Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

Martin Luther

rejected Copernicus' heliocentric model of the universe

French philosophes hoped that their enlightenment thinking would have its greatest influence on the public which included

the educated

In his "Spirit of Laws," Montesquieu argued for

the separation of governmental powers

After the Seven Years' War with Austria, France, and Russia (1756-1763), Frederick II of Prussia set out to

rebuild the Prussian economy and improve the lives of his subjects

The favorite reading for literate common people in Europe was

the Bible

Copernicus rejected the Ptolemaic model of the solar system primarily because

he felt that it was too unweildy to be part of God's harmonious creation

In his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society

Kepler's refinement of the Copernican model of the solar system consisted

hypothesizing elliptical orbits for the planets

Madame du Cordray was

a midwife who sought to teach safe birthing techniques to other women

Which of the following statements is clearly not generally true for the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment?

Both had their orgins in the Protestant Reformation

In the spirit of the reforms being considered by Frederick II to strengthen Prussia thru ore humane policies for his subjects, Moses Mendelsson argued that

Jews be given the freedom and civil rights

"The Persian Letter," a satire of European customs was composed by

Montesquieu

The two men given credit for refining Galileo's experimental methods and creating the modern scientific methof were Francis Bacon and

Rene Descartes

As a result of Pugachev's rebellion in 1773, Catherine II

gave the nobles more power over their serfs

The causes of the Scientific Revolution include all of the following except the

extensive support and funding provided by European governments

All of the following were political consequences of the Enlightenment except

a. A GROWING RESPECT AMONG MONARCHS FOR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS b. a weakening of absolutism in France c. the idea that government was a science d. attempts to reform from above

John Locke claimed that the human mind at birth is like

a blank tablet or tabula rusa

The Pugachev Rebellion of 1773 was

a serf insurrection against Catherine the Great

All of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view of the universe except

a. Johannes Kepler b. Galileo Galilei c. DERNARD DE FONTENELLE d. Nicolaus Copernicus

The concept of a "reading revolution" asserts all of the following except

a. THAT READING PUBLIC WAS VERY SELECTIVE IN ITS CHOICE OF READING MATERIAL b. that educated classes were reading insatiably and carelessly c. reading became an individual process d. the process of reading became less religious and less accepting of authority

The intellectual uncertainties of the late 17th c. included all of the following except

a. THE SCIENTIFIC ASSERTION THAT MEN AND WOMEN WERE EQUALS b. the destruction of the Aristotelian universe c. growing doubt about the existence of relgious truth d. a great increase in information about non-European cultures, producing a tendency to adopt a relativistic approach to truth and morality

The roforms of Fredirick II (the Great) on the Prussian state included all of the following except

a. religious toleration b. promoted the advancement of knowledge by improving schools c. torture of prisopners was abolished and judges decided cases quickely and impartially d. RESTABLISHED THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS DECLARING HIMSELF CHOSEN BY GOD TO SERVE THE PRUSSIAN STATE

Among the "enlightened" actions of Catherine of Russia (r. 1762-1796) were all of the folloing except

a. subsidized the philosophe Diderot b. restriction of torture c. REFUSAL TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PARTITION OF POLAND

The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons except

a. women in drawing rooms b. lessened censorship c. LOUIS XV HAD SUCH A KEEN INTEREST IN DEVELOPING THE MIND d. French philosophes

Madame du Chatelet

believed women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education

Acording to its editor, the fundamental goal of the "Encyclopedia" was to

change the general way of thinking

Copernicus's theory of the universe

destroyed the distinction between earthy and heavenly worlds

The Royal Society of London, founded in 1662,

developed out of a project to determine a method for fixing a ship's longitude

The least realized of Catherine II's enlightened goals was

domestic reform including an end to serfdom

After the death of Louis XIV, the restored Parlement of Paris

effectively challenged royal absolutism

Joseph II, son of Maria Theresa, tried to continue her effort to reform Austria and make it stronger. He even abolished serfdom in 1781 and required all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments, a move opposed by

landowning nobility and the peasants

D' Holbach's "System of Nature" presented a

mechanistic, atheistic philosophy

Russia's Catherine II's greatest territorial triumph was the

partition of Poland

Fontenelle wrote "Conservations on the Plurality of Worlds" (1686) to

popularize the findings of the Scientific Revolution

Empiricism emphasized

the actual examination of phenomena

Rousseau was more skeptical than earlier Enlightenment philosophies of

the virtues of cizilization and reason

Absolute monarchs like Catherine II and Frederick II pursued reofrm primarilly

to strengthen their state and to compete militarily with their neighbors

The text suggests that Voltaire's lifelong dedication to the principle of equality before the law had its orgins in

two incidents in which he was arrested for insulting a noble

The key feature of Newton's system was the law of

universal gravitation

Galileo's greatest contribution to the "Scientific Revolution" was his

use of controlled experiments which improved the "doing of science"