Science Regents

2) B

which letter indicates a cell structure that directly controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

1) storage

What is the main function of a vacuole in a cell ? 1) storage 2) coordination 3) synthesis of molecules 4) release of energy

1) convert large molecules into simpler molecules that can then be recycled

Decomposers are important in the environment because they 1) convert large molecules into simpler molecules that can then be recycled 2) release heat from large molecules so that the heat can be recycled through the ecosystem 3) can take in carbon dioxide and convert it into oxygen 4) convert molecules of dead organisms into permanent biotic parts of an ecosystem

4) reveal details that are otherwise not easily seen

When using a compound light microscope, the most common reason for staining a specimen being observed is to 1) keep the organism from moving around 2) make the view more colorful 3) determine the effects of chemicals on the organism 4) reveal details that are otherwise not easily seen

1) 1

Which cell structure contains information needed for protein synthesis ? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

2)

Which diagram best represents the levels of organization in the human body ?

3) carnivores

Which ecological term best describes the polar bears in the cartoon ? 1) herbivores 2) parasites 3) carnivores 4) producers

1) ecosystem

Which ecological term includes everything represented in the illustration below ? 1) ecosystem 2) community 3) population 4) species

3) ribosome --- synthesis of proteins

Which organelle is correctly paired with its specific function ? 1) cell membrane --- storage of hereditary information 2) chloroplast --- transport of materials 3) ribosome --- synthesis of proteins 4) vacuole --- production of ATP

4) changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms

Which phrase best describes cellular respiration, a process that occurs continuously in the cells of organisms ? 1) removal of oxygen from the cells of an organism 2) conversion of light energy into the chemical bond energy of organic molecules 3) transport of material within cells and throughout the bodies of multi-cellular organisms 4) changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms

4) autotrophic nutrition

Which process usually uses carbon dioxide molecules ? 1) cellular respiration 2) asexual reproduction 3) active transport 4) autotrophic nutrition

3

Which row in the chart below best describes the active transport of molecule X through a cell membrane ?

3) organelles--- cells--- tissues--- organs--- organ systems

Which sequence represents the correct order of levels of organization found in a complex organism ? 1)cells--- organelles--- organs--- organ systems--- tissues 2) tissues--- organs--- organ systems--- organelles--- cells 3) organelles--- cells--- tissues--- organs--- organ systems 4) organs--- organ systems--- cells--- tissues--- organelles

2) active transport, recognition of chemical messages,protection

Which set of functions is directly controlled by the cell membrane ? 1) protein synthesis,respiration, digestion of food molecules 2) active transport, recognition of chemical messages,protection 3) enzyme production, elimination of large molecules, duplication of DNA codes 4) release of ATP molecules, regulation of cell reproduction, food production

2) Some cells in the system may be different from the other cells in the system, but all cells are coordinated and work together

Which statement describing the cells in a body system is correct ? 1) Each cell in the system is identical to the other cells in the system, and each cell works independently of the other cells 2) Some cells in the system may be different from the other cells in the system, but all cells are coordinated and work together 3) Each cell in the system is different from the other cells in the system, and each cell works independently of the other cells 4) All cells in the system are identical to each other and work together

1) energy released into the environment as heat

A food chain is represented the curly arrow represented most likely indicates 1) energy released into the environment as heat 2) oxygen produced by respiration 3) the absorption of energy that has been synthesized 4) the transport of glucose away from the organism

2) The population size became limited due to factors such as availability of food

A population of chipmunks migrated to an environment where they had little competition. Their population quickly increased but eventually stabilized as shown in the graph. Which statement best explains why the population stabilized ? 1) Interbreeding between members of the population increased the mutation rate 2) The population size became limited due to factors such as availability of food 3) An increase in the chipmunk population caused an increase in the producer population 4) A predator species came to the area and occupied the same niche as the chipmunks

3) salt water

A red onion cell has undergone a change, as represented in the diagram below This change is most likely due to the cell being placed in 1) distilled water 2) light 3) salt water 4) darkness

1) light is necessary for photosynthesis to occur

A small piece of black paper was folded in half and used to cover part of the top and bottom portions of a leaf on a living geranium plant. After the plant was kept in sunlight for several days, the paper was removed. The leaf was then boiled in alcohol to remove the chlorophyll and placed in Lugol's iodine solution, which turns blue-black in the presence of starch. Only the part of the leaf that had not been covered turned blue-black. This investigation was most likely testing the hypothesis that 1) light is necessary for photosynthesis to occur 2) alcohol plus chlorophyll forms Lugol's iodine solution 3) green plants use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis 4) plants use alcohol in the production of the chlorophyll

4) distilled water

A wet mount of red onion cells as seen with a compound light microscope is shown to the right Which substance would most likely be used to return the cell to its original condition ? 1) starch indicator 2) dialysis tubing 3) glucose indicator solution 4) distilled water

3) an ecological niche

An earthworm lives and reproduces in the soil. It aerates the soil and adds organic material to it. The earthworm is a source of food for other organisms. All of these statements together best describe 1) a habitat 2) autotrophic nutrition 3) an ecological niche 4) competition

2) carrying capacity

An environment can support only as many organisms as the available energy, minerals, and oxygen will allow. Which term is best described by this statement ? 1) biological feedback 2) carrying capacity 3) homeostatic control 4) biological diversity

4) chloroplasts

An enzyme known as rubisco enables plants to use large amounts of carbon dioxide. This enzyme is most likely active in the 1) nucleus 2) vacuoles 3) mitochondria 4) chloroplasts

2) The red blood cells will lose water and decrease in size

An investigation was set up to study the movement of water through a membrane. The results are shown in the diagram Based on these results, which statement correctly predicts what will happen to red blood cells when they are placed in a beaker containing a water solution in which the salt concentration in the red blood cells ? 1) The red blood cells will absorb water and increase in size 2) The red blood cells will lose water and decrease in size 3) The red blood cells will first absorb water, then lose water and maintain their normal size 4) The red blood cells will first lose water, then absorb water, and finally double in size

3) mitochondrion

An organelle that releases energy for metabolic activity in a nerve cell is the 1) chloroplast 2) ribosome 3) mitochondrion 4) vacuole

2) digestion --- diffusion --- cellular respiration

Arrows A,B, and C in the diagram represent the processes necessary to make the energy stored in food available for muscle activity The correct sequence of processes represented by A,B, and C is 1) diffusion --- synthesis --- active transport 2) digestion --- diffusion --- cellular respiration 3) digestion --- excretion --- cellular respiration 4) synthesis --- active transport --- excretion

4) increasing populations of native fish that feed on mosquito larvae in the swamps

Communities have attempted to control the size of mosquito populations to prevent the spread of certain diseases such as malaria and encephalitis. Which control method is most likely to cause the least ecological damage ? 1) draining the swamps where mosquitoes breed 2) spraying swamps with chemical pesticides to kill mosquitoes 3) spraying oil over swamps to suffocate mosquito larvae 4) increasing populations of native fish that feed on mosquito larvae in the swamps

3) mates for breeding

Competition for biotic resources can be illustrated by organisms fighting for a limited amount of 1) air to breathe 2) water to drink 3) mates for breeding 4) space for nesting

2) cell membrane

Damage to which structure will most directly disrupt water balance within a single celled organism ? 1) ribosome 2) cell membrane 3) nucleus 4) chloroplast

2) from starch molecules absorbed by the potato plant

Eating a sweet potato provides energy for human metabolic processes. The original source of this energy is the energy 1) in protein molecules stored within the potato 2) from starch molecules absorbed by the potato plant 3) made available by photosynthesis 4) in vitamins and minerals found in the soil

4) succession

Stage D in the diagram is located on land that was once a bare field The sequence of stages leading from bare field to D best illustrates 1) replication 2) recycling 3) feedback 4) succession

3) theory

The current knowledge concerning cells is the result of the investigations and observations of many scientists. The work of these scientists forms a well accepted body of knowledge about cells. This body of knowledge is an example of a 1) hypothesis 2) controlled experiment 3) theory 4) research plan

1) cellular respiration

Energy from organic molecules can be stored in ATP molecules as a direct result of the process of 1) cellular respiration 2) cellular reproduction 3) diffusion 4) digestion

1) organelles

Homeostasis in unicellular organisms depends on the proper functioning of 1) organelles 2) insulin 3) guard cells 4) antibodies

4) organelles present in single celled organisms act in a manner similar to organ systems

Humans require organ systems to carry out life processes. Single celled organisms do not have organ systems and yet they are able to carry out life processes. This is because 1) human organ systems lack the organelles found in single celled organisms 2) a human cell is more efficient than the cell of a single celled organism 3) it is not necessary for single celled organisms to maintain homeostasis 4) organelles present in single celled organisms act in a manner similar to organ systems

3) Certain herbivores will exceed carrying capacity

If humans remove carnivorous predators such as wolves and coyotes from an ecosystem, what will probably be the first observable result ? 1) The natural prey will die off 2) Certain plant population will increase 3) Certain herbivores will exceed carrying capacity 4) The decomposers will fill the predator niche

3) have no natural enemies

Imported animal species often distrupt an ecosystem because in their new environment, they will most likely 1) eliminate the genetic variation of the autotrophs 2)increase the number of mutations in the herbivores 3) have no natural enemies 4) be unable to produce offspring

4) metabolic processes

In a cell, all organelles work together to carry out 1) diffusion 2) active transport 3) information storage 4) metabolic processes

4) ribosomes

In a cell, information that controls the production of proteins must pass from the nucleus to the 1) cell membrane 2) chloroplasts 3) mitochondria 4) ribosomes

1) the same habitat, but different niches

In a forest community, a shelf fungus slug live on the side of a decaying tree The fungus digests and absorbs materials from the tree, while the slug eats algae growing on the outside of the truck. These organisms do not compete with one another because they occupy 1) the same habitat, but different niches 2) the same niche, but different habitats 3) the same niche, and the same habitat 4) different habitats and different niches

1) the trade- offs involved

In an attempt to improve environmental quality, local officials in a country in New York State want to build a garbage-to-steam plant. At the plant, garbage would be burned to produce energy, but air pollution would also be produced. In order to decide whether or not to build this plant, the community must consider 1) the trade- offs involved 2) new genetic technology 3) the natural process of succession 4) energy flow between organisms

3) decomposers

In an ecosystem, nutrients would be recycled if they were transferred directly from herbivores to carnivores to 1) hosts 2) prey 3) decomposers 4) autotrophs

2) significant changes occur in the ecosystem

In an ecosystem, the presence of many different species is critical for the survival of some forms of life when 1) ecosystems remain stable over long periods of time 2) significant changes occur in the ecosystem 3) natural selection does not occur 4) the finite resources of Earth increase

3) organic compounds

In heterotrophs, energy for the life processes comes from the chemical energy stored in the bonds of 1) water molecules 2) oxygen molecules 3) organic compounds 4) inorganic compounds

2) a good conservation practice for renewable natural resources

In some areas, foresters plant one tree for every tree they cut. This activity is an example of 1) lack of management of nonrenewable natural resources 2) a good conservation practice for renewable natural resources 3) a good conservation practice for nonrenewable natural resources 4) lack of concern for renewable natural resources

2) B

In the cell shown, which lettered structure is responsible for the excretion of most cellular wastes ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

1) cell A, only

In the diagram, the dark dots indicate small molecules. These molecules are moving out of the cells, as indicated by the arrows. The number of dots inside and outside of the cells ATP is being used to move the molecules out of the cells by 1) cell A, only 2) cell B, only 3) both cell A and cell B 4) neither cell A or cell B

3) cell membrane

In the human body oxygen is absorbed by the lungs and nutrients are absorbed by the small intestine. In a single celled organism, this absorption directly involves the 1) nucleus 2) chloroplasts 3) cell membrane 4) chromosomes

3) They both involve organic and inorganic molecules

In what way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar ? 1) They both occur in chloroplasts 2) They both require sunlight 3) They both involve organic and inorganic molecules 4) They both require oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

2) day 8

On which day did the population represented in the graph reach the carrying capacity of the ecosystem ? 1) day 11 2) day 8 3) day 3 4) day 5

2) Organism 3 helps recycle materials

Organisms from a particular ecosystem are shown below Which statement concerning an organism in this ecosystem is correct ? 1) Organism 2 is heterotrophic 2) Organism 3 helps recycle materials 3) Organism 4 obtains all of its nutrients from an abiotic source 4) Organism 5 must obtain its energy from organism 1

2) The water will pass from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentration

The diagram represents a laboratory setup used by a student during an investigation of diffusion Which statement best explains why the liquid in tube A will rise over a period of time ? 1) The starch concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane 2) The water will pass from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentration 3) Water and starch volumes are the same in both tubes A and B 4) The fluids in both tubes A and B will change from a higher temperature to a lower temperature

3

The diagram represents a plant cell in tap water as seen with a compound light microscope. Which diagram best represents the appearance of the cell after it has been place in a 15% salt solution for two minutes ?

2) B

The diagram represents a portion of a cell membrane Which structure may function in the recognition of chemical signals ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

1) It aids in the removal of metabolic wastes in both cell X and cell Y

The diagram represents two cells, X and Y Which statement is correct concerning the structure labeled A ? 1) It aids in the removal of metabolic wastes in both cell X and cell Y 2) It is involved in cell communication in cell X, but not in cell Y 3) It prevents the absorption of CO2 in cell X and O2 in cell Y 4) It represents the cell wall in cell X and the cell membrane in cell Y

2) ATP

The diagram shows molecules represented by X both outside and inside of a cell A process that would result in the movement of these molecules out of the cell requires the use of 1) DNA 2) ATP 3) antigens 4) antibodies

3) Carbon dioxide would diffuse out of the cell

The diagram shows the relative concentration of molecules inside and outside of the cell Which statement best describes the general direction of diffusion across the membrane of this cell ? 1) Glucose would diffuse into the cell 2) Protein would diffuse out of the cell 3) Carbon dioxide would diffuse out of the cell 4) Oxygen would diffuse into the cell

3)structure

The function of a cell depends primarily on its 1) life span 2) color 3)structure 4) movement

3) competition

The graph shows the growth of two populations of paramecia grown in the same culture dish for 14 days. Which ecological concept is best represented by the graph ? 1) recycling 2) equilibrium 3) competition 4) decomposition

1) a nucleus

The largest amount of DNA in a plant cell is contained in 1) a nucleus 2) a chromosome 3) a protein molecule 4) an enzyme molecule

3) ATP

The process of active transport requires the most direct use of 1) carbon dioxide 2) amino acids 3) ATP 4) glucose

3) The cell membrane forms a barrier that keeps all substances that might harm the cell from entering the cell

Which statement regarding the functioning of the cell membrane of all organisms is not correct ? 1) The cell membrane forms a boundary that separates the cellular contents from the outside environment 2) The cell membrane is capable of receiving and recognizing chemical signals 3) The cell membrane forms a barrier that keeps all substances that might harm the cell from entering the cell 4) The cell membrane controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell

3) organelles

Which structures carry out life functions within cells ? 1) tissues 2) organ systems 3) organelles 4) organs

a) 3) predators b) 3) grass

a) Population A is made up of living animals. The members of population B feed on these living animals. The members of population B are most likely 1) scavengers 2) autotrophs 3) predators 4) parasites b) Which organism carries out autotrophic nutrition ? 1) hawk 2) grasshopper 3) grass 4) deer