Science

List the steps in DNA fingerprinting/ identifictaion and DESCRIBE the important parts of each step.

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describe the process of transcription

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what are the steps of genetic engineering? (making a recombinant DNA)

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Anaphase (Mitosis)

1) chomatids are separated at centomere to form individual chromosomes

Metaphase (Mitosis)

1) chromosomes line up in middle of cell 2) fibers from centrioles attached to centromeres

Telophase (Mitosis)

1) chromosomes unravel into chromatin 2) nuclear envelopes reappear

cytokinesis (Mitosis)

1) cytoplasm of cell divides to form 2 new distinct cells

Interphase (Mitosis)

1) longest part of cell cycle 2) three parts include G1, S1, G2 G1 is growth of cell preparing for division S1 is DNA synthesis (replication) G1 is growth of cell

Prophase (Mitosis)

1) nuclear envelope begins to dissapear 2) chromosomes appear 3) centrioles move to oppisite end of nucleus 4) spindles from centrioles begin to form at centromere

If a diploid cell containing 28 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?

14

gregor mendel

19th Century Austrian Monk, considered father of genetics

telophase & cytokenisis 1

2 haploid (N) daughter cells form

How many new strands are there at the end of DNA replication? What's important about them?

2 new strands, each with one new strand and one old

Eye color is sex-linked in fruit flies. Red eyes are dominant to white. Cross heterozygous, red-eyed female with a white-eyed female. What are the results?

25% chance of white-eyed female 25% chance white-eyed male

what is the number of chromatids in a tetrad?

4

telophase 2

4 haploid daughter cells form

What is a mutation?

A change in the sequence of base pairs in DNA

Create an example of what survival of the fittest means?

A well camoflauged animal would be more likely to survive, so all of the un-camolfauged animals would die off, and the surviving ones would mate and have more babies

what three letters always start translation

AUG

what does trhe principle of independent assortment state?

Alleles (haploid pairs) for different genes usually separate independently from one another

what is the function of a repressor protein

Binds to operator, blocking the promoter region, and therefore protein synthesis

In what type of animals and in what place did Charles Darwin observe the most notable adaptations? After studying the beaks of the birds, what was Darwin able to conclude?

Galapagose finches

What is actually occuring when DNA is "unzipped"

Helicase in breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs

How are two strands of a DNA molecule held together?

Hydrogen Bonds

Why is colorblindness more common in males than females?

Its a recessive trait on the X chromosome, so if males inherit the gene they will express the gene, but if a female gets it they will simply be a carrier.

What did Lamark contribute to Darwin's work?

Lamark: simple organisms could arise from nonliving matter, and changed over time. Individuals could aquire traits during their lifetime, and pass those traits on to offspring

What did Charles Lyell contribute to Darwin's work?

Lyell: uniformatarionism; geological proscesses that changed earth in past continue to develop

What did Malthus contribute to Darwin's work?

Malthus: human population can grow faster than food supply, so population has limiting factors such as war, disease and food. Population of ALL organisms are limited by the enviroment they live in

how do the genetic contents of cells resulting from mitosis and meiosis differ?

Mitosis: The duaghter cells are identical to the parent cell Meiosis: The four daughter cells are gentically different from the parent cell

compare the number and type of cells that result from mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis: body cells, diploids, 2 identical Meiosis: sex cells, haploid, 4 unidentical

qhat is the structure of a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous base, Sugar (deoxiribose), phosphate group

What are the three alleles for blood type? Which are dominant? Which are recessive? What are six genotypes for blood type?

O, A, B. A and B are dominant, and O is recessive

Homozygous

Organism with two same alleles

What are all of the stages of the cell cycle in Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, cytokinesis

what is a restriction enzyme? In what type of genetic engineering are they used?

Recognize specific short DNA sequences , and cut the DNA in or near the sequence. used in genetic engineering

Gene

Sequence of DNA that code for proteins which control traits of offspring

What was rosalind Frankiln's role in the determination of DNA's shape?

She used X-Ray diffraction photography to contribute to the structure of DNA

what is Lamarck's theory and why is it no longer valid

The theory of acquired characteristics. If an individua; wanted to change something about the way its body worked, it could. When that individual reproduced, the changes it had made suring its lifetime would be passed on to its offspring

What is meant by the term sex-linked

The trait is carried on the X chromosome

what does it mean when two sets of chromosomes are homologous

They are corresponding (the same) pair of chromosomes

How might vestigal organs provide clue to an animal's evolutionary history?

They seem to serve no function but they resemble structures with functional roles in related organisms. They used to serve a purpose but because of evolution, they now do not.

what two scientists are credited with determining the shape of the DNA molecule?

Watson and Crick

what is recombinant DNA? give an example?

When DNA from two different organisms are joined. ex: Mr. Green genes

What is a pedigree? How is it useful?

a diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

what is a tetrad. During which phase of meiosis is it formed?

a homologous pair, form during prophase of meiosis 1

Define the term "fitness"

a measure of an individual's hereditary contribution to the next generation

Gametes: a) What is inside? how many alleles? b) what process creates gametes?

a) gamete is a sex cell so it has 23 chromosomes, and 1 allele b) meiosis

dominant

allele that is fully expressed when carried by only one of pair of homologous chromosomes

recessive

allele that is only expressed when two recessive alleles are inherited

what are homologous structures? give an example

anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originated by heredity from a structure in the most recent common ancestor of the species. Example; forlimbs on humans, aligators, penguins, and bats all serve a different function but have very similar bone structure, so they likely share a common ancestor.

what is an adaptation?

anatomical, physcological, or behavioral trait that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce

what is the difference between a sex chromosome and an autosomal chromosome

autosomal chromosomes are identical to its homologous pair, while sex chromosome may differ in males

What is nondisjunction?

homologous pairs fail to separate during meiosis, causing one gamete to have an extra copy of a chromosome and one to have none. The cause of down syndrome where individuals have three of chromosome 21

how does lactose act as an inducer in the lac operon?

lactose changes the shape of the repressor protein, stopping it from attaching to the operator, and therefore allowing the RNA polymerase to attach to the promoter

what are the types of RNA and what are their functions?

mRNA: copy of DNA that acts as messanger to rest of cell rRNA: make up part of ribosomal structure tRNA: transfer amino acids from cell to ribosomes, includes anticodon structure

what does the term "multiple alleles" mean? what is a human trait controlled by multiple alleles?

more than two allels for a genetic trait. multiple allels contol blood type with codominance

hybrid

offspring produced by crossing parents with different traits

allele

one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic

heterozygous

organism with two different alleles

true breeding

organisms that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring with same phenotype for that trait

phenotype

physical characteristics

purebred

produce identical offspring

What are VNTR's?

repeating nucleotide sequences within length polymorphins

Describe the process of replication. What enzymes are involved?

replication ensures that every cell has en exact copy of DNA. 1) helicase "unzips" double helix be breaking bonds between base pairs, replication fork forms 2) two seperate strands act as a template for the new strand 3) DNA polymerase moves down the DNA polymerizing thew new strand Each DNA molecule consists of one old, one new strand

what is the result from the process of crossing over during prophase 1

results in different gametes (sex cells) at the end of meiosis; increases genetic diversity

where does translation take place?

ribosomes

gamete

sex cell

Why is the genotype of the father unimportant when investigating sex linked traits inherited by male offspring?

sex linked traits are carried on the X chromosome, which means that males can only inherit them from their mother, making her the only genotype that matters.

anaphase 2

sister chromatids separate from one another

what does the principle of dominance state

some alleles are dominant while some are recessive

metaphase 1

spindle fibers attach to the homologous chromosomes

anaphase 1

spindle fibers pull homologous pairs to end of cell

why does transcrption happen in the nucleus

the DNA is too large ot leave the nucleus, because of it's double strand structure

why do cells regulate gene expression

this allows cells to control which portion of the genome will be expressed and when

what are the two processes involved in protein synthesis?

transcription and translation

A woman with type O blood and a man with type AB are expecting a child. Why are the possible blood types of the child

type A or B

Is it possible for a man with A blood type and a woman with B blood type to have a child with O blood type?

yes because they can both have the recessive alleles.

Prophase 1

Cells undergo a round of DNA replication. chromosomes form tetrads and crossing over occurs

Who is credited with the theory of evolution?

Charles Darwin

Describe the structure of DNA. What are its monomers?

DNA is a double-helix form The sides of the "ladder" are made of a sugar phosphate backbone The rungs of the ladder are made up of base pairs Adenine Thymine, Glycine, Cytosine DNA's monomers are nucleotides

Describe how these how these words relate: chromosome, chromatin, nucleosome, histone and DNA

DNA winds tightly together and wraps itself around histones, which further coil together into nucleosome to form the supercoils chromatin, which form chrosomes

compare how Darwin and Lamarck would have hypothesised that giraffes eventually came to have long necks

Darwin: the food was high up, so the giraffes with longer necks survived while the others died off. The giraffes with long necks mated and had offspring with long necks as well Lamarck: Giraffes had short necks, but they wanted to make themselves have long necks so they stretched their necks out a little bit, and had babies with long necks

compare haploid and diploid a) how are 2N and N numbers different? b) what do the numbers represent c)What are the human diploid/ haploid numbers

b) 2N represents a diploid, or a fertilized cell. N represents a haploid, or a sex cell c) diploid has 46, haploid has 43

According the Darwon's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their enviroment. What is their survival due to?

being able to adapt to their enviroment

genotype

genetic makeup

trait

genetically determined characteristic

what is a karyotype? what kind of chromosomes are included in a karyotype? How many chromosomes are in a karyotype?

graphical display that show's an individual's chromosomes. Displays autosomes and sex chromosomes. shows 46 chromsomes

What are analogous structures? Give an example?

have closely related functions but do not derive from the same ancestoral structure. Example; wings on birds, bats, and bugs

what are some examples of human diseases that are sex-linked

hemophilia, color-blindness, MD

metaphase 2

chromosome pairs line up in the center of the cell

What are the three sources of genetic variation?

crossing over, mutations, gene shuffling

what sex chromosome does a female have? male?

female: XX male: XY

F1 Generation

first generation of offspring obtained from experimental cross of two organisms