SCIENCE LAB 1ST QUIZ

Laws describe phenomena, often mathematically. Theories explain phenomena

*just read over the whole thing and for the answer REPEAT the words in BOLD* if theories are so well supported, do they eventually become laws? The answer is NO - not because they aren't well-supported, but because theories and laws are two very different things: *Laws describe phenomena, often mathematically. Theories explain phenomena*

Systema Naturae

Carolus Linnaeus's landmark work (1735) that challenged the Fixity of Species (the idea that each species is created in a unique, ideal form that does not change over time) because it classified organisms into related groups based on similarities in their physical features, forming a hierarchical classification system, that drew relationships between seemingly disparate species [for example, humans, orangutans, and chimpanzees] based on the physical similarities that he observed between these organisms.

evolution

genetic change in a plant or animal population over generations

evidence

support for an idea, opinion, or hypothesis

data

pieces of information collected through observation and measurement

taxonomy

The basis, procedures, and rules for naming and classifying organisms

hypothesis

A ___________________ is a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon; based on observations from research.

theory

*BOTH BLANKS ARE THE SAME ANSWER* In common language, the term _______________ generally refers to speculation or a hunch or guess. In science, a _______________ is a well-substantiated and comprehensive set of ideas that explains a phenomenon in nature.

organic

*BOTH BLANKS ARE THE SAME ANSWER* To a chemist, the term _________________ refers to any compound in which hydrogen is bonded to carbon. In modern agriculture, however, _________________ has come to mean food items grown or raised without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other additives.

False

*True or False?:* A theory is simply an educated guess made by a scientist.

true

*True or False?:* All scientific disciplines have well-established, fundamental theories.

true

*True or False?:* While established scientific theories like evolution have a wealth of research and evidence supporting them, this does not mean that they cannot be refined as new information or new perspectives on existing data become available.

false

*True or False?:* well-established scientific theories cannot be refined as new information or new perspectives on existing data become available because they are supported by a wealth of research and evidence

In science, a theory is a well-substantiated and comprehensive set of ideas that explains a phenomenon in nature. A scientific theory is based on large amounts of data and observations that have been collected over time. Scientific theories can be tested and refined by additional research, and they allow scientists to make predictions.

*for the answer just repeat the WHOLE thing* In science, a theory is a well-substantiated and comprehensive set of ideas that explains a phenomenon in nature. A scientific theory is based on large amounts of data and observations that have been collected over time. Scientific theories can be tested and refined by additional research, and they allow scientists to make predictions.

A scientific theory is an explanation inferred from multiple lines of evidence for some broad aspect of the natural world and is logical, testable, and predictive. A scientific hypothesis is an inferred explanation of an observation or research finding; while more exploratory in nature than a theory, it is based on existing scientific knowledge. A scientific law is an expression of a mathematical or descriptive relationship observed in nature.

*for the answer just repeat the WHOLE thing* A scientific theory is an explanation inferred from multiple lines of evidence for some broad aspect of the natural world and is logical, testable, and predictive. A scientific hypothesis is an inferred explanation of an observation or research finding; while more exploratory in nature than a theory, it is based on existing scientific knowledge. A scientific law is an expression of a mathematical or descriptive relationship observed in nature.

Fixity of Species

A concept, based on the biblical story of creation, which says that the structure of each species was based on a model, unique, and ideal form that has never changed over time(; unintentionally challenged by Carolus Linnaeus in his work Systema Naturae)

Carolus Linnaeus: father of modern taxonomy, believed in the concept of Fixity of Species (based on the biblical story of creation; a concept that said that each species is based on an ideal form that has not changed over time) collected data on the structural similarities and differences between different species of plants In Systema Naturae (1735), Linnaeus classified organisms into related groups based on similarities in their physical features developed a hierarchical classification system drawing relationships between seemingly disparate species based on the physical similarities that he observed between these organisms (Linnaeus did not explicitly discuss change in organisms or propose a reason for his hierarchy, but) by grouping organisms based on physical characteristics, he suggested that species are related, unintentionally challenging the Fixity of Species

*just read over the whole thing and for the answer REPEAT the words in BOLD* *Carolus Linnaeus:* a Swedish botanist and the *father of modern taxonomy,* was a devout Christian who *believed in the concept of Fixity of Species (based on the biblical story of creation; a concept that said that each species is based on an ideal form that has not changed over time)*. In the early stages of his career, Linnaeus traveled extensively and *collected data on the structural similarities and differences between different species of plants*. Noting that some very different plants had similar structures, he began to piece together his landmark work, Systema Naturae, in 1735 (Figure 1). *In Systema Naturae (1735), Linnaeus classified organisms into related groups based on similarities in their physical features*. He *developed a hierarchical classification system*, even *drawing relationships between seemingly disparate species* (for example, humans, orangutans, and chimpanzees) *based on the physical similarities that he observed between these organisms*. *(Linnaeus did not explicitly discuss change in organisms or propose a reason for his hierarchy, but) by grouping organisms based on physical characteristics, he suggested that species are related, unintentionally challenging the Fixity of Species* idea that each species is created in a unique, ideal form

The Law of Faunal Succession: William Smith's hypothesis that specific groups of animals followed one another in a definite sequence [which could be seen in the rock layers] through Earth's history. his hypothesis is supported by extensive drawings of fossils uncovered during his research and confirmed by many other scientists. His work was critical to the formation of evolutionary theory because it confirmed Cuvier's work that organisms have gone extinct and also showed that the appearance of life does not date to the birth of the planet. Instead, the fossil record preserves a timeline of the appearance and disappearance of different organisms in the past, and in doing so offers evidence for change in organisms over time. The Law of Superposition states that sediments are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest sediments deposited first, or at the bottom, and newer layers deposited on top. (Note that the law does not state how sediments are deposited; it simply describes the relationship between the ages of deposited sediments)

*just read over the whole thing and for the answer REPEAT the words in BOLD* *the Law of Faunal Succession: William Smith's hypothesis that specific groups of animals followed one another in a definite sequence [which could be seen in the rock layers] through Earth's history. his hypothesis is supported by extensive drawings of fossils uncovered during his research and confirmed by many other scientists. His work was critical to the formation of evolutionary theory because it confirmed Cuvier's work that organisms have gone extinct and also showed that the appearance of life does not date to the birth of the planet. Instead, the fossil record preserves a timeline of the appearance and disappearance of different organisms in the past, and in doing so offers evidence for change in organisms over time.* Smith based his hypothesis on his knowledge of geological principles, including the Law of Superposition- *The Law of Superposition states that sediments are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest sediments deposited first, or at the bottom, and newer layers deposited on top. (Note that the law does not state how sediments are deposited; it simply describes the relationship between the ages of deposited sediments)*. [The concept was first expressed by the Persian scientist Avicenna in the 11th century, but was popularized by the Danish scientist Nicolas Steno in the 17th century.]

1 hypothesis 2 theory 3 law

A scientific *1 _________* is an inferred explanation of an observation or research finding, it is based on existing scientific knowledge. A scientific *2 _________* is an explanation inferred from multiple lines of evidence for some broad aspect of the natural world and is logical, testable, and predictive. A scientific *3 _________* is an expression of a mathematical or descriptive relationship observed in nature.

phyletic gradualism

At the time, many biologists viewed evolution as occurring gradually, causing small incremental changes in organisms at a relatively steady rate. The idea is referred to as ____________ ______________, and is rooted in the geological concept of uniformitarianism

alternative hypothesis

an explanation that explains a study if the data do not support the original hypothesis