl-H

ANSWER: S-H; Cl-H; O-H; F-H

TOSS-UP22) Chemistry - Short Answer When methyl propanoate [pro-pah-n oh-ate] reacts with sodium hydroxide and the reaction is heated, sodium propanoate [pro-pah-n oh-ate] and methanol form. What is the name of this type of reaction?

ANSWER: SAPONIFICATION (ACCEPT: BASE HYDROLYSIS OF AN ESTER; BASIC HYDROLYSIS)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the scientific term for the ratio between the density of a given substance to that of water when both are at the same temperature?

ANSWER: SPECIFIC GRAVITY (ACCEPT: RELATIVE DENSITY)

Chemistry - Short Answer One of the most important industrial uses of vanadium [vuh-NAY-dee-um] pentoxide is as a catalyst for the production of what acid?

ANSWER: SULFURIC

CHEMISTRY Short Answer The molecule chlorine trifluoride has what molecular geometry?

ANSWER: T-SHAPED

CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to VSEPR bonding theory, what type of geometry does a molecule have when the central atom is surrounded by 4 bonded groups, such as in methane?

ANSWER: TETRAHEDRAL

TOSS-UP5) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat is the electronic geometry of a molecule with sp3 hybridization at its central atom?

ANSWER: TETRAHEDRAL (ACCEPT: TETRAHEDRAL GEOMETRY)

[BONUS] Short Answer: What is the name for the phenomenon that occurs when a light beam becomes visible after passing through a colloid, an example of which is a beam of light passing through fog at night?

ANSWER: THE TYNDALL EFFECT

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the IUPAC name for SnCl2 ∙ 6H2O?

ANSWER: TIN (II) CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE

TOSS-UP- GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer : What do the abbreviations TC and TD stand for that are seen on some laboratory pipettes?

ANSWER: TO CONTAIN AND TO DELIVER

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many translational, rotational, and vibrational modes, respectively, are there for the molecule beryllium fluoride?

ANSWER: TRANSLATIONAL = 3; ROTATIONAL = 2; VIBRATIONAL = 4

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Several years ago, scientists announced that they had succeeded in getting a nucleus of calcium-48 to fuse with a nucleus of plutonium-244. The combined nucleus is a nucleus of what element?

ANSWER: UNUNQUADIUM (ACCEPT: ELEMENT 114; UUQ, FLEROVIUM, OR FL)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice According to the integrated form of the Clausius [KLOU-zeeuhs]-Clapeyron equation solved for the natural logarithm of vapor pressure, vapor pressure and absolute temperature data can be plotted to give a straight line. Which of the following corresponds to the slope? W) -∆Hvap/R [negative delta H of vaporization over R] X) ∆Hvap/R [delta H of vaporization over R] Y) -R/∆Hvap [negative R over delta H of vaporization] Z) R/∆Hvap [R over delta H of vaporization]

ANSWER: W) -∆Hvap/R

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice In which of the following ways would oxygen's electrons fill the 3 p subshells? W) 1 pair, 2 unpaired X) 1 pair, 1 unpaired Y) 2 pairs Z) 3 pairs

ANSWER: W) 1 PAIR, 2 UNPAIRED

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The electronegativity of oxygen is 3.4 and the electronegativity of calcium is 1.0. Which of the following best describes the formation of the calcium oxide: W) 2 electrons are transferred from calcium to oxygen X) 2 electrons are transferred from oxygen to calcium Y) 2 electrons are shared between calcium and oxygen Z) 1 electron is shared and another is transferred from calcium to oxygen

ANSWER: W) 2 ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM CALCIUM TO OXYGEN

TOSS-UP15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following one-to-one solutions of liquids would be expected to show the most deviation from Raoult's Law's prediction of vapor pressure? W) A mixture of water and ethanol X) A mixture of pentane and hexane Y) A mixture of water and cyclohexanol Z) A mixture of acetone and chloroform

ANSWER: W) A MIXTURE OF WATER AND ETHANOL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) a reaction that requires free energy is spontaneous X) gases, as a group, have higher entropies than liquids Y) standard molar entropies of pure substances are always positive values Z) spontaneous processes involve non-equilibrium conditions

ANSWER: W) A REACTION THAT REQUIRES FREE ENERGY IS SPONTANEOUS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice An organic compound with the formula C₆H₁₄ is an: W) alkane X) alkene Y) alkyne Z) arene

ANSWER: W) ALKANE (Solution: alkanes = CnH(2n+2))

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements best explains why triethylamine [try-ethil-ah-MEEN] is more basic than ammonia? W) Alkyl groups elevate the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding HOMO X) Alkyl groups lower the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding HOMO Y) Alkyl groups elevate the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding LUMO Z) Alkyl groups lower the energy of nitrogen's nonbonding LUMO

ANSWER: W) ALKYL GROUPS ELEVATE THE ENERGY OF NITROGEN'S NONBONDING HOMO

ANSWER: W) ALLOW FOR MORE COMPLETE COMBUSTION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following anhydrous compounds has the lowest melting point? W) Aluminum chloride X) Calcium chloride Y) Copper (II) chloride Z) Lead (III) chloride

ANSWER: W) ALUMINUM CHLORIDE

Multiple Choice Which of the following would be the MOST soluble in water at room temperature: W) Aluminum sulfate X) Barium sulfate Y) Lead sulfate Z) Calcium sulfate

ANSWER: W) ALUMINUM SULFATE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a weak electrolyte: W) ammonia X) dilute sulfuric acid Y) 1 molar sodium chloride Z) dilute perchloric acid

ANSWER: W) AMMONIA

TOSS-UP12) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following compounds is both a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor? W) Ammonia X) Hydrogen chloride Y) Acetone Z) Triethylamine

ANSWER: W) AMMONIA

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Assuming a temperature where the net magnetic moment is nonzero, which of the following types of magnetism will have the weakest external field? W) Antiferromagnetism X) Ferromagnetism Y) Paramagnetism Z) Diamagnetism

ANSWER: W) ANTIFERROMAGNETISM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice An aqueous solution in which the concentration of OH- ions is greater than that of H+ ions is: W) basic X) acidic Y) neutral Z) in equilibrium

ANSWER: W) BASIC

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a substance whose molecular and empirical formulas are NOT the same: W) benzene X) water Y) ammonia Z) sulfur dioxide

ANSWER: W) BENZENE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an aliphatic hydrocarbon? W) Benzene X) Propane Y) Cyclopropane Z) Cyclopentene

ANSWER: W) BENZENE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is true about alkenes [ALkeens] and alkynes [AL-kyns]? W) Both are unsaturated compounds X) Both can undergo hydrogenation to lose hydrogens Y) Both can undergo oxygenation to lose oxygens Z) Both have carbon-carbon double bonds

ANSWER: W) BOTH ARE UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a molecule having a nonpolar covalent bond: W) bromine gas X) hydrogen fluoride Y) water Z) hydrogen bromide

ANSWER: W) BROMINE GAS

[bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following diatomic molecules will exhibit paramagnetism: W) B₂ X) N₂ Y) C₂ Z) F₂

ANSWER: W) B₂

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following compounds would be insoluble in an aqueous [AY-kwee-uhs] solution? W) Calcium carbonate X) Sodium nitrate Y) Ammonium hydroxide Z) Potassium perchlorate

ANSWER: W) CALCIUM CARBONATE

BONUS 5) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Ozonolysis [oh-zuh-NOL-uh-sis] cleaves which of the following? W) Carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes [AL-keens] X) Carbon-carbon bonds in alkanes Y) Oxygen-oxygen bonds Z) Bonds between carbon and hydrogen

ANSWER: W) CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BONDS IN ALKENES

(General Science) [bonus] Multiple Choice Most commercial asbestos was a fibrous variety of serpentine called: W) chrysotile X) kaolinite Y) magnetite Z) apatite

ANSWER: W) CHRYSOTILE

[bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following is the general formula for a noncyclic alkene (read carefully as: al-KEEN) with n number of carbon atoms: W) CₙH₂ₙ X) CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ Y) CₙH₂ₙ₋₂ Z) CₙH₂ₙ₊₁

ANSWER: W) CₙH₂ₙ

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The conversion of solid CaSO4 into solid CaO and SO2 gas is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) decomposition X) hydrolysis Y) combustion Z) single replacement

ANSWER: W) DECOMPOSITION

TOSS-UP5) Chemistry - Multiple Choice A supersaturated solution of sodium nitrate was prepared at 80 degrees Celsius but cooled to room temperature. Which of the following statements describes the addition of a seed crystal? W) Delta H is negative and Delta S is negative X) Delta H is positive and Delta S is negative Y) Delta H is negative and Delta S is positive Z) Delta H is positive and Delta S is positive

ANSWER: W) DELTA H IS NEGATIVE AND DELTA S IS NEGATIVE

TOSS-UP 15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following elemental substances is not at standard state? W) Diamond at 25 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere X) Rhombic sulfur at 25 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere Y) Gaseous dioxygen at 25 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere Z) Gaseous neon at 25 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere

ANSWER: W) DIAMOND AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS AND ONE ATMOSPHERE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true about aqueous solutions: W) diluting a buffer with water can change the pH of the water X) metal cations can act as weak acids in water solutions Y) an acid whose K(a) = 6 × 10⁻¹⁰ is weaker than an acid whose Ka = 5.8 × 10⁻⁴ Z) an acid whose pK(a) is 3.0 is stronger than an acid whose pK(a) is 7.0

ANSWER: W) DILUTING A BUFFER WITH WATER CAN CHANGE THE PH OF THE WATER

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice You are studying a material that has started to undergo thermal fatigue. Which of the following would be a good action to take to reduce this fatigue? W) Eliminate loading by design X) Add protective surface coating Y) Decrease corrosiveness of medium Z) Add residual compressive stresses

ANSWER: W) ELIMINATE LOADING BY DESIGN

Multiple Choice The principle quantum number 'n' of an electron largely determines its: W) energy X) spin Y) shape Z) orientation

ANSWER: W) ENERGY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following types of electrodes can cause problems because it is time-sensitive and its measurements result in a cumulative response? W) Enzyme X) Gas sensing Y) Solid state Z) Liquid membrane

ANSWER: W) ENZYME

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following substances is water soluble: W) ethanol X) dichloro-methane Y) chloroform Z) benzene

ANSWER: W) ETHANOL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following elements, in its gaseous state, has the greatest electron affinity? W) Fluorine X) Bromine Y) Sulfur Z) Chlorine

ANSWER: W) FLUORINE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The molal (read as: moe-lahl) is a concentration unit that is most appropriately used in experimental designs that determine: W) freezing point depression X) osmotic pressure Y) density Z) vapor pressure lowering

ANSWER: W) FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

[Bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following is a type of colloid that is classified as a sol at room temperature: W) gelatin X) milk Y) whipped cream Z) marshmallow

ANSWER: W) GELATIN (Solution: sol is a solid dispersed in a liquid)

[bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an aromatic amino acid: W) glutamine X) tryptophan Y) phenylalanine Z) tyrosine

ANSWER: W) GLUTAMINE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following represents the enthalpy [EN-thal-pee] change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point? W) Heat of fusion X) Heat of hydration Y) Heat of liquidation Z) Heat of vaporization

ANSWER: W) HEAT OF FUSION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The following gases are all at standard temperature and pressure. Which of the following gases will have the fastest root mean square speed? W) Helium X) Molecular nitrogen Y) Molecular oxygen Z) Sulfur dioxide

ANSWER: W) HELIUM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following properties is generally characteristic of metals? W) High heat conductivity X) Low electrical conductivity Y) High first ionization energies Z) Tendency to form negative ions

ANSWER: W) HIGH HEAT CONDUCTIVITY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the catalyst in the destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons: W) homogeneous X) heterogeneous Y) enzymatic Z) autocatalytic

ANSWER: W) HOMOGENEOUS (Solution: all in the same phase, namely gases)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following, when added to an aqueous [ayKWEE-uhs] sample containing calcium carbonate, would be most likely to produce bubbles? W) Hydrogen chloride X) Water Y) Ammonia Z) Lithium hydroxide

ANSWER: W) HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) hydrogen gas found in nature exists as a monatomic molecule X) when 2 oxygen atoms combine to form O2, energy is released Y) when chlorine gains 1 electron, it becomes larger Z) noble gases tend not to bond because of their stable valence configurations

ANSWER: W) HYDROGEN GAS FOUND IN NATURE EXISTS AS A MONATOMIC MOLECULE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a diprotic acid: W) H₂C₂O₄ X) H₃PO₄ Y) HCl Z) HNO₂

ANSWER: W) H₂C₂O₄ (Solution: oxalic acid with 2 acidic H atoms)

Multiple Choice Which of the following strong acids, all at 0.1 molar concentration, will have the LOWEST pH value: W) H₂SO₄ X) HNO₃ Y) HCl Z) HClO₄

ANSWER: W) H₂SO₄

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice What stress applied to an equilibrium [ee-kwuh-LIB-reeuhm] causes the equilibrium to shift to the side with fewer moles of gas? W) Increase in pressure X) Increase in volume Y) Increase in temperature Z) Addition of a catalyst

ANSWER: W) INCREASE IN PRESSURE

[bonus] Multiple Choice When going from left to right, elements in the same period of the Periodic Table have progressively smaller atomic radii because of: W) increased effective nuclear charge X) decreased effective nuclear charge Y) addition of electrons Z) addition of neutron

ANSWER: W) INCREASED EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE

BONUS4) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements concerning lattice enthalpies is not true? W) Increasing ion size will produce a larger lattice enthalpy X) Cations and anions that are more highly charged will produce larger lattice enthalpies Y) Lattice enthalpy correlates with the percentage ionic character of a compound Z) Lattice enthalpies can be calculated by summing up electrostatic interactions between all pairs of ions

ANSWER: W) INCREASING ION SIZE WILL PRODUCE A LARGER LATTICE ENTHALPY

Toss-Up4) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following acids is stronger than hydrofluoric acid? W) Iodic acid X) Formic acid Y) Acetic acid Z) Hypochlorous acid

ANSWER: W) IODIC ACID

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Carbon monoxide, or CO, will be adsorbed (read as: ADDsorbed) onto the surface of which of the following metals the MOST strongly: W) iron X) nickel Y) cobalt Z) gold

ANSWER: W) IRON

BONUS 3) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following would NOT be a good method to determine the molecular weight of a protein? W) Isoelectric focusing X) Electrophoresis [i-lek-troh-fuh-REE-sis] Y) Gel filtration Z) Ultracentrifugation

ANSWER: W) ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: If two solutions that are separated by a semipermeable membrane have the same osmotic pressure, they are said to be: W) isotonic X) hypotonic Y) hypertonic Z) hyperosmotic

ANSWER: W) ISOTONIC

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice What is the change in the parent atom atomic number upon alpha particle emission? W) It decreases by 2 X) It decreases by 1 Y) It increases by 1 Z) It increases by 2

ANSWER: W) IT DECREASES BY 2

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following compounds is most SOLUBLE in water at 10ºC: W) KNO₃ X) CaSO₄ Y) BaSO4₄ Z) AgBr

ANSWER: W) KNO₃

TOSS-UP 11) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Ceramic materials typically belong to what class of solid structure? W) Network solid X) Ionic solid Y) Molecular solid Z) Metallic solid

ANSWER: W) NETWORK SOLID

Toss-Up 11) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Ceramic materials typically belong to what class of solid structure? W) Network solid X) Ionic solid Y) Molecular solid Z) Metallic solid

ANSWER: W) NETWORK SOLID

Multiple Choice Which of the following salt solutions, all at 1.0 molar concentration, will have a pH value less than 7: W) NH₄Cl X) NaC₂H₃O₂ Y) KCl Z) LiBr

ANSWER: W) NH₄Cl

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following transition metals has the smallest atomic radius? W) Nickel X) Iron Y) Scandium Z) Cadmium

ANSWER: W) NICKEL

[bonus] (General Science)Multiple Choice Which of the following is the MOST conventional composite anode for solid oxide fuel cells that operate on pure hydrogen fuel: W) nickel oxide X) silicon oxide Y) iron oxide Z) zinc oxide

ANSWER: W) NICKEL OXIDE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is an example of an A+1 isotope? W) Nitrogen X) Oxygen Y) Sulfur Z) Fluorine

ANSWER: W) NITROGEN

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Sodium azide and potassium nitrate react to inflate an airbag during a car crash primarily by producing which of the following gases? W) Nitrogen X) Oxygen Y) Potassium oxide Z) Sodium nitrate

ANSWER: W) NITROGEN

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT generally true regarding trends for the representative elements in the Periodic Table: W) nonmetals predominate the periodic table X) metallic character increases from top to bottom Y) nonmetallic character increases from left to right Z) atomic radii increases from top to bottom

ANSWER: W) NONMETALS PREDOMINATE THE PERIODIC TABLE

BONUS10) Chemistry - Multiple Choice The rate-limiting step for a reaction involving Reactant X is X + X yields Y, where Y is a product. Which of the following quantities plotted against time would produce a straight line? W) One over molarity of X X) Molarity of X Y) Natural log of the molarity of X Z) Molarity of X squared

ANSWER: W) ONE OVER MOLARITY OF X

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following does NOT have the electron configuration of argon: W) O²⁻ X) Cl⁻ Y) S²⁻ Z) K⁺

ANSWER: W) O²⁻ (Solution: O²⁻ has configuration of neon)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice In titration, which of the following is most commonly used as an acid-base indicator in the pH 8 to pH 10 range? W) Phenolphthalein [fee-knoll-THAY-lean] X) Cresol red Y) Bromthymol blue Z) Methyl orange

ANSWER: W) PHENOLPHTHALEIN

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following elements has the valence electron configuration of 3s2 3p3 ? W) Phosphorus X) Oxygen Y) Bromine Z) Nitrogen

ANSWER: W) PHOSPHORUS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Consider the closed equilibrium [ee-kwuh-LIB-ree-uhm] system of calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water, which yields calcium ions and bicarbonate ions. Adding sodium bicarbonate to the solution will make which of the following true in the reaction? W) Q will be greater than K X) Q will be less than K Y) Q will be equal to K Z) Q and K both increase

ANSWER: W) Q WILL BE GREATER THAN K

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following silver salts with the given Ksp values has the greatest molar solubility? W) Silver chloride, Ksp = 1.8 x 10^-10 X) Silver bromide, Ksp = 5.0 x 10^-13 Y) Silver iodide, Ksp = 8.3 x 10^-17 Z) Silver cyanide, Ksp = 1.2 x 10^-16

ANSWER: W) SILVER CHLORIDE, Ksp = 1.8 x 10^-10

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following does NOT have an index of hydrogen deficiency of 3? W) Spiropentane [spy-roh-PEN-tayn] X) Norbornene [nohr-bohr-NEEN] Y) 1,3-cyclohexadiene [1 comma 3-sy-kloh-HEK-suh-deen] Z) trans-1,3,5-hexatriene [trans-1-comma-3-comma-5-hek-SUH-treen]

ANSWER: W) SPIROPENTANE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Identify which of the following types of copolymer [koh-POLuh-mer] would be represented by a molecule with the linkage pattern FGGFFFGFG? W) Statistical X) Block Y) Graft Z) Alternating

ANSWER: W) STATISTICAL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following pairs would most likely undergo a Heck reaction? W) Styrene and iodobenzene X) Ethylbenzene and phenol [FEE-nol] Y) Vinyl bromide and benzene Z) Cyclohexane [sy-kluh-HEK-sayn] and allyl bromide

ANSWER: W) STYRENE AND IODOBENZENE

TOSS-UP 21) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following pairs would most likely undergo a Heck reaction? W) Styrene and iodobenzene X) Ethylbenzene and phenol [FEE-nol] Y) Vinyl bromide and benzene Z) Cyclohexane [sy-kluh-HEK-sayn] and allyl bromide

ANSWER: W) STYRENE AND IODOBENZENE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The Michaelis-Menten assumptions are integral to understanding the kinetics of enzyme-based reactions. Which of the following is NOT one of these assumptions? W) Substrate is present in slightly greater quantities than the enzyme X) In a steady state, the concentration of the intermediate is always constant Y) Rate is highest when enzyme catalytic sites are saturated with substrate Z) The reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is reversible

ANSWER: W) SUBSTRATE IS PRESENT IN SLIGHTLY GREATER QUANTITIES THAN THE ENZYME

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Polycatenane [pol-ee-KAT-n-ayn] and polyrotaxane [pol-eero-TUH-ksayn] are examples of what type of unconventional polymer? W) Supramolecular X) Branched Y) Network Z) Dendrimer [DEN-druh-mer]

ANSWER: W) SUPRAMOLECULAR

ANSWER: W) T-SHAPED

TOSS-UP1) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following metals exhibits a strong inert-pair effect? W) Thallium X) Scandium Y) Zinc Z) Barium

ANSWER: W) THALLIUM

[bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following statements regarding the kinetic molecular theory of ideal gases is TRUE: W) the average kinetic energy of gaseous molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the sample X) the volume occupied by the atoms and/or molecules in a gas is large Y) collisions between gas particles are both elastic and inelastic Z) between collisions, molecules exert both attractive and repulsive forces on each other

ANSWER: W) THE AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY OF GASEOUS MOLECULES IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE OF THE SAMPLE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice In addition to the "sniff test", which of the following is a standard laboratory test for a sulfide, such as hydrogen sulfide gas: W) the gas passed over a filter paper soaked in colorless lead nitrate turns the paper brown X) when inserted into a flame, a glowing wooden splint bursts into flames Y) a flame test gives off a deep purple color Z) paper chromatography

ANSWER: W) THE GAS PASSED OVER A FILTER PAPER SOAKED IN COLORLESS LEAD NITRATE TURNS THE PAPER BROWN (Solution: H2S(g) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) ) --> 2HNO3 + PbS(s))

BONUS16) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Consider an arbitrary one-step polar reaction where an electrophile E and a nucleophile N react to form a single adduct. Let HOMO [hoe-moe] signify highest-occupied molecular orbital, and LUMO [lou-moe] signify lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Which of the following is true? W) The HOMO of N interacts with the LUMO of E X) The HOMO of E interacts with the LUMO of N Y) The HOMO of N interacts with the HOMO of E Z) The LUMO of N interacts with the LUMO of E

ANSWER: W) THE HOMO OF N INTERACTS WITH THE LUMO OF E

(general science) Multiple Choice Case hardening is a process through which: W) the surface of a metal is hardened X) the metal is hardened completely through Y) the hardness of a metal is determined Z) metals are shaped or formed

ANSWER: W) THE SURFACE OF A METAL IS HARDENED

BONUS15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Maple tree sap has a density of 1.010 grams per centimeter cubed and is approximately 3.0% sucrose by mass in water. What is the molarity of sucrose in sap? W) 0.074 X) 0.089 Y) 0.101 Z) 0.890

ANSWER: X) 0.089

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to the pKa of an acid whose Ka = 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ : W) 2.3 X) 3.3 Y) 4.0 Z) 5.0

ANSWER: X) 3.3 (Solution: pKa = -log₁₀Ka = 3.3)

ANSWER: X) 3.7-TIMES (Solution: r(H2)/r(n2) = sqrt(28g/mol) / sqrt(2g/mol) = 3.7)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The molar heat of vaporization for water at its boiling point and in kilojoules per mole is: W) 6.01 X) 40.7 Y) 540 Z) 2,260

ANSWER: X) 40.7

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The intensity of absorption maxima in a visible spectrum depends upon which of the following characteristics? W) Ligand field splitting parameter X) Allowedness of the transitions Y) Electron configuration of the metal center Z) Degree of inter-electron repulsion

ANSWER: X) ALLOWEDNESS OF THE TRANSITIONS

BONUS12) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following compounds is produced by the Haber process? W) Sulfuric acid X) Ammonia Y) Sulfur dioxide Z) Nitric acid

ANSWER: X) AMMONIA

TOSS-UP15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice An aqueous solution of dissolved silver nitrate is added to an aqueous solution of dissolved potassium iodide. Which of the following species will not be in the net ionic equation? W) Aqueous silver plus one ions X) Aqueous nitrate ions Y) Solid silver iodide Z) Aqueous iodide

ANSWER: X) AQUEOUS NITRATE IONS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following best explains the difference between real gases and ideal gases? W) At low pressure, intermolecular attractions become significant X) At high pressure, intermolecular attractions become significant Y) As pressure decreases, the volume of the gas itself also decreases Z) As pressure increases, the volume of the gas itself also increases

ANSWER: X) AT HIGH PRESSURE, INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTIONS BECOME SIGNIFICANT

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice For the molecular orbital diagram of H₂, in which of the following locations are the electrons located? W) One electron in each hydrogen's 1s atomic orbital X) Both electrons in the sigma 1s orbital Y) Both electrons in the sigma* [sigma-star] 1s orbital Z) Both electrons in the pi 1s orbital

ANSWER: X) BOTH ELECTRONS IN THE SIGMA 1S ORBITAL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following spectral series has a final energy level of 4? W) Paschen [PA-shen] X) Brackett Y) Pfund [PFOONT] Z) Lyman

ANSWER: X) BRACKETT

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a proper comparison between ductile and brittle fracture? W) Ductile has an unstable crack and brittle has a stable crack X) Brittle has relatively little plastic deformation, while ductile has extensive deformation Y) Brittle doesn't occur in cold metals while ductile does Z) Brittle fracture is preferred in most applications

ANSWER: X) BRITTLE HAS RELATIVELY LITTLE PLASTIC DEFORMATION, WHILE DUCTILE HAS EXTENSIVE DEFORMATION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Ca(OH)₂, NaOH, and Ba(OH)₂, are all: W) weak bases X) completely ionized in water Y) alkali halides Z) standard buffers

ANSWER: X) COMPLETELY IONIZED IN WATER

Chemistry - Multiple Choice After ammonia is added to an unknown solution, a light blue precipitate forms. After adding more ammonia and stirring, the blue precipitate dissolves to form a royal blue solution. The initial solution most likely contains which of the following? W) Zinc X) Copper Y) Chromium Z) Manganese

ANSWER: X) COPPER

TOSS-UP11 ) Chemistry - Multiple Choice After ammonia is added to an unknown solution, a light blue precipitate forms. After adding more ammonia and stirring, the blue precipitate dissolves to form a royal blue solution. The initial solution most likely contains which of the following? W) Zinc X) Copper Y) Chromium Z) Manganese

ANSWER: X) COPPER

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a molecule with a square pyramidal molecular geometry around its central atom: W) PCl₅ X) ClF₅ Y) XeF₄ Z) SF₆

ANSWER: X) ClF₅ (Solution: PCl₅ = trigonal bipyramidal; XeF₄ = square planar; SF₆ = octahedral)

[Bonus] Multiple Choice: If a substance has a molecular weight of 88, which of the following will it be: W) KCl X) C₄H₈O₂ Y) RbF Z) C₆H₁₄

ANSWER: X) C₄H₈O₂

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following pure substances has the highest melting point at 1 atmosphere of pressure: W) magnesium oxide X) diamond Y) sodium chloride Z) cesium chloride

ANSWER: X) DIAMOND (Solution: MgO = 2800ºC; diamond = 3550ºC; NaCl = 801ºC; Cs = 645ºC)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A beaker of concentrated aqueous ammonia is placed next to a beaker of concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid at room temperature. After a short while, a white cloud forms between the beakers. This is a demonstration of: W) effusion X) diffusion Y) efflorescence Z) effervescence

ANSWER: X) DIFFUSION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The release of hydrogen gas in the above experiment is called: W) combustion X) effervescence Y) diffusion Z) ebullition

ANSWER: X) EFFERVESCENCE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true when writing electron configurations? W) Atomic orbitals can accommodate two electrons X) Electrons pair in degenerate orbitals when possible Y) Electrons will populate orbitals to maximize spin Z) Noble gas cores are often used to truncate longer configurations

ANSWER: X) ELECTRONS PAIR IN DEGENERATE ORBITALS WHEN POSSIBLE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A Buchner (read as: BYOU-kh-ner) funnel is a piece of laboratory glassware often used in chemistry labs for which of the following procedures: W) combustion X) filtration Y) centrifugation Z) distillation

ANSWER: X) FILTRATION

(General Science) Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a fermentation product of yogurt: W) acetaldehyde X) formaldehyde Y) acetic acid Z) lactic acid

ANSWER: X) FORMALDEHYDE

(General Science) Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate: W) tetraethyl lead was once commonly added to gasoline to prevent engine knocking X) free radicals are not known to play a role in biological processes Y) catalase reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen Z) bottled mineral water typically contains higher total dissolved solids than tap water

ANSWER: X) FREE RADICALS ARE NOT KNOWN TO PLAY A ROLE IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

BONUS18) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following occurs when a dilute solution of ammonia is added to a solution containing iron(III) ions? W) Fe(NH₂)₃ precipitates X) Fe(OH)₃ precipitates Y) The solution turns from yellow to blue Z) Hydrogen gas is given off

ANSWER: X) Fe(OH)₃ PRECIPITATES

Multiple Choice Dalton's gas law applies primarily to: W) non-ideal gases X) gas mixtures Y) density of gases Z) molar mass of gas

ANSWER: X) GAS MIXTURES

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a gas that is tested for by ignition in air on contact with a lighted splint to produce a high-pitched "popping" sound: W) oxygen X) hydrogen Y) helium Z) nitrogen monoxide

ANSWER: X) HYDROGEN

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules exhibits a dipole moment: W) CH₄ X) H₂S Y) CO₂ Z) SO₃

ANSWER: X) H₂S

TOSS-UP4) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Consider a reaction vessel at equilibrium where gaseous oxygen and fluorine are reacting to generate liquid oxygen difluoride. The enthalpy of formation of oxygen difluoride is positive. Which of the following pertubations would increase the yield of oxygen difluoride? W) Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel X) Increasing the temperature of the reaction vessel Y) Increasing the pressure of the reaction vessel by adding helium gas Z) Removing oxygen gas from the reaction vessel

ANSWER: X) INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE REACTION VESSEL

TOSS-UP16) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the kinetics of radioactive decay? W) It is a zeroth order process X) It is a first order process Y) It is a second order process Z) It is a third order process

ANSWER: X) IT IS A FIRST ORDER PROCESS

Toss-Up 16) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the kinetics of radioactive decay? W) It is a zeroth order process X) It is a first order process Y) It is a second order process Z) It is a third order process

ANSWER: X) IT IS A FIRST ORDER PROCESS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is usually TRUE about an unsaturated fatty acid? W) It is from vegetable sources and is solid at room temperature X) It is from vegetable sources and is liquid at room temperature Y) It is from animal sources and is solid at room temperature Z) It is from animal sources and is liquid at room temperature

ANSWER: X) IT IS FROM VEGETABLE SOURCES AND IS LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Propranolol [proh-PRAN-uh-lol] hydrochloride is a stable solid that belongs to a class of molecules known as beta blockers, and is prescribed as a racemic [ray-SEE-mik] mixture. Which of the following is NOT true with respect to propranolol hydrochloride? W) It will not rotate plane-polarized light X) It is optically pure Y) It is achiral [ay-KY-ruhl] Z) It includes equal amounts of each enantiomer [i-NAN-tee-uh-mer]

ANSWER: X) IT IS OPTICALLY PURE

BONUS 11) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following accurately depicts the hybridization [HY-bri-dy-zay-shuhn] of each atom in the molecule krypton difluoride? W) Krypton: sp³ ; each fluorine: sp³ X) Krypton: sp³ d; each fluorine: sp³ Y) Krypton: sp³ d² ; each fluorine: sp² Z) Krypton: sp³ d; each fluorine: sp²

ANSWER: X) KRYPTON: sp³ d; EACH FLUORINE: sp³

Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) actinides are characterized by occupying the f-block of the periodic table X) lanthanides are characterized by occupying the d-block of the periodic table Y) alkali metals are the most reactive of all metallic elements Z) actinides are metals

ANSWER: X) LANTHANIDES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY OCCUPYING THE D-BLOCK OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Multiple Choice When iron becomes the ion Fe²+, it W) loses two, 3d electrons X) loses two, 4s electrons Y) gains two, 3d electrons Z) gains two, 4s electrons

ANSWER: X) LOSES TWO, 4S ELECTRONS (Solution: electrons are lost from orbital with highest n quantum number)

(General Science) Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a trace element in coal that is a pollutant and neurotoxin released into the atmosphere when coal is burned, for which some states are currently developing technologies to reduce these emissions by 70 to 90%: W) sulfur X) mercury Y) carbon Z) chromium

ANSWER: X) MERCURY

(General Science) [BONUS] Multiple Choice: Which of the following reagents would be labeled as highly flammable because of its low flash point: W) glycerol X) methanol Y) carbon tetrachloride Z) sulfuric acid

ANSWER: X) METHANOL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following substances has the greatest density: W) hexane X) methylene chloride Y) diethyl ether Z) ethyl acetate

ANSWER: X) METHYLENE CHLORIDE (Solution: halogenated solvents possess a higher density than non-halogenated ones)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following are the units of the rate constant for a 2nd order reaction given that concentration is measured in molarity and time in seconds: W) M⁻²s⁻¹ X) M⁻¹s⁻¹ Y) Ms⁻¹ Z) M⁻²minutes⁻1

ANSWER: X) M⁻¹s⁻¹ (Solution: units relationship is M^(1-order)× time⁻¹)

TOSS-UP19) Chemistry - Multiple Choice If molten sodium is burned in a pure oxygen atmosphere, a salt is formed. Which of the following is the likely identity of this salt? W) Na₂O X) Na₂O₂ Y) NaO₂ Z) NaO₃

ANSWER: X) Na₂O₂

BONUS1) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following diatomic ions is isoelectronic with the dioxygen molecule? W) N₂+ X) OF+ Y) OF- Z) NO+

ANSWER: X) OF+

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules has a double covalent bond: W) hydrogen X) oxygen Y) nitrogen Z) methane

ANSWER: X) OXYGEN

BONUS11 ) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following solutions, when mixed one-to-one, will exhibit the smallest deviation from Raoult's [rah-oolt's] law? W) Pentane and water X) Pentane and hexane Y) Chloroform and acetone Z) Water and ethanol

ANSWER: X) PENTANE AND HEXANE

[bonus] Multiple Choice The oxidation number of oxygen is -1 in: W) normal oxides X) peroxides Y) superoxides Z) lithium oxide

ANSWER: X) PEROXIDES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice In order to enhance the activity of the catalyst, a textural or chemical promoter may be used in ammonia synthesis. Which of the following is an example of a chemical promoter? W) Calcium oxide X) Potassium oxide Y) Aluminum oxide Z) Silicon dioxide

ANSWER: X) POTASSIUM OXIDE

Multiple Choice According to the Bronsted-Lowry system, a base is defined as which of the following: W) electron pair acceptor X) proton acceptor Y) proton donor Z) hydroxide donor

ANSWER: X) PROTON ACCEPTOR

TOSS-UP12) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements regarding reaction intermediates is true? W) There is precisely one reaction intermediate in a one step reaction X) Reaction intermediates are local minima on the reaction coordinate scheme Y) Reaction intermediates are synonymous with activated complexes Z) The concentrations of reaction intermediates cannot influence reaction rate

ANSWER: X) REACTION INTERMEDIATES ARE LOCAL MINIMA ON THE REACTION COORDINATE SCHEME

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following allotropes of phosphorous consists of chains of covalently-linked P4 tetrahedra? W) White phosphorous X) Red phosphorous Y) Black phosphorous Z) Violet phosphorous

ANSWER: X) RED PHOSPHOROUS

TOSS-UP10) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following allotropes of phosphorous consists of chains of covalently-linked P4 tetrahedra? W) White phosphorous X) Red phosphorous Y) Black phosphorous Z) Violet phosphorous

ANSWER: X) RED PHOSPHOROUS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Dr. Ecniecs, the evil genius, has released multiple dangerous weather balloons into the atmosphere, filled with his new concoction - Boomgas! If the density of Boomgas drops below one third of its density at room temperature, it will explode with the force of 1/10th of an atomic bomb. Which of the following disposal methods would force the balloons to explode? W) Throwing weighted balloons into the sea X) Releasing the balloons into space Y) Cryogenically storing the balloons in liquid nitrogen Z) Venting Boomgas from the balloons

ANSWER: X) RELEASING THE BALLOONS INTO SPACE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a buffering agent? W) Magnesium oxide X) Rubidium hydroxide Y) Ammonia Z) Monopotassium phosphate

ANSWER: X) RUBIDIUM HYDROXIDE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following types of structures describes a beta sheet? W) Primary X) Secondary Y) Tertiary [TER-shee-er-ee] Z) Quaternary [KWOT-er-ner-ree]

ANSWER: X) SECONDARY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The reaction Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂ → 3Fe + 4H₂O, is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) decomposition X) single replacement Y) combustion Z) combination

ANSWER: X) SINGLE REPLACEMENT

TOSS-UP19) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Macrophages use NADPH oxidase to generate what chemical, which is then used to destroy invading bacteria? W) Hypochlorite ions X) Superoxide ions Y) Hydroxide ions Z) Chloric acid

ANSWER: X) SUPEROXIDE IONS

BONUS 15) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is true about benzene? W) The carbons are alternately sp² and sp³ hybridized X) The carbon atoms are all sp² hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital Y) Some of the carbon atoms exhibit tetrahedral geometries Z) The carbon atoms are all sp³ hybridized

ANSWER: X) THE CARBON ATOMS ARE ALL SP2 HYBRIDIZED WITH AN UNHYBRIDIZED P ORBITAL

BONUS18) Chemistry - Multiple Choice A 100 gram sample of a pure compound is found to contain 3.22 moles of carbon, 16.1 moles of hydrogen, and 3.22 moles of nitrogen by elemental analysis. Which of the following statements must be true? W) The chemical formula of the sample is C2H10N2 X) The empirical formula of the sample is CH5N Y) The chemical formula of the sample is CH5N Z) The empirical formula of the sample is C2H10N2

ANSWER: X) THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA OF THE SAMPLE IS CH5N

BONUS6) Chemistry - Multiple Choice For the reaction N₂ + 3H₂ in equilibrium with 2NH₃, with a negative change in enthalpy, which of the following events is least likely to occur when the temperature of the reaction is increased? W) The gas particles will speed up X) The reaction will produce more ammonia Y) The reaction will reverse Z) The entropy of the system will increase

ANSWER: X) THE REACTION WILL PRODUCE MORE AMMONIA

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a property of all amino acids? W) They contain both carboxylic acid and amine functional groups X) They are chiral [KY-ruhl] Y) They are considered organic molecules Z) They are generally referred to by their common name

ANSWER: X) THEY ARE CHIRAL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is TRUE of ceramics? W) They are homogeneous X) They are heterogeneous (read as: heh-teh-roh-JEE-nee-is) Y) They are chelates Z) They are a form of glass

ANSWER: X) THEY ARE HETEROGENEOUS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice If an endothermic reaction is at equilibrium, how will the equilibrium shift if the temperature is raised? W) Toward the reactants X) Toward the products Y) Toward both the reactants and the products Z) It will not shift in either direction

ANSWER: X) TOWARD THE PRODUCTS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following represents the electron-pair geometry of the central oxygen atom of ozone? W) Linear X) Trigonal planar Y) Tetrahedral Z) Trigonal bipyramidal

ANSWER: X) TRIGONAL PLANAR

Chemistry - Multiple Choice According to VSEPR theory, which of the following could NOT be the molecular geometry of a compound with a trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry? W) Trigonal bipyramidal [BYE-peer-ah-MID-al] X) Trigonal pyramidal Y) Linear Z) See-saw

ANSWER: X) TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the final product of purine metabolism excreted in the urine? W) Urea X) Uric acid Y) Ammonia Z) Ammonium

ANSWER: X) URIC ACID

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following atomic features is the most important in controlling the reactivity of an atom: W) core electrons X) valence-shell electrons Y) protons Z) neutrons

ANSWER: X) VALENCE-SHELL ELECTRONS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a substance that is very reactive with the oxygen in air and must be stored under water or some other substance to keep it from becoming incendiary: W) fullerene X) white phosphorous Y) calcium fluoride Z) calcium oxide

ANSWER: X) WHITE PHOSPHOROUS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is true of the compression of a system? W) Work is done on the system, and dV and dw are greater than 0 X) Work is done on the system, dV is less than 0, and dw is greater than 0 Y) Work is done by the system, dV is greater than 0, and dw is less than 0 Z) Work is done by the system, and dV and dw are less than 0

ANSWER: X) WORK IS DONE ON THE SYSTEM, dV IS LESS THAN 0, AND dw IS GREATER THAN 0

(General Science) Multiple Choice Which of the following is a mint-flavoring used in chewing gum, toothpaste, and mouthwashes produced naturally in fruits and vegetables: W) wintergreen X) xylitol Y) winterol Z) arabinose

ANSWER: X) XYLITOL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the molarity of a 3.0 liter solution that contains 21 grams of methane? W) 0.15 X) 0.32 Y) 0.44 Z) 0.56

ANSWER: Y) 0.44

[bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following is a tertiary alcohol: W) 2-propanol X) ethanol Y) 2-methyl-2-propanol Z) 1,2-ethanediol

ANSWER: Y) 2-METHYL-2-PROPANOL

BONUS 25) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Given that the standard enthalpy [EN-thal-pee] of formation for solid calcium carbonate is -1200 kilojoules per mole, for solid calcium oxide is -600 kilojoules per mole, and for gaseous carbon dioxide is -400 kilojoules per mole, which of the following is the standard enthalpy change in kilojoules per mole for the reaction: CaCO₃ ->(s) [yields] CaO (s) + CO2 (g)? W) -400 X) -200 Y) 200 Z) 600 [NOTE: (S) = SOLID; (G) = GASEOUS]

ANSWER: Y) 200

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Heat, Q, is added to a monatomic ideal gas under conditions of constant volume, resulting in a temperature change, delta T. How much heat will be required to produce the same temperature change, if it is added under conditions of constant pressure? W) 3/5 Q X) Q Y) 5/3 Q Z) 2 Q

ANSWER: Y) 5/3 Q

TOSS-UP16) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Heat, Q, is added to a monatomic ideal gas under conditions of constant volume, resulting in a temperature change, delta T. How much heat will be required to produce the same temperature change, if it is added under conditions of constant pressure? W) 3/5 Q X) Q Y) 5/3 Q Z) 2 Q

ANSWER: Y) 5/3 Q

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the atomic sublevel with the next highest energy after the 4p sublevel: W) 4d X) 4f Y) 5s Z) 5p

ANSWER: Y) 5s

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules can ionize in water? W) Ethyl acetate X) Diethyl ether Y) Acetic acid Z) Acetic anhydride

ANSWER: Y) ACETIC ACID

TOSS-UP18) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following metals will not readily react with cold water to generate hydrogen gas and the corresponding metal hydroxide due to the existence of a nonreactive metal oxide layer coating the metal? W) Lithium X) Calcium Y) Aluminum Z) Rubidium

ANSWER: Y) ALUMINUM

Multiple Choice Solvents, such as water, that can both donate and accept protons are typically described as: W) resonant X) metalloid Y) amphoteric Z) polyprotic

ANSWER: Y) AMPHOTERIC

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following pairings of quantum numbers n, l, and m CANNOT be correct? W) An electron in nickel's 3d orbital: 3, 2, 2 X) An electron in phosphorus's 2s orbital: 2, 0, 0 Y) An electron in potassium's 3p orbital: 3, 2, -1 Z) An electron in oxygen's 2p orbital: 2, 1, +1

ANSWER: Y) AN ELECTRON IN POTASSIUM'S 3P ORBITAL: 3, 2, -1

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is false regarding the reaction A(g) + B(s) C(s)? (READ IS: A gaseous plus B solid yields C solid) W) As pressure decreases, reaction rate decreases X) As temperature increases, reaction rate increases Y) As surface area increases, reaction rate decreases Z) When a catalyst is added, reaction rate increases [NOTE: = YIELDS; (G) = GASEOUS; (S) = SOLID]

ANSWER: Y) AS SURFACE AREA INCREASES, REACTION RATE DECREASES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the most common linkage between successive monomers in cellulose? W) Alpha-1, 4 X) Alpha-1, 6 Y) Beta-1, 4 Z) Beta-1, 6

ANSWER: Y) BETA-1, 4

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a proposed step in the Suzuki reaction catalytic cycle? W) Oxidative addition X) Transmetalation Y) Beta-hydride elimination Z) Reductive elimination

ANSWER: Y) BETA-HYDRIDE ELIMINATION

Multiple Choice The titration of a weak base, 0.100 molar NaCN, with a strong acid, 0.100 molar HCl, results in a solution at the equivalence point having a pH of: W) between 7 and 10 X) 7 Y) between 4 and 7 Z) between 1 and 3

ANSWER: Y) BETWEEN 4 AND 7

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules does NOT have D3h symmetry? W) Phosphorus pentachloride X) Cyclopropane Y) Boric acid Z) Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane

ANSWER: Y) BORIC ACID

BONUS6) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following elements can stably bond with three atoms, leaving it with an empty p orbital? W) Sulfur X) Oxygen Y) Boron Z) Helium

ANSWER: Y) BORON

BONUS 4) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules has a tetrahedral molecular geometry? W) Sulfur tetrafluoride X) Xenon tetrafluoride Y) Carbon tetrafluoride Z) Bromine tetrafluoride anion

ANSWER: Y) CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE

TOSS-UP16) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following is true concerning a chemical system at a state of dynamic equilibrium? W) Forward and reverse rate constants are both equal to one X) Change in enthalpy for the reaction at standard state is zero Y) Change in Gibbs free energy is zero Z) Molar entropy of products minus molar entropy of reactants is zero

ANSWER: Y) CHANGE IN GIBBS FREE ENERGY IS ZERO

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following period 3 elements has the smallest atomic radius? W) Sodium X) Phosphorus Y) Chlorine Z) Aluminum

ANSWER: Y) CHLORINE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following catabolic pathways liberates carbon dioxide? W) Electron transport X) Glycolysis [gly-KOL-uh-sis] Y) Citric acid cycle Z) Cori cycle

ANSWER: Y) CITRIC ACID CYCLE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Consider the following reaction: 5H2O(l)+ S2O3 ^2- + 4Cl2 (aq) → [yields] 8Cl ^- (aq) + 2SO4 ^(2-) (aq) + 10H ^+ . What is the oxidizing agent in this reaction? W) Cl X) S2O3 ^2- Y) Cl2 Z) H2O

ANSWER: Y) Cl2

TOSS-UP12) Chemistry - Multiple Choice According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following diatomic molecules is paramagnetic? W) Dicarbon X) Dinitrogen Y) Dioxygen Z) Difluorine

ANSWER: Y) DIOXYGEN

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: A Lewis base is defined as any species that does which of the following in a chemical reaction: W) donates a proton X) accepts a proton Y) donates a pair of electrons Z) accepts a pair of electrons

ANSWER: Y) DONATES A PAIR OF ELECTRONS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The reaction CuCl₂ + Na₂S → CuS + 2NaCl₂, is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) synthesis X) single replacement Y) double replacement Z) decomposition

ANSWER: Y) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

Multiple Choice The reaction Ca(OH)₂ + 2HCl → 2H₂O + CaCl₂, is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) synthesis X) single replacement Y) double replacement Z) decomposition

ANSWER: Y) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Isoelectronic atoms and ions are identical in which of the following ways? W) Electron affinity X) Ionization energy Y) Electron configuration Z) Effective nuclear charge

ANSWER: Y) ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the theoretical end of a titration: W) end point X) indicator point Y) equivalence point Z) standardization point

ANSWER: Y) EQUIVALENCE POINT (Solution: end point is the observed end of a titration)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a strong acid? W) Nitric acid X) Perchloric acid Y) Formic acid Z) Hydroiodic acid

ANSWER: Y) FORMIC ACID

TOSS-UP 3) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following groups of elements have the strongest or highest electron affinities, corresponding to the largest release of energy: W) group 1A X) group 2A Y) group 7A Z) group 8A

ANSWER: Y) GROUP 7A

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Recycling code 2 indicates which of the following types of plastic? W) Polyvinyl chloride X) Polystyrene (read as: pahl-i-STYR-een) Y) High-density polyethylene Z) Polyethylene terephthalate

ANSWER: Y) HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

BONUS 21) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following sets are all strong electrolytes? W) Hydrogen chloride, phosphoric acid, acetic acid X) Hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide Y) Hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide, lithium hydroxide, nitric acid Z) Ammonia, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide

ANSWER: Y) HYDROGEN IODIDE, HYDROGEN BROMIDE, LITHIUM HYDROXIDE, NITRIC ACID

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules has a permanent dipole moment? W) Carbon dioxide X) Methane Y) Hydrogen sulfide Z) Molecular nitrogen

ANSWER: Y) HYDROGEN SULFIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the incident and exit beams in attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy? W) Incident beam is photons and exit beam is electrons X) Incident and exit beams are ions Y) Incident and exit beams are photons Z) Incident and exit beams are electrons

ANSWER: Y) INCIDENT AND EXIT BEAMS ARE PHOTONS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a metallic element, composes about 5% of the Earth's crust, oxidizes very easily, and when pure is a dark, silver-grey metal: W) cobalt X) nickel Y) iron Z) titanium

ANSWER: Y) IRON

TOSS-UP4) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following is not true of oxalic acid? W) It is a diprotic acid X) It can be oxidized to carbon dioxide Y) It contains three oxygen atoms per molecule Z) It contains two carbon atoms per molecule

ANSWER: Y) IT CONTAINS THREE OXYGEN ATOMS PER MOLECULE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice In atomic orbital overlap, which of the following is true of destructive interference? W) It gives a bonding orbital and no nodes X) It gives an antibonding orbital and a node parallel to the internuclear axis Y) It gives an antibonding orbital and a node perpendicular to the internuclear axis Z) It gives an antibonding orbital and no nodes

ANSWER: Y) IT GIVES AN ANTIBONDING ORBITAL AND A NODE PERPENDICULAR TO THE INTERNUCLEAR AXIS

(General Science) Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT true: W) phosphorous is used in the manufacture of detergents X) nitric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizers Y) lead ore is most commonly mined in bauxite Z) flotation separation is used in the preparation of ores

ANSWER: Y) LEAD ORE IS MOST COMMONLY MINED IN BAUXITE (Solution: lead ore is galena)

BONUS 3) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Which of the following is the local VSEPR geometry of a triplybonded alkyne carbon? W) Tetrahedral X) Trigonal planar Y) Linear Z) Bent

ANSWER: Y) LINEAR

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following carbohydrates will most easily dissolve in water? W) Glycogen [GLY-kuh-juhn] X) Starch Y) Maltose [MOHL-tohs] Z) Cellulose

ANSWER: Y) MALTOSE

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an EXTENSIVE property of matter: W) temperature X) density Y) mass Z) viscosity

ANSWER: Y) MASS (Solution: extensive properties depend on the amount of substance present)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true in the titration of a weak monoprotic acid with a strong base? W) The starting pH will be lower than 7 X) The final pH will be higher than 7 Y) Methyl red would be a good indicator to use Z) Phenolphthalein [fee-knol-THAY-leen] would be a good indicator to use

ANSWER: Y) METHYL RED WOULD BE A GOOD INDICATOR TO USE

(General Science) [bonus] Multiple Choice The separation of proteins using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is primarily based on: W) charge only X) charge and shape Y) molecular mass Z) shape only

ANSWER: Y) MOLECULAR MASS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is true for an adiabatic process? W) Temperature remains constant X) Pressure remains constant Y) Net heat transfer to the surroundings is zero Z) Work done on the surroundings is zero

ANSWER: Y) NET HEAT TRANSFER TO THE SURROUNDINGS IS ZERO

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following techniques in the field of nanotechnology is considered to be non-destructive, non-volatile, and easy to integrate? W) Molecular electronic switch X) Room temperature single electron transistor Y) Ovonics unified memory Z) Spin resonance transistor

ANSWER: Y) OVONICS UNIFIED MEMORY

(General Science) [BONUS] Multiple Choice: Which of the following is LEAST accurate regarding non-fuel petroleum products: W) petroleum jelly is often used to make household toiletries X) asphalt is often used in making roof shingles Y) petrochemicals are used to make latex Z) printing inks and paint solvents are often petroleum-based

ANSWER: Y) PETROCHEMICALS ARE USED TO MAKE LATEX

BONUS4) Chemistry - Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is not an assumption or result of the kinetic molecular theory of gases? W) Gas particles occupy negligible volume X) Gas particles conserve energy during collisions Y) Pressure is dependent on attractive forces between particles Z) Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy for a particle

ANSWER: Y) PRESSURE IS DEPENDENT ON ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN PARTICLES

Multiple Choice According to the Arrhenius theory, an Arrhenius acid is any substance that does which of the following in a chemical reaction: W) donates a pair of electrons X) accepts a pair of electrons Y) produces H+ ions in aqueous solution Z) produces OH- ions in aqueous solution

ANSWER: Y) PRODUCES H+ IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

ANSWER: Y) PURE LIQUIDS APPEAR IN THE EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION BUT PURE SOLIDS DO NOT (Solution: pure solids and liquids do not appear in the equilibrium expression)

TOSS-UP18) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following quantities increases with the addition of a catalyst? W) Gibbs free energy X) Activation energy Y) Reaction rate Z) Equilibrium constant

ANSWER: Y) REACTION RATE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following protein purification techniques coats proteins with a negative charge after they are denatured? W) Affinity chromatography X) Isoelectric focusing Y) SDS-PAGE Z) Ion exchange chromatography

ANSWER: Y) SDS-PAGE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following reactions would be most expected to form a racemic [ray-SEE-mik] product mixture? W) E1 X) E2 Y) SN1 Z) SN2

ANSWER: Y) SN1

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a method to separate two liquids? W) Fractional distillation X) Chromatography Y) Sonication Z) Extraction

ANSWER: Y) SONICATION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice According to VSEPR bonding theory, if 2 of the bonded atoms in an octahedral molecule are replaced by 2 electron pairs, the molecule will assume what geometric shape, such as in XeF₄: W) linear X) trigonal bipyramidal Y) square planar Z) square pyramidal

ANSWER: Y) SQUARE PLANAR

Multiple Choice: Which of the following properties BEST explains why small liquid water droplets on a clean sheet of glass often coalesce into larger spherical water droplets: W) tensile strength X) capillary action Y) surface tension Z) viscosity

ANSWER: Y) SURFACE TENSION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A sample of gas is heated from 300K to 500K. If the container is sealed and of fixed volume, which of the following will remain constant: W) the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules X) the average speed of the gas molecules Y) the density of the gas Z) the pressure of the gas

ANSWER: Y) THE DENSITY OF THE GAS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice With regard to a graph illustrating the distribution of molecular speeds for a gas at different temperatures, which of the following occurs as temperature decreases? W) The curve flattens X) The average speed increases Y) The percentage of gas at higher speeds decreases Z) The mean free path decreases

ANSWER: Y) THE PERCENTAGE OF GAS AT HIGHER SPEEDS DECREASES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Steam cracking is one process used in the manufacture of lighter olefins. Which of the following is NOT true of steam cracking? W) Increasing temperature shifts cracking to the ends of molecules X) Short residence times cause more olefin formation Y) The reaction is favored by high pressure Z) To minimize coke formation, steam may be added

ANSWER: Y) THE REACTION IS FAVORED BY HIGH PRESSURE

Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true regarding general trends for the representative elements in the Periodic Table: W) simple positive ions are always smaller than the neutral atoms from which they are formed X) elements with low ionization energies lose electrons easily Y) the size of anions increases from left to right Z) electronegativities increase from left to right

ANSWER: Y) THE SIZE OF ANIONS INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of halogens: W) iodine is the least reactive of the stable halogens X) elemental halogens exist as diatomic molecules containing single covalent bonds Y) their outermost electron configuration is represented by ns₂ np₆ Z) halides of typical metals are ionic

ANSWER: Y) THEIR OUTERMOST ELECTRON CONFIGURATION IS REPRESENTED BY NS₂ NP₆

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is true for the isotopes of an element? W) They cannot be separated at all X) They have equal masses Y) They have similar chemical behavior Z) They cannot be separated by physical methods

ANSWER: Y) THEY HAVE SIMILAR CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements regarding geometric or cis-trans isomers is NOT true: W) they have the same molecular formula X) they have the same order of attachment of atoms Y) they have the same orientation around a double bond Z) they have the same functional groups

ANSWER: Y) THEY HAVE THE SAME ORIENTATION AROUND A DOUBLE BOND

TOSS-UP13) Chemistry - Multiple Choice What reagent could be used to transform ethanoic acid into acetyl chloride? W) Hydrogen chloride X) Sodium chloride Y) Thionyl chloride Z) Magnesium chloride

ANSWER: Y) THIONYL CHLORIDE

Multiple Choice Which of the following is a term used to describe the electronic geometry around a central atom that has 5 regions of high electron density: W) tetrahedral X) trigonal pyramidal Y) trigonal bipyramidal Z) octahedral

ANSWER: Y) TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A variety of manufacturing processes may be employed in nanotechnology. Which of the following processes can coat almost anything by transferring material from its source to the substrate without changing chemical composition? W) E-beam X) Nanoscale printing Y) Vapor deposition Z) Soft lithography

ANSWER: Y) VAPOR DEPOSITION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is NOT true: W) an ideal gas cannot undergo condensation X) the less mass a particle has, the faster it will effuse Y) when a gas is compressed, its temperature always increases Z) a gas is easier to compress than a liquid

ANSWER: Y) WHEN A GAS IS COMPRESSED, ITS TEMPERATURE ALWAYS INCREASES

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A lead chromate solution is typically what color: W) blue X) red Y) yellow Z) green

ANSWER: Y) YELLOW

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of conjugated dienes [DYeens]? W) Increasing conjugation is proportional to increased UV wavelength absorption X) Heats of formation are lower than unconjugated dienes Y) s-trans dienes participate in Diels-Alder cyclization Z) At lower temperatures, 1, 2-addition products predominate

ANSWER: Y) s-TRANS DIENES PARTICIPATE IN DIELS-ALDER CYCLIZATION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice What is the hybridization of the central oxygen atom in water? W) sp X) sp^2 Y) sp^3 Z) sp^3 d

ANSWER: Y) sp^3

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A reaction is carried out in a constant pressure calorimeter. Appropriate measurements are taken and the energy for the change is calculated. The quantity of heat exchanged under these conditions leads to the calculation of which of the following state functions? W) ∆q [delta Q] X) ∆E Y) ∆H Z) ∆T

ANSWER: Y) ∆H

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer By name or number, list all of the following five substances that are NOT Newtonian fluids: 1) gasoline, 2) yogurt, 3) water, 4) blood, 5) ketchup.

ANSWER: YOGURT, BLOOD, AND KETCHUP (ACCEPT: 2, 4, AND 5)

Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to the maximum ATP molecules generated from the complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose in a typical eukaryotic cell: W) 8 moles X) 16 moles Y) 24 moles Z) 38 moles

ANSWER: Z) 38 MOLES

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Ethylene [ETH-uh-leen] has which of the following? W) 2 pi bonds X) 2 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond Y) 3 sigma bonds Z) 5 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond

ANSWER: Z) 5 SIGMA BONDS AND 1 PI BOND

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice About how many calories per gram will it take to sublimate water at standard pressure: W) 180 X) 360 Y) 540 Z) 720

ANSWER: Z) 720 (Solution: sublimation is solid vapor; 80 cal + 100 cal + 540 cal = 720 cal)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice About how many calories per gram will it take to sublimate water at standard pressure: W) 180 X) 360 Y) 540 Z) 720

ANSWER: Z) 720 (Solution: sublimation is solid → vapor; 80 cal + 100 cal + 540 cal = 720 cal)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is an example of effusion? W) The formation of snowflakes in the upper atmosphere X) A hot air balloon flight Y) The evaporation of water from a lake Z) A bike tire losing air after running over a nail

ANSWER: Z) A BIKE TIRE LOSING AIR AFTER RUNNING OVER A NAIL

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Charles law is particularly useful in explaining which of the following: W) dry air is more dense than humid air X) CO2 escapes from a bottle of soda when opened Y) the change in enthalpy when nitrogen and oxygen react to form nitrogen dioxide Z) a hot-air balloon rises when the air in the balloon is heated

ANSWER: Z) A HOT-AIR BALLOON RISES WHEN THE AIR IN THE BALLOON IS HEATED (Solution: W = Avogadro's law; X = Henry's law; Y = Hess's law)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice When hydrogen reacts with 2-butanone, which of the following is the primary product? W) A primary aldehyde [AL-duh-hyd] X) A secondary aldehyde Y) A primary alcohol Z) A secondary alcohol

ANSWER: Z) A SECONDARY ALCOHOL

TOSS-UP21) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements concerning amino acids is NOT true? W) Glycine is an achiral amino acid X) Phenylalanine has a nonpolar side chain Y) Some amino acids contain sulfur Z) All amino acids are net neutral at a pH of 7

ANSWER: Z) ALL AMINO ACIDS ARE NET NEUTRAL AT A pH OF 7

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A nitrogen atom present in the backbone of a polypeptide [pol-ee-PEP-tyd] is part of which of the following functional groups? W) A primary amine X) A secondary amine Y) A tertiary amine [TER-shee-er-ee] Z) An amide

ANSWER: Z) AN AMIDE

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following alkaline metal hydroxides has the highest solubility in water? W) Magnesium hydroxide X) Calcium hydroxide Y) Strontium hydroxide Z) Barium hydroxide

ANSWER: Z) BARIUM HYDROXIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules is most likely to have a zero dipole moment based on its molecular shape: W) PF₃ X) H₂O Y) PCl₃ Z) BeF₂

ANSWER: Z) BeF₂

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Three metals, A, B, and C, have reduction potentials of their +2 cations such that A has the greatest reduction potential and C has the least. Which of the following is true? W) A reduces B2+ X) A reduces B Y) B2+ reduces C2+ Z) C reduces B2+

ANSWER: Z) C REDUCES B2+

TOSS-UP5) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Three metals, A, B, and C, have reduction potentials of their +2 cations such that A has the greatest reduction potential and C has the least. Which of the following is true? W) A reduces B2+ X) A reduces B Y) B2+ reduces C2+ Z) C reduces B2+

ANSWER: Z) C REDUCES B2+

BONUS12) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following fluoride salts is insoluble in water at STP? W) Potassium fluoride X) Silver fluoride Y) Beryllium fluoride Z) Calcium fluoride

ANSWER: Z) CALCIUM FLUORIDE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following gases is NOT one of the major causes of the greenhouse effect? W) Carbon dioxide X) Nitrous oxide Y) Methane Z) Carbon monoxide

ANSWER: Z) CARBON MONOXIDE

(General Science) Multiple Choice What type of fluorescence is produced in "Glow Sticks" that are widely found on the market today and which glow for hours after the stick is "broken" to allow for the mixture of different substances: W) thermoluminescence X) triboluminescence Y) photoluminescence Z) chemiluminescence

ANSWER: Z) CHEMILUMINESCENCE

Multiple Choice: Which of the following techniques employs a moving phase and a stationary phase to separate components of a mixture: W) filtration X) centrifugation Y) distillation Z) chromatography

ANSWER: Z) CHROMATOGRAPHY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following metals commonly forms cations [KAT-eye-uhns] with differing charges? W) Strontium X) Rubidium Y) Calcium Z) Chromium

ANSWER: Z) CHROMIUM

Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a colligative property: W) vapor pressure lowering X) osmotic pressure Y) boiling point elevation Z) color of solution

ANSWER: Z) COLOR OF SOLUTION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT an endothermic process: W) sublimation X) melting Y) vaporization Z) condensation

ANSWER: Z) CONDENSATION

(General Science) Multiple Choice Which of the following instruments is BEST used to image small, transparent and fluorescent specimens and obtain optical sections without the need for mechanical sectioning: W) X-ray microanalyzer X) scanning electron microscope Y) transmission electron microscope Z) confocal laser scanning microscope

ANSWER: Z) CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE

BONUS9) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following is the name for the type of isomerism, which is a subset of stereoisomerism, describing compounds that interconvert by rotation of single bonds? W) Constitutional isomerism X) Cis-trans isomerism Y) Enantiomerism Z) Conformational isomerism

ANSWER: Z) CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERISM

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following ions is most similar in ionic radius to the cation Na+? W) K + X) Rb+ Y) Mg2+ Z) Ca2+

ANSWER: Z) Ca2+

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following ionization techniques will produce the maximum amount of fragmentation? W) Chemical ionization X) Fast atom bombardment Y) Plasma desorption Z) Electron impact

ANSWER: Z) ELECTRON IMPACT

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following has the lowest freezing point? W) Water X) Chloroform Y) Acetic acid Z) Ethanol

ANSWER: Z) ETHANOL

BONUS21) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following lattices is an example of cubic closest packing? W) Hexagonal unit cell X) Body centered cubic unit cell Y) Simple cubic unit cell Z) Face centered cubic unit cell

ANSWER: Z) FACE CENTERED CUBIC UNIT CELL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice When dissociated in water, which of the following acids has its dissociation equilibrium shifted farthest to the right: W) HClO X) HClO₂ Y) HClO₃ Z) HClO₄

ANSWER: Z) HClO₄

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following gases has the highest effusion rate through a pinhole opening from one compartment to another and at room temperature: W) argon X) CO₂ Y) SO₂ Z) helium

ANSWER: Z) HELIUM

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: Which of the following would you expect to have an electron affinity of zero: W) chlorine X) carbon Y) hydrogen Z) helium

ANSWER: Z) HELIUM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice With regard to crystalline solids, which of the following most aptly describes a covalent network? W) Low melting point, soft, excellent thermal conductor X) Low to high melting point, hard, moderate electrical conductor Y) High melting point, soft, poor electrical conductor Z) High melting point, hard, poor thermal conductor

ANSWER: Z) HIGH MELTING POINT, HARD, POOR THERMAL CONDUCTOR

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice An increase in which of the following conditions would NOT lead to an increase in pressure of a gas in a piston: W) increased temperature X) increased number of gas molecules Y) increased average kinetic energy of gas particles Z) increased volume

ANSWER: Z) INCREASED VOLUME

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT generally true of activation energies in chemical reactions: W) activation energies vary from reaction to reaction X) the Arrhenius equation can be used to determine the activation energy of a reaction Y) the lower the activation energy is, the faster the reaction Z) increasing the temperature of a reaction decreases the activation energy

ANSWER: Z) INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF A REACTION DECREASES THE ACTIVATION ENERGY

Multiple Choice: Which of the following classifications of crystalline solids is NOT true: W) quartz is a covalent network solid X) calcium carbonate is an ionic solid Y) sucrose is a molecular solid Z) iron sulfide is a glassy solid

ANSWER: Z) IRON SULFIDE IS A GLASSY SOLID

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following compounds is used as a fuel additive in what is commonly known as "dry-gas" by solubilizing water to reduce its contamination in gasoline: W) isooctane X) glycerol Y) MTBE Z) isopropyl alcohol

ANSWER: Z) ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

[bonus] Multiple Choice Silver iodide, or AgI, is LEAST soluble in which of the following aqueous solutions: W) NaOH X) distilled water Y) HNO₃ Z) KI

ANSWER: Z) KI (Solution: common ion effect)

Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following methods could be used to separate a pair of enantiomers? W) Gravity filtration X) Normal silica gel column chromatography Y) Mass spectrometry Z) Kinetic resolution

ANSWER: Z) KINETIC RESOLUTION

TOSS-UP4) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following methods could be used to separate a pair of enantiomers? W) Gravity filtration X) Normal silica gel column chromatography Y) Mass spectrometry Z) Kinetic resolution

ANSWER: Z) KINETIC RESOLUTION

[bonus] Multiple Choice Avogadro's gas law concerns which of the following two variables: W) temperature and pressure X) pressure and volume Y) temperature and volume Z) moles and volume

ANSWER: Z) MOLES AND VOLUME

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following adjectives describes the reaction of a strong base with a strong acid? W) Precipitation X) Synthesis Y) Redox Z) Neutralization

ANSWER: Z) NEUTRALIZATION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following metals could NOT successfully be used to galvanize iron? W) Zinc X) Aluminum Y) Manganese Z) Nickel

ANSWER: Z) NICKEL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following ions does NOT have a noble gas electron configuration in ionic compounds: W) Ca²⁺ X) F⁻ Y) Al³⁺ Z) Na⁻

ANSWER: Z) Na⁻

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice L-alanine and D-alanine are BEST classified as what type of isomers: W) cis X) trans Y) structural Z) optical

ANSWER: Z) OPTICAL

TOSS-UP 16) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following methods would be most accurate when determining the molecular weight of a polymer? W) Freezing-point depression analysis X) Gravimetry Y) Titration Z) Osmometry

ANSWER: Z) OSMOMETRY

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following factors does NOT affect the solubility of a solid in a liquid? W) Temperature X) Polarity of solute Y) Polarity of solvent Z) Pressure

ANSWER: Z) PRESSURE

TOSS-UP7) Chemistry - Multiple Choice A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by: W) Shifting the equilibrium X) Increasing the activation energy Y) Decreasing the reaction enthalpy Z) Providing an alternate reaction pathway

ANSWER: Z) PROVIDING AN ALTERNATE REACTION PATHWAY

TOSS-UP10) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is true for an ideal solution? W) The enthalpy of solution is exothermic X) The vapor pressure of the solution is directly proportional to the molality of the solvent Y) Solvent particles interact more strongly with solute particles than other solvent particles Z) Raoult's [rah-oolt's] Law is obeyed

ANSWER: Z) RAOULT'S LAW IS OBEYED

BONUS15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following is correct regarding a process that follows first-order kinetics? W) Reactant concentrations are constant with time X) Reactant concentrations decrease linearly with time Y) Reactant concentrations decrease quadratically with time Z) Reactant concentrations decrease exponentially with time

ANSWER: Z) REACTANT CONCENTRATIONS DECREASE EXPONENTIALLY WITH TIME

TOSS-UP 23) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Of the following, which is the strongest base: W) potassium hydroxide X) barium hydroxide Y) calcium hydroxide Z) sodium hydroxide

ANSWER: Z) SODIUM HYDROXIDE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following has a melting point of 185ºC and readily dissolves in water at room temperature, but is NOT an electrolyte: W) NaCl X) decane Y) methane Z) sucrose

ANSWER: Z) SUCROSE

BONUS 23) CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following would be most likely to undergo an SN1, reaction? W) Methyl bromide X) 2-propyl bromide Y) Isopropyl chloride Z) Tert-butyl chloride

ANSWER: Z) TERT-BUTYL CHLORIDE

TOSS-UP16) Chemistry - Multiple Choice In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the energies of the allowed electronic states are inversely proportional to which of the following? W) Planck's constant X) The spin quantum number Y) The principal quantum number Z) The square of the principal quantum number

ANSWER: Z) THE SQUARE OF THE PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER

BONUS 10) Chemistry - Multiple Choice To measure the number of moles of barium in a solution containing both magnesium 2+ and barium 2+ ions, a student added sodium sulfate and collected the precipitate. Then, he weighed the precipitate, and used stoichiometric conversions to estimate the number of moles of barium, and discovered that his method over-reported the actual value stated by his teacher. Which of the following plausibly explains the discrepancy? W) The student precipitated both magnesium and barium when adding sodium sulfate X) The student used a molar mass for barium that was 10% too high Y) The student used a molar mass for sulfur that was 10% too high Z) The student didn't properly dry his precipitate before weighing

ANSWER: Z) THE STUDENT DIDN'T PROPERLY DRY HIS PRECIPITATE BEFORE WEIGHING

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements about visible energy transitions in electronic spectroscopy is NOT true? W) They are low energy transitions X) They occur between d-orbitals of transition metals Y) They occur between metal and ligand orbitals Z) They occur between ligand orbitals

ANSWER: Z) THEY OCCUR BETWEEN LIGAND ORBITALS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules can NOT be isolated as an optically pure sample? W) Valine [VAL-een] X) Tartaric acid Y) Epichlorohydrin [ep-i-klawr-uh-HY-drin] Z) Trans-4-chlorocyclohexanol [klohr-oh-SY-kloh-HEK-suh-nol]

ANSWER: Z) TRANS-4-CHLOROCYCLOHEXANOL

BONUS 9) CHEMISTRY Short Answer Given a box of length a and a particle of radius b, molecular weight c, and velocity d, what is the average position of the particle in the box with respect to length?

ANSWER: a/2

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the electron capacity in each of the 4 sublevels s, p, d, and f, respectively?

ANSWER: s = 2; p = 6; d = 10; f = 14

BONUS6) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat is the VSEPR [vesper]-predicted hybridization of the xenon atom in xenon hexafluoride?

ANSWER: sp3d3

CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to valence bond theory, what is the hybridization of the central atom of methane?

ANSWER: sp³

BONUS 7) CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to valence bond theory, what is the hybridization of the central atom of xenon oxytetrafluoride?

ANSWER: sp³ d²

TOSS-UP1) Chemistry - Short AnswerWhat is the hybridization of the central iodine atom in iodine pentafluoride?

ANSWER: sp³d²[s-p -3 -d-2]

[BONUS] Arrange the following 4 substances in order of increasing pH: orange juice; human gastric juice; blood; aqueous ammonia.

Answer: HUMAN GASTRIC JUICE; ORANGE JUICE; BLOOD; AQUEOUS AMMONIA

[Bonus] Short Answer: Arrange the following 4 substances in order of increasing pH: orange juice; human gastric juice; blood; aqueous ammonia.

Answer: HUMAN GASTRIC JUICE; ORANGE JUICE; BLOOD; AQUEOUS AMMONIA

Bonus: What is the name for the constant, approximately 1.4 times 10⁻²³ joules per kelvin, that sets an energy scale for a system at a particular temperature, and is equal to the ideal gas constant over Avogadro's number?

BOLTZMANN CONSTANT

Which of the halogens is a liquid at room temperature?

BROMINE

The +3 oxide of what element is added to molten silicate to generate a glass with a low thermal expansion coefficient that is used for lab glassware?

Boron

What compounds, examples of which include glyceraldehyde [glih-ser-AL-de-hide] and mannose, are formally polyhydroxy [polly-high-DROX-ee] ketones with empirical formula CH₂O and are the basic energy, storage, and structural molecules of life?

CARBOHYDRATES (ACCEPT: SUGARS, MONOSACCHARIDES; DO NOT ACCEPT: POLYSACCHARIDES)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the general name for a substance that facilitates a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy while remaining unaltered?

CATALYST

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the most common name for the conformation that the ring structure of cyclohexane adopts to reach a strain-free value?

CHAIR

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Give the systematic chemical name for the following ionic compound: Cr₂(SeO₄)₃

CHROMIUM(III) SELENATE

Short Answer When chemists do flame tests, they often view the flame through a colored transparent piece of glass to filter out any sodium contamination. What color glass do they use?

COBALT BLUE (ACCEPT: BLUE, COBALT)

CYCLOHEXANE

In diagrams ofreaction mechanisms, the standard double-headed curved arrow represents the movement of what entities?

ELECTRONS (ACCEPT: ELECTRON PAIR, NEGATIVE CHARGES)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 molecules that are considered saturated hydrocarbons: ethylene; ethane; cyclohexane

ETHANE; CYCLOHEXANE

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What are the 2 alkenes (read as: al-KEENS) with the shortest carbon chains and lowest molecular weights?

ETHYLENE; PROPYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE; PROPENE)

What form of transport across membranes is mediated by channel proteins and requires no input of energy?

FACILITATED DIFFUSION (ACCEPT: FACILITATED TRANSPORT or FACILITATED PASSIVE TRANSPORT ; DO NOT ACCEPT: SIMPLE DIFFUSION)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Arrange the following 3 choices in order of increasing bond energies: O₂; N₂; F₂

F₂; O₂; N₂

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Arrange the following 4 metals in order of increasing reactivity in dilute HCl: zinc; aluminum; gold; calcium

GOLD; ZINC; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM

Short Answer By name or number, identify all of the following four diatomic molecules whose bond strength would decrease after the removal of an electron to form a positively charged ion: 1) H2, 2) B2, 3) ClBr, 4) OF.

H2, B2, ClBr (ACCEPT: 1, 2, AND 3)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: Give the chemical name for the compound formed when pure iron and pure sulfur are mixed together and heated:

IRON SULFIDE (ACCEPT: IRON(II) SULFIDE or FERROUS SULFIDE)

IRON(II) HYDROXIDE; BARIUM SULFATE

What principle of chemical equilibrium states that if a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the equilibrium will shift in order to counteract that change?

LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE

Carbon dioxide, iron(III) [read as iron three] ions, and the hydrogen sulfate ion are all acids in what named theory of acids and bases, which states that bases donate electron pairs, and acids accept them?

LEWIS THEORY (ACCEPT: LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES)

What alcohol reactant is needed to perform a Fischer esterification on a carboxylic acid to yield a methyl ester?

METHANOL

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What chemical term is given to the formations that occur in water when a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail organize into spheres that orient the tails within the sphere?

MICELLE

What property of concentration in chemistry is defined as moles of solute per kilograms of solvent and is useful when calculating freezing-point depression and boiling-point elevation?

MOLALITY (DO NOT ACCEPT: MOLARITY, NORMALITY)

James Chadwick observed a type of radiation consisting of neutrally charged particles during his experiments with beryllium. What particles make up this radiation?

NEUTRONS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: What is the chemical formula for the conjugate base of HNO₂?

NO₂⁻

Na₃PO₄(aqueous) + 3H₂O(liquid) (products in any order)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer Name the elements in the following reaction that have been oxidized and reduced, respectively: Zn(solid) + CuSO4(aqueous) ZnSO4(aqueous) + Cu(solid)

OXIDIZED = Zn (ACCEPT: ZINC); REDUCED = Cu (ACCEPT: COPPER)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer: Name all of the following 4 species that contain an odd number of electrons: O₂¹⁻ ; O₂²⁻ ; SO₂; CO

O₂¹⁻

What is the nameof the oxyanion [ox-ee-AN-eye-on] of bromine in which bromine has a +7oxidation state and formula BrO4-[B-R-oh-4-negative]?

PERBROMATE (ACCEPT: PERBROMATE ION)

Short Answer By name or number, identify all of the following five elements that can form compounds with an expanded octet: 1) beryllium, 2) oxygen, 3) phosphorus, 4) fluorine, 5) xenon.

PHOSPHORUS AND XENON (ACCEPT: 3 AND 5)

CHEMISTRY Short Answer: If the electronegativity difference in the bonding atoms is intermediate in strength, what general type of bond is typically formed?

POLAR COVALENT (DO NOT ACCEPT: COVALENT)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer How many sigma and pi bonds, respectively, are there in a molecule with the following formula: [read slowly] CH₃CHCHCH₂CH₃

SIGMA 14; PI = 1

Bonus: What type of fluid undergoeslarge changes in density in response tosmall changes in pressure and temperature, and can be formed by heating carbon dioxide above 31 degrees Celsius at pressures above 72.8 atmospheres?

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID

Bonus: What region of the electromagnetic spectrum would be able to excite an electron from a 1s orbital to a 2p orbital in a helium atom?

ULTRAVIOLET(ACCEPT: UV)

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following relationships is true? W) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 kilojoules X) 1 joule is equal to 1 food calorie Y) 1 joule is equal to 4.18 food calories Z) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 joules

W) 1 FOOD CALORIE IS EQUAL TO 4.18 KILOJOULES

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: The electronegativity of oxygen is 3.4 and the electronegativity of calcium is 1.0. Which of the following best describes the formation of the calcium oxide: W) 2 electrons are transferred from calcium to oxygen X) 2 electrons are transferred from oxygen to calcium Y) 2 electrons are shared between calcium and oxygen Z) 1 electron is shared and another is transferred from calcium to oxygen

W) 2 ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM CALCIUM TO OXYGEN

W) A REACTION THAT REQUIRES FREE ENERGY IS SPONTANEOUS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice An organic compound with the formula C6H14 is an: W) alkane X) alkene Y) alkyne Z) arene

W) ALKANE

Bonus: Which of the following typesof hydrocarbons are saturated? W) Alkanes X) Alkenes Y) Alkynes Z) Aromatic hydrocarbons

W) ALKANES

O2 and O3 are considered what type of molecules? W) Allotropes X) Structural isomers Y) Isotopes Z) Geometrical isomers

W) ALLOTROPES

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following is one of the main reasons why oxygenates are used as gasoline additives: W) allow for more complete combustion X) decrease sulfur buildup in engine pistons Y) prevent water condensation in stored fuels Z) corrosion inhibition

W) ALLOW FOR MORE COMPLETE COMBUSTION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following types of decay does uranium-238 experience in order to yield thorium-234? W) Alpha X) Beta Y) Double beta Z) Gamma

W) ALPHA

Consider the gas phase exothermic reaction of phosphorous trichloride [try-KLOOR-ide]with chlorine to yield phosphorous pentachloride. Under which of the following conditions is the equilibrium constant greater than one?W) At low temperaturesX) At high temperaturesY) At all temperaturesZ) It is never greater than one

W) AT LOW TEMPERATURES

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a substance whose molecular and empirical formulas are NOT the same: W) benzene X) water Y) ammonia Z) sulfur dioxide

W) BENZENE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a molecule having a nonpolar covalent bond: W) bromine gas X) hydrogen fluoride Y) water Z) hydrogen bromide

W) BROMINE GAS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: The conversion of solid CaSO4 into solid CaO and SO2 gas is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) decomposition X) hydrolysis Y) combustion Z) single replacement

W) DECOMPOSITION

What type of magnetism opposes an applied magnetic field and is dominant in materials with no unpaired electrons? W) Diamagnetism X) Paramagnetism Y) Ferromagnetism Z) Antiferromagnetism

W) DIAMAGNETISM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true about aqueous solutions: W) diluting a buffer with water can change the pH of the water X) metal cations can act as weak acids in water solutions Y) an acid whose Ka = 6 × 10⁻¹⁰ is weaker than an acid whose Ka = 5.8 × 10⁻⁴ Z) an acid whose pKa is 3.0 is stronger than an acid whose pKa is 7.0

W) DILUTING A BUFFER WITH WATER CAN CHANGE THE PH OF THE WATER

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following substances is water soluble: W) ethanol X) dichloro-methane Y) chloroform Z) benzene

W) ETHANOL

The oxidationof elemental lithium with which of the following is a redox reaction that is MOST favorable?W) Fluorine gasX) Hydrogen gasY) Iron (II)Z) Copper (I)

W) FLUORINE GAS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: The molal (read as: moe-lahl) is a concentration unit that is most appropriately used in experimental designs that determine: W) freezing point depression X) osmotic pressure Y) density Z) vapor pressure lowering

W) FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following is considered a weak acid: W) HCO₂H X) HClO₄ Y) HNO₃ Z) HBr

W) HCO₂H

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: For a series of chemical reactions, Hess's law provides a method for the summation of which property? W) Heat of formation X) Entropy Y) Equilibrium constant Z) Reaction rate

W) HEAT OF FORMATION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the catalyst in the destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons: W) homogeneous X) heterogeneous Y) enzymatic Z) autocatalytic

W) HOMOGENEOUS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) hydrogen gas found in nature exists as a monatomic molecule X) when 2 oxygen atoms combine to form O₂, energy is released Y) when chlorine gains 1 electron, it becomes larger Z) noble gases tend not to bond because of their stable valence configurations

W) HYDROGEN GAS FOUND IN NATURE EXISTS AS A MONATOMIC MOLECULE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a diprotic acid: W) H₂C₂O₄ X) H₃PO₄ Y) HCl Z) HNO₂

W) H₂C₂O₄

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Carbon monoxide, or CO, will be adsorbed (read as: ADDsorbed) onto the surface of which of the following metals the MOST strongly: W) iron X) nickel Y) cobalt Z) gold

W) IRON

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following compounds is most SOLUBLE in water at 10ºC: W) KNO₃ X) CaSO₄ Y) BaSO₄ Z) AgBr

W) KNO₃

W) MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following does NOT have the electron configuration of argon: W) O²⁻ X) Cl⁻Y) S²⁻ Z) K⁺

W) O²⁻

Bonus: A scientist thinks she has found a sample of rock 10 billion years old, a leftover fragment from the formation of an early solar system. Which of the following parent isotope's concentrations would be most useful in confirming this? W) Potassium-40 X) Thorium-238 Y) Uranium-234 Z) Carbon-14

W) POTASSIUM-40

Bonus: D orbitals can overlap to form sigma, pi, or delta bonds. Which of these types of d-d bonds is strongest? W) Sigma X) Pi Y) Delta Z) They are equally strong

W) SIGMA

Which type of hybridization is found in the central atom of carbon dioxide? W) sp[s-p] X) sp2[s-p-2] Y) sp3[s-p-3] Z) sp4[s-p-4]

W) SP

In dilute aqueous solution, H2SO4is classified as which of the following? W) Strong acid X) Weak acid Y) Strong base Z) Weak base

W) STRONG ACID

Which of the following atoms has at least one completely filled p-subshell? W) Sulfur X) Oxygen Y) Boron Z) Helium

W) Sulfur

An aqueous solution of sodium sulfate is electrolyzed using platinum electrodes. If phenolphthalein [fee-nawlf-THAY-leen]indicator is added to the solution, which of the following will be observed? W) The solution is colorless everywhere except at the cathode, where it is pink X) The solution is colorless everywhere except at the anode, where it is pink Y) The solution is pink everywhere except at the cathode, where it is colorless Z) The solution is pink everywhere except at the anode, where it is colorless

W) THE SOLUTION IS COLORLESS EVERYWHERE EXCEPT THE CATHODE, WHERE IT IS PINK

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT true of ideal gases: W) 2 or more gases form homogeneous mixtures in all proportions X) collisions between gas particles are both elastic and inelastic Y) they diffuse rapidly Z) they assume the shapes of their containers

X) COLLISIONS BETWEEN GAS PARTICLES ARE BOTH ELASTIC AND INELASTIC

Bonus: Which of the following is most likely to form hydrogen bonds? W) HI X) HNO₂⁻[H-N-O-2-negative] Y) C₆H₆ Z) HCl

X) HNO₂⁻

TOSS-UP11 ) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules is NOT matched correctly to its central atom hybridization? W) Xenon tetrafluoride and d₂sp₃ X) Phosphorous pentachloride and d₂sp₃ Y) Krypton difluoride and dsp₃ Z) Bromine trifluoride and dsp₃

X) Phosphorous pentachloride and d₂sp₃

Bonus: Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding colligative [koh-LIG-ah-tiv]properties?W) They do not depend on the identity of the solute X) Sodium chloride has a van't Hoff factor less than oneY) The osmotic pressure of a solution increases with increasing solute concentrationZ) The freezing point of a solution decreases with increasing solute concentration

X) SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A VAN'T HOFF FACTOR LESS THAN ONE

Which of the following functional groups is most likely to be formed when dodecane [doh-DECK-ane] undergoes "cracking?" W) Alcohol X) Aldehyde Y) Alkene Z) Amide

Y) ALKENE

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding alloys?W) Alloys are generally more brittle than the metals from which they are madeX) Alloys are generally harder thanthe metals from which they are madeY) Alloys are generally better electric conductors than the metals from which they are madeZ) Alloys are generally worse thermal conductors than the metals from which they are made

Y) ALLOYS ARE GENERALLY BETTER ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS THAN THE METALS FROM WHICH THEY ARE MADE

A molecular solid contains what type of bonding? W) Metallic X) Electrovalent Y) Covalent Z) Localized

Y) COVALENT

A molecule with the molecular formula C5H12 cannot form which of the following structural orientations? W) Straight-chain alkane X) Branched alkane Y) Cycloalkane Z) Normal alkane

Y) CYCLOALKANE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: The reaction CuCl₂ + Na₂S → CuS + 2NaCl₂, is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) synthesis X) single replacement Y) double replacement Z) decomposition

Y) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

Bonus: Which of the following best explains why NaCl has a higher melting point than HCl? W) HCl can form hydrogen bonds, while NaCl cannot X) HCl has strongerLondon dispersion forces Y) HCl is a molecular compound, while NaCl is an ionic compound Z) HCl is a network compound, while NaCl is a molecular compound

Y) HCl IS A MOLECULAR COMPOUND, WHILE NaCl IS AN IONICCOMPOUND

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following gases will have the LOWEST freezing point: W) hydrogen X) water Y) helium Z) carbon dioxide

Y) HELIUM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Consider the following equilibrium reaction, FeO(solid) + CO(gas) ↔ Fe(solid) + CO₂(gas), where ∆H (read as: delta H) equals -10 kilojoules. Which of the following would have a similar effect on the equilibrium position as lowering the temperature: W) adding iron X) increasing pressure Y) removing carbon dioxide Z) removing carbon monoxide

Y) REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice According to VSEPR bonding theory, if 2 of the bonded atoms in an octahedral molecule are replaced by 2 electron pairs, the molecule will assume what geometric shape, such as in XeF4: W) linear X) trigonal bipyramidal Y) square planar Z) square pyramidal

Y) SQUARE PLANAR

Bonus: Which of the following correctly explains why concentration cells have a standard cell potential of 0 volts? W) According to the Nernst equation, the standard cell potential is cancelledout by the concentration dependent term X) At standard conditions, all cells have a standard cell potential of 0 volts Y) Standard cell potentials are measured with all species at equal concentrations Z) Concentration cells are used as a standard, so their standard cell potential is arbitrarily set to 0

Y) STANDARD CELL POTENTIALS ARE MEASURED WITH ALL SPECIES AT EQUAL CONCENTRATIONS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: A sample of gas is heated from 300K to 500K. If the container is sealed and of fixed volume, which of the following will remain constant: W) the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules X) the average speed of the gas molecules Y) the density of the gas Z) the pressure of the gas

Y) THE DENSITY OF THE GAS

If an acid is added to an unbuffered, neutral aqueous solution, which of the following is true? W) The hydroxide ion concentration increases X) The hydronium ion concentration decreases Y) The hydroxide ion concentration decreases Z) The concentrations of the hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations remainunchanged

Y) THE HYDROXIDE ION CONCENTRATION DECREASES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is NOT true: W) an ideal gas cannot undergo condensation X) the less mass a particle has, the faster it will effuse Y) when a gas is compressed, its temperature always increases Z) a gas is easier to compress than a liquid

Y) WHEN A GAS IS COMPRESSED, ITS TEMPERATURE ALWAYS INCREASES

Bonus: The reaction of hypochlorite and chloride ions in the presence of sulfuric acid generates gaseous chlorine endothermically in a closed vessel. Increasing which of the following would shift the reaction to the left?W) VolumeX) TemperatureY) pHZ) Pressure of inert gas

Y) pH

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice A lead chromate solution is typically what color: W) blue X) red Y) yellow Z) green

YELLOW

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: About how many calories per gram will it take to sublimate water at standard pressure: W) 180 X) 360 Y) 540 Z) 720

Z) 720

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Charles law is particularly useful in explaining which of the following: W) dry air is more dense than humid air X) CO2 escapes from a bottle of soda when opened Y) the change in enthalpy when nitrogen and oxygen react to form nitrogen dioxide Z) a hot-air balloon rises when the air in the balloon is heated

Z) A HOT-AIR BALLOON RISES WHEN THE AIR IN THE BALLOON IS HEATED

Under aqueous conditions, which of the following reactions would generate a precipitate? W) Ammonium chloride mixed with potassium hydroxide X) Calcium chloride mixed with potassium nitrate Y) Calcium carbonate mixed with hydrochloric acid Z) Barium chloride mixed with potassium sulfate

Z) BARIUM CHLORIDE MIXED WITH POTASSIUM SULFATE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules is most likely to have a zero dipole moment based on its molecular shape: W) PF₃ X) H₂O Y) PCl₃ Z) BeF₂

Z) BeF₂

Change in which of the following quantities must be positive for a spontaneous process?W) Gibbs free energy of the systemX) Entropy of the systemY)Gibbs free energy of the universeZ) Entropy of the universe

Z) ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice When dissociated in water, which of the following acids has its dissociation equilibrium shifted farthest to the right: W) HClO X) HClO₂ Y) HClO₃ Z) HClO₄

Z) HClO₄

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following gases has the highest effusion rate through a pinhole opening from one compartment to another and at room temperature: W) argon X) CO₂ Y) SO₂ Z) helium

Z) HELIUM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Your research results in a new surface temperature probe to obtain data on planet Mercury; however, the probe is highly reactive with chalcogen gases. Which of the following would best insulate the probe? W) Diatomic fluorine X) Diatomic chlorine Y) Diatomic oxygen Z) Helium

Z) HELIUM

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: An increase in which of the following conditions would NOT lead to an increase in pressure of a gas in a piston: W) increased temperature X) increased number of gas molecules Y) increased average kinetic energy of gas particles Z) increased volume

Z) INCREASED VOLUME

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT generally true of activation energies in chemical reactions: W) activation energies vary from reaction to reaction X) the Arrhenius equation can be used to determine the activation energy of a reaction Y) the lower the activation energy is, the faster the reaction Z) increasing the temperature of a reaction decreases the activation energy

Z) INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF A REACTION DECREASES THE ACTIVATION ENERGY

Bonus: Hydrogen peroxide is: W) Less dense than water and boils at a lower temperature X) Less dense than water and boils at a higher temperature Y) More dense than water and boils at a lower temperature Z) More dense than water and boils at a higher temperature

Z) MORE DENSE THAN WATER AND BOILS AT A HIGHER TEMPERATURE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following units can be used to express the volume of a liquid? W) Micrometers X) Milligrams Y) Grams per cubic centimeter Z) Nanoliters

Z) NANOLITERS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following ions does NOT have a noble gas electron configuration in ionic compounds: W) Ca²⁺ X) F⁻ Y) Al³⁺ Z) Na⁻

Z) Na⁻

Bonus: The functional groups forming a peptide bond do NOT contain which of the following atoms? W) Hydrogen X) Nitrogen Y) Oxygen Z) Phosphorus

Z) PHOSPHORUS

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following has a melting point of 185ºC and readily dissolves in water at room temperature, but is NOT an electrolyte: W) NaCl X) decane Y) methane Z) sucrose

Z) SUCROSE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice: Which of the following are elements in the Periodic Table whose outer shell electrons are on two principal energy levels: W) alkali metals X) noble gases Y) alkaline Earth metals Z) transition elements

Z) TRANSITION ELEMENTS

An atom is sp3[S-P-3]hybridized. Which of the following is NOT a possible molecular geometry about this atom? W) Bent X) Trigonal pyramidal Y) Tetrahedral Z) Trigonal bipyramidal

Z) TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL

Short Answer Specifying the sign, what is the oxidation state of nitrogen in the neutral compound iron (II) nitrate?

+5 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 5)

Short Answer The pressure of 2 moles of an ideal gas at 27° Celsius is 1.2 atmospheres. Providing your answer to the nearest tenth, if the temperature is increased by 100° Celsius and the volume of the gas doubles, what is the new pressure of the gas in atmospheres?

0.8

Given the percentages by mass of different elements in a compound, identify all of the following three characteristics of the compound that can be uniquely determined:1) The empirical formula; 2) The molecular formula; 3) The structure

To the nearest power of ten and in meters, what is the diameter of the hydrogen atom?

10^-10

In the balanced equation for the combustion of octane, what are the coefficients for carbon dioxide and water respectively?

16; 18

Identify, by number, the following processes that would result in an increase of potential energy of a system: 1) Energy transfer as work done by a system; 2) Energy transfer as work done on a system; 3) Thermal energy transfer to a system; 4) Thermal energy transfer from a system

2, 3

What is the name in organic chemistry that is given to hydrocarbons with general formula CnH2n-2 [C- n -H -two -n -minus- two] that possess a triple bond, the simplest of which is acetylene [uh-SET-l-een]?

ALKYNES

Bonus 10) Chemistry - Short Answer A gas phase reaction is conducted in a cylinder with a moveable piston. If the reaction releases 320 joules of heat and does 150 joules of PV work, what is the change in internal energy, in joules, for this reaction?

ANSWER: -470

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest hundredth, what is the reduced mass of an oscillator made up of a hydrogen and a fluorine atom?

ANSWER: 0.95 (ACCEPT: 0.96)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Identify, respectively, the isotopes created by the emission of one beta minus particle from the following three isotopes: 1) cesium-137, 2) phosphorus-32, 3) carbon-14

ANSWER: 1) BARIUM-137, 2) SULFUR-32, 3) NITROGEN-14

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Identify, respectively, the dominant intermolecular force that has the greatest effect on the following four molecules: 1) methane, 2) benzoic acid, 3) hydrogen chloride gas, and 4) ferric sulfide.

ANSWER: 1) LONDON DISPERSION (ACCEPT: INDUCED DIPOLE or VAN DER WAALS), 2) HYDROGEN BONDING, 3) DIPOLE (ACCEPT: DIPOLE-DIPOLE or LONDON DISPERSION), 4) IONIC

CHEMISTRY Short Answer In lab, you have patented the creation of a metallic radioactive isotope called Sciencebowlium-23. But, after a period of time, the sample radioactively decays into oxygen-16, where it becomes a gas and dissipates into the atmosphere. You create a sample of Sciencebowlium and weigh it as 500 grams. Exactly four days later, you weigh the sample at 62.5 grams. How many hours long is the half-life of Sciencebowlium-23?

ANSWER: 32

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Rank the following four gases in order of increasing effusion rates: 1) Argon, 2) Helium, 3) Oxygen, 4) Chlorine.

ANSWER: 4, 1, 3, 2 (ACCEPT: CHLORINE, ARGON, OXYGEN, HELIUM)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What subshell is incompletely filled in all of the elements in the lanthanide series?

ANSWER: 4f

Toss-Up 10) Chemistry - Short Answer What term can apply to the compounds 1-octanol and sodium dodecylsulfate [doh-dek-ihl sulfate], as well as transmembrane proteins, phospholipids, and surfactants, characterizing molecules that contain both fat-soluble and water-soluble components?

ANSWER: AMPHIPATHIC (ACCEPT: AMPHIPHILIC)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer There are two elements whose ground state electron configurations contain exactly two half-filled subshells. What are these two elements?

ANSWER: CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDENUM

CHEMISTRY Short Answer When a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids, water is removed as a byproduct. Which group contributes the OH to form water, and which group contributes the hydrogen?

ANSWER: CONTRIBUTES OH = CARBOXYL GROUP (ACCEPT: CARBOXYL, COOH, OR COOH GROUP); CONTRIBUTES HYDROGEN = AMINO GROUP (ACCEPT: AMINO, NH2, OR NH2 GROUP)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Dinitrogen tetroxide is a powerful oxidizer and can be used with hydrazine fuels to propel rockets. What is the point group of dinitrogen tetroxide?

ANSWER: D2h

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer Baeyer-Villiger oxidation is used to transform a ketone into what functional group?

ANSWER: ESTER

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the major product formed at the conclusion of the following two-step reaction sequence: Step 1) Methylmagnesium bromide, ethylene oxide, and tetrahydrofuran [te-truh-hy-druh-FYOOR-an]; Step 2) Ethyl iodide.

ANSWER: ETHYL N-PROPYL ETHER (ACCEPT: 1-ethoxy-propan;Ether, ethyl propyl;ether,ethylpropyl;n-C3H7OC2H5;propane,1-ethoxy-;Propyl ethyl ether;ETHYL PROPYL ETHER)

Toss-up 15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following elemental substances is not at standard state? W) Diamond at 25 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere X) Rhombic sulfur at 25 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere Y) Gaseous dioxygen at 25 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere Z) Gaseous neon at 25 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere

ANSWER: W) DIAMOND AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS AND ONE ATMOSPHERE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements about ferrimagnetic solids is true? W) Magnetic moments are on different sublattices and are antiparallel X) Magnetic moments are on different sublattices and are parallel Y) Magnetic moments are on the same sublattices and are parallel Z) Magnetic moments are on the same sublattices and are antiparallel

ANSWER: W) MAGNETIC MOMENTS ARE ON DIFFERENT SUBLATTICES AND ARE ANTIPARALLEL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice What is the major product in the ethoxide-promoted β [beta]- elimination of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane [1-chloro-1-meth-uhl-sy-kluh-HEK-sayn]? W) Ethanol X) 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene [1- methyl-1-sy-kluh-HEK-sayn] Y) Methylcyclohexane Z) Methylenecyclohexane [METH-uh-leen-sy-kluh-HEK-sayn]

ANSWER: X) 1-METHYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice With regard to the Rosenmund reduction, which of the following functional group pairs corresponds to the reactant and product, respectively? W) Ester and alcohol X) Acyl chloride and aldehyde Y) Amide and amine Z) Ketone and alkane

ANSWER: X) ACYL CHLORIDE AND ALDEHYDE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice You are given a particular polymer to study, and you notice that it can endure an extremely high amount of stress, but only a very small amount of strain. Which of the following types of polymer is it? W) Brittle plastic X) Tough fiber Y) Elastomer Z) Plastic with yield

ANSWER: X) TOUGH FIBER

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following functional group pairs corresponds to those constituting a hemiaminal? W) Thiol [THY-ol] and nitrile [NY-tril] X) Halogen and alkyl [AL-kuhl] Y) Amine [uh-MEEN] and hydroxyl Z) Azide and alkoxy [AL-kok-see]

ANSWER: Y) AMINE AND HYDROXYL

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice You are asked to investigate a gaseous sample that is composed of a variety of different atmospheric gases. Which of the following gas laws could provide information about the relative composition of the gases? W) Avogadro's law X) Boyle's law Y) Dalton's law of partial pressure Z) Charles's law

ANSWER: Y) DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the difference between gas diffusion and gas effusion? W) Diffusion occurs at constant temperature while effusion occurs at variable temperatures X) Diffusion can occur with any gas while effusion occurs only with certain gases Y) Diffusion involves gas molecules at the same total pressure while effusion involves gases moving from high pressure to low pressure Z) Diffusion is mass dependent while effusion is mass independent

ANSWER: Y) DIFFUSION INVOLVES GAS MOLECULES AT THE SAME TOTAL PRESSURE WHILE EFFUSION INVOLVES GASES MOVING FROM HIGH PRESSURE TO LOW PRESSURE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following is true of spontaneous processes at constant temperature, volume, and pressure? W) Gibbs and Helmholtz free energies increase X) Gibbs free energy increases; Helmholtz free energy decreases Y) Gibbs and Helmholtz free energies decrease Z) Gibbs free energy decreases; Helmholtz free energy increases

ANSWER: Y) GIBBS AND HELMHOLTZ FREE ENERGIES DECREASE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice At high temperatures, nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) gases react to form nitric oxide (NO) in a highly endothermic process. In a closed vessel, the three compounds form an equilibrium [ee-kwuh-LIB-ree-uhm]. Which of the following changes to the vessel will result in the production of more NO? W) Addition of helium at constant volume X) Adding a catalyst Y) Increasing the temperature of the vessel Z) Removing oxygen from the vessel

ANSWER: Y) INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE VESSEL

Bonus 5) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements regarding stoichiometry [stoh-kee-omet-ree] is not true? W) Calculating a stochiometric ratio of reagents assumes the reaction goes to completion X) Volume ratios can be substituted for molar ratios in calculations for gas phase reactions Y) Percent yield is the ratio of theoretical yield to empirical yield for a reaction Z) Limiting reagent calculations require knowledge of the molar masses of all reactant species

ANSWER: Y) PERCENT YIELD IS THE RATIO OF THEORETICAL YIELD TO EMPIRICAL YIELD FOR A REACTION

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Which of the following pairs of compounds, when placed in water, would be expected to yield a precipitate? W) Ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate X) Sodium acetate and lithium hydroxide Y) Potassium sulfide and copper (II) sulfate Z) Nitric acid and ammonia

ANSWER: Y) POTASSIUM SULFIDE AND COPPER (II) SULFATE

Bonus 15) Chemistry - Multiple Choice Metallic sodium will react with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. What type of reaction is this? W) Synthesis X) Decomposition Y) Single displacement Z) Double displacement

ANSWER: Y) SINGLE DISPLACEMENT

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice The measured bond angle in ammonia is 107.3°, whereas the bond angles in phosphine [FOS-feen] are 93.7°. Which of the following facts correctly identifies the atomic property that makes the two angles different? W) Ammonia and phosphine have different expected VSEPR geometries X) Nitrogen is more electronegative than phosphorus Y) The bonding orbitals of phosphine have more s and less p character than those of ammonia Z) The phosphorus atom is much larger than the nitrogen atom

ANSWER: Z) THE PHOSPHORUS ATOM IS MUCH LARGER THAN THE NITROGEN ATOM

CHEMISTRY Short Answer What is the irreducible representation for the atomic orbital s for a molecule with C2v symmetry?

ANSWER: a1

What property of an element is defined as the amount of energy released when one mole of electrons is added to one mole of the neutral atomic element in the gaseous state?

ELECTRON AFFINITY

Short Answer What is the common name given to the industrial reaction in which nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted with a catalyst, forming ammonia?

HABER PROCESS

What is the general term for a salt of one of the halogens?

HALIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer According to the second law of thermodynamics, what effect does a spontaneous reaction have on the entropy of the universe?

INCREASES THE ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE (ACCEPT: INCREASES)

Identify all of the following four factors that affect the degree of crystallinity in polymers: 1) structure; 2) stereochemistry [ster-ee-oh-KEM-uh-stree]; 3) molecular weight; 4) processing conditions

STRUCTURE, STEREOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR WEIGHT, AND PROCESSING CONDITIONS (ACCEPT: 1, 2, 3, AND 4; ALL)

Short Answer What do we call a liquid that has been heated to a temperature beyond its boiling point?

SUPERHEATED

Short Answer What is the molecular formula for strontium nitrite?

Sr(NO2)2

Multiple choice questions are in what format?

W X Y and Z

Multiple Choice When the change of enthalpy of a reaction is negative and the change of entropy of the same reaction is positive, the reaction is which of the following? W) Always spontaneous X) Spontaneous only under high temperature conditions Y) Spontaneous only under low temperature conditions Z) Never spontaneous

W) ALWAYS SPONTANEOUS

Which of the following acids is diprotic? W) Oxalic acid X) Phosphoric acid Y) Nitric acid Z) Hydrochloric acid

W) OXALIC ACID

Multiple Choice A pure element when mixed with an ionic compound is most likely to undergo which of the following kinds of reactions? W) Single replacement X) Double replacement Y) Synthesis Z) Combustion

W) SINGLE REPLACEMENT B

Which of the following substances has the highest boiling point? W) Water X) Methanol Y) Ethyl alcohol Z) Diethyl ether

W) WATER

Consider both the hydrogenation [high-draw-jen-AY-shun] and the bromination [broh-min-AY-shun] of alkenes using elemental bromine. Which of the following statements concerning these reactions is TRUE? W) Both reactions are syn-additions X) Hydrogenation is a syn-addition, but bromination is an anti-addition Y) Hydrogenation is an anti-addition, but bromination is a syn-addition Z) Both reactions are anti-additions

X) HYDROGENATION IS A SYN-ADDITION, BUT BROMINATION IS AN ANTI ADDITION

Multiple Choice Which of the following is an alternative name for 1,3-xylene? W) Ortho-xylene X) Meta-xylene Y) Para-xylene Z) Cis-xylene

X) META-XYLENE

CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Denatured alcohol contains which of the following toxic substances added to ethanol? W) Propanol X) Methanol Y) Hexanol Z) Octanol

X) METHANOL

Which of the following nucleotides [NOO-klee-uh-tyds] is not derived from pyrimidine [py-RIM-i-deen]? W) Uracil [YOOR-uh-sil] X) Thymine [THY-meen] Y) Guanine [GWAH-neen] Z) Cytosine [SY-tuh-seen]

Y) GUANINE

DO NOT answer the question until...

You are verbally recognized

Multiple Choice Which of the following bonds is the MOST polar? W) B-C X) B-N Y) B-O Z) B-F

Z) B-F

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice Pyrex glassware contains silicon dioxide, which has acidic properties and should not be used to store which of the following? W) Dihydrogen monoxide X) Acetic acid Y) Sodium chloride Z) Sodium hydroxide

Z) SODIUM HYDROXIDE

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