Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
Martin Luther
rejected Copernicus' heliocentric model of the universe
French philosophes hoped that their enlightenment thinking would have its greatest influence on the public which included
the educated
In his "Spirit of Laws," Montesquieu argued for
the separation of governmental powers
After the Seven Years' War with Austria, France, and Russia (1756-1763), Frederick II of Prussia set out to
rebuild the Prussian economy and improve the lives of his subjects
The favorite reading for literate common people in Europe was
the Bible
Copernicus rejected the Ptolemaic model of the solar system primarily because
he felt that it was too unweildy to be part of God's harmonious creation
In his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society
Kepler's refinement of the Copernican model of the solar system consisted
hypothesizing elliptical orbits for the planets
Madame du Cordray was
a midwife who sought to teach safe birthing techniques to other women
Which of the following statements is clearly not generally true for the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment?
Both had their orgins in the Protestant Reformation
In the spirit of the reforms being considered by Frederick II to strengthen Prussia thru ore humane policies for his subjects, Moses Mendelsson argued that
Jews be given the freedom and civil rights
"The Persian Letter," a satire of European customs was composed by
Montesquieu
The two men given credit for refining Galileo's experimental methods and creating the modern scientific methof were Francis Bacon and
Rene Descartes
As a result of Pugachev's rebellion in 1773, Catherine II
gave the nobles more power over their serfs
The causes of the Scientific Revolution include all of the following except the
extensive support and funding provided by European governments
All of the following were political consequences of the Enlightenment except
a. A GROWING RESPECT AMONG MONARCHS FOR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS b. a weakening of absolutism in France c. the idea that government was a science d. attempts to reform from above
John Locke claimed that the human mind at birth is like
a blank tablet or tabula rusa
The Pugachev Rebellion of 1773 was
a serf insurrection against Catherine the Great
All of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view of the universe except
a. Johannes Kepler b. Galileo Galilei c. DERNARD DE FONTENELLE d. Nicolaus Copernicus
The concept of a "reading revolution" asserts all of the following except
a. THAT READING PUBLIC WAS VERY SELECTIVE IN ITS CHOICE OF READING MATERIAL b. that educated classes were reading insatiably and carelessly c. reading became an individual process d. the process of reading became less religious and less accepting of authority
The intellectual uncertainties of the late 17th c. included all of the following except
a. THE SCIENTIFIC ASSERTION THAT MEN AND WOMEN WERE EQUALS b. the destruction of the Aristotelian universe c. growing doubt about the existence of relgious truth d. a great increase in information about non-European cultures, producing a tendency to adopt a relativistic approach to truth and morality
The roforms of Fredirick II (the Great) on the Prussian state included all of the following except
a. religious toleration b. promoted the advancement of knowledge by improving schools c. torture of prisopners was abolished and judges decided cases quickely and impartially d. RESTABLISHED THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS DECLARING HIMSELF CHOSEN BY GOD TO SERVE THE PRUSSIAN STATE
Among the "enlightened" actions of Catherine of Russia (r. 1762-1796) were all of the folloing except
a. subsidized the philosophe Diderot b. restriction of torture c. REFUSAL TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PARTITION OF POLAND
The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons except
a. women in drawing rooms b. lessened censorship c. LOUIS XV HAD SUCH A KEEN INTEREST IN DEVELOPING THE MIND d. French philosophes
Madame du Chatelet
believed women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
Acording to its editor, the fundamental goal of the "Encyclopedia" was to
change the general way of thinking
Copernicus's theory of the universe
destroyed the distinction between earthy and heavenly worlds
The Royal Society of London, founded in 1662,
developed out of a project to determine a method for fixing a ship's longitude
The least realized of Catherine II's enlightened goals was
domestic reform including an end to serfdom
After the death of Louis XIV, the restored Parlement of Paris
effectively challenged royal absolutism
Joseph II, son of Maria Theresa, tried to continue her effort to reform Austria and make it stronger. He even abolished serfdom in 1781 and required all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments, a move opposed by
landowning nobility and the peasants
D' Holbach's "System of Nature" presented a
mechanistic, atheistic philosophy
Russia's Catherine II's greatest territorial triumph was the
partition of Poland
Fontenelle wrote "Conservations on the Plurality of Worlds" (1686) to
popularize the findings of the Scientific Revolution
Empiricism emphasized
the actual examination of phenomena
Rousseau was more skeptical than earlier Enlightenment philosophies of
the virtues of cizilization and reason
Absolute monarchs like Catherine II and Frederick II pursued reofrm primarilly
to strengthen their state and to compete militarily with their neighbors
The text suggests that Voltaire's lifelong dedication to the principle of equality before the law had its orgins in
two incidents in which he was arrested for insulting a noble
The key feature of Newton's system was the law of
universal gravitation
Galileo's greatest contribution to the "Scientific Revolution" was his
use of controlled experiments which improved the "doing of science"
