SHRM-CP
what goals should you set for each KPI
"SMARTER" goals S- specific M- measurable A- attainable R- relevant T- time bound E- evaluated R- revised
what does it mean to be in loco parentis
"in place of a parent"; used in expansion of FMLA to employees who stand in place of a parent with day to day things to care for and financially support a child or who have a day to day responsibility to care for or finally support a person ho stood "in loco parentis" for them
what is ethnocentrism
"our way is the best"
what is replacement planning
"snapshot" assessment of the availability of qualified back-up for key management positions
what is aptitude / aptitude test
- ability to learn information or acquire a skill - measure the general ability or capacity to earn or acquire a new skill
how do you prevent workplace retaliation
- adopt and disseminate a strong anti-retaliation policy - inform employees about the process for reporting - train managers on retaliation - remind supervisors of policy - monitor the treatment of employees - investigate allegations and take corrective action if needed
what is merit pay
- based on performance - when an org bases salary on the level of individual skills - use it when employees are underpaid but company has a salary burden
what is the structure of a work council
- both management and worker reps - only worker reps who are overseen by a member of management - only worker rep with no management oversight
what is the international labor organization (ILO)
- captures key issues relating to employee rights - recognized and accepted by the world trade org - came from commission on internal labor legislation following treaty of versailles
what is HR responsible for educating employees on unions
- certification - defintion of work untis - employees covered - elections/campaigns
what is an in-house mainframe payroll system
- conducting within the org instead of relying on outsourcing. - uses its own employees to keep a division or business activity
what is decision-maker access
- data mining tools - good for compliance reporting
what is a defined contribution plan
- depends on the contributions and investment of the assets in his/her account - retirement income is not guaranteed - employers and employee's contribution is guaranteed and plans are fully funded - value of account depends on how much is contributed and how investments perform - immediately vested - income is a function of the fund's investment growth - employee bears the risk of underperforming assets - employer and sometimes employee make an annual payment to the retirement account - ex: 401k
what is six sigma
- disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects - requires on high quality and few errors, quantifiable return on value
what is a database management system (DBMS)
- electronically manages stored data - relational database = less redundant data - facilities info sharing
what are the rules of agency compaints and litigation
- employee / union complaints have to be made to gov't or statutory agencies (not internally) - specialized employment courts are often used (some in civil courts)
what is the health insurance portability and accountability act
- employees can switch their health insurance plans when they change employers - they are allowed to get health insurance with a new company without consideration of pre-existing health conditions - group health insurance plans can't drop a sick employee - have to make individual plans available to individuals who leave the group plan
what are public policy exemptions
- employees may not be fired without cause if this would violate state or federal laws - terms that can be proven to be a violation of a federal anti-discrimination law (ex: ADA) would not be protected under an at-will doctrine - protected: talking about work conditions, unions, whistle-blowing
what is employment at will
- employers can hire, fire, demote, or promote at any time for any reason - employees can quit for any reason with or without prior notice
what is employee self service (ESS)
- enabled through HR portal - employees access their info and make changes - save HR time and money
what is a disadvantage of time-based pay systems
- it does not reflect performance differences except for unsatisfactory performance - it can raise average pay levels over time even if performance is below average
what is the pregnancy discrimination in employment act
- maternity leave must be treated as any other personal or medical leave - pregnancy must be treated the same as a temporary disability - pregnant people still have access to benefits, sick leave, and reinstatement
what is a grievance procedure
- most likely included in a collective bargaining agreement - provides an orderly way to resolve the inevitable differences of opinion in regard to the union contract
what are cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) and what are they caused by
- muscle and skeletal injuries that occur when workers receptively use the same motions - can be helped with ergonomics poor workplace design that results in excessive force, awkward positions, frequent repetitions, or excessive pressure - how to solve: ergonomist
what is the privacy act
- only to federal agencies and orgs that supply services to the federal gov't that protects worker privacy - areas of concern are pre-employment background checks, post-employment background, and communication to others
what are intellectual property rights
- org has ownership of innovation by an individual or business enterprise - a product of employee creativity and enterprise resources - includes patents, trademarks and copyrights (ex: inventions, processes, images, logos, works) - includes trade secrets/confidential info even though its not specifically protected under patents
what is the wagner act
- protects the rights of employees to organize unhampered by management; aka NLRA -part of the NLRA -called the magna carta of labor laws -pro union - outgrowth of great depression, workers could easily be replaced - the official policy of the US gov't was to encourage collective bargaining - established the right of workers to organize free from management interference - employees could or could not participate in union membership
what is the railway labor act
- provided railroad employees the right to organize and bargain collectively; now covers both railroad and airline -a shift in gov't regulation of unions -joint effort (railroad and union) to reduce transportation strikes -gave railroad employees "the right to organize and bargain collectively through their own representatives" -airlines were later added - complex dispute resolution process (unions or management can use NLRB, multistage dispute process, the president to appoint an emergency board) - end result is subject to political interference and unions often work 2+ years after the expiration of old contracts
what is the global reporting initiative (GRI)
- provides guidance for reporting on sustainability - a network based multi-stakeholder org that provides a voluntary standard for sustainability measurement and reporting - it measures labor relations, human rights, child labor, diversity, health and safety, wellness, employee satisfaction
what is the purpose of broadbanding
- reduces the number of job grades within a company - supports de-layering efforts, which reduces the number of reporting levels within an org
what is the vietnam era veterans readjustment assistance act
- requires an AAP in hiring qualified vietnam era veterans and disabled veterans for an gov't contractors with $10,000+ in federal contracts
what is the immigration reform and control act
- requires employers to determine whether an employee has the legal right to work in the US - prohibits discrimination against job applicants on the basis of national origin or citizenship - establishes penalties for hiring illegal aliens - an I-9 form must be completed by the employee within 72 hours of hire and retained for 3 years
what 3 things does HIPAA NOT do
- requires employers to provide a specified level of coverage - it guarantees insurance coverage for all workers - it eliminates waiting periods imposed by insurance plans
what are core competencies
- skills, knowledge, and abilities that employees must possess to perform essential job functions - set of behaviors encompassing skills, knowledge, abilities, and personal attributes that are critical to successful work accomplishment
what is imputed income
- the amount a company pays on behalf of the employee for which the employee pays taxes - employers can provide group-term life insurance policies to employees of up to $50,000 with no tax consequences - the amount over that is considered imputed income and is taxed at a rate set by the IRS (ex: a group-term life policy of $150,000 ($100,000 would be imputed)
what is a defined benefit plan
- the amount an employee receives from employer varies based on a formula - employer must fund the plan to the evil required by the formula - employer bears the risk that funds will be available when required for retirement distributions - retirement income is guaranteed - employers and employee's contribution is not guaranteed and plans are not fully funded - not immediately vested - ex: pension plan
what is labor relations
- the way an org chooses to manage their relationships with employees as a whole rather than individually - 3 parties: labor/trade unions, work councils, professional associations - HR is directly involved
what is section 125 FSA
- under the revenue act of 1978 - allows employees to convert a taxable cash benefit (salary) into non-taxable benefits - permits the employer to save money spent for some health-plan premiums
what is codetermination
- union or worker reps are given positions on a company's board of directors - employees have a role in the management of a company that includes worker reps with voting rights on the corporate board of directors
what is the contract negotiation process
- usually a small group of management and union officials - union submits a contract proposal to employer to negotiate - goal is to end up with a workable contract - if they can't agree, mediation (non-binding) or arbitration (binding) might be used - if negotiation is a success the result is a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) - CBA governs the day to day relationship between the employer and employees - HR is not always directly involved
what is enterprise resource planning (ERP)
- usually in large companies - contains a shared database - benefits: able to share data through common database, more current, common/familiar look across functions
what is salary compression
- when there is only a small difference in pay between employees regardless of their skills, experience, or seniority, also known as pay compression - when a company pay spread between newly hired or less qualified employees and more qualified job incumbents is small
what is the paycheck fairness act
- women who were targets of unequal pay and pay inequity are allowed to sue
what are the different levels of union workers
- work unit- employees choose representatives by election, larger employers may have multiple work units that are categorized by location or type of work - regional, national, and international levels in the union hierarchy all exist - members pay fees to support a variety of union activities
what is manager self services (MSS)
-accessed through a portal - view info and create reports on subordinates - complete transactions previously handled by HR - manage functions like succession planning, onboarding
what is an agent-principal relationship
-employees with supervisory authority have an agent-principle relationship with the employer - regulations on ULPs (unfair labor practice) that apply to employers also apply to acts of individual managers and supervisors
what is the NLRB
-enforcement of the wagner act - conduct union rep elections, investigate complaints, issue opinions, and prosecute violations in court - members are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate
what is a union
-formal association of workers that promotes the interests of its members through collective action - in the US they try to improve comp, working conditions, influence workplace rules - decided through collective bargaining and specified in formal contracts
what are work councils
-permanent bodies composed members that represents employees, local or org level - primary purpose is information and consultation - they are not involved in contract negotiations (conducted by unions) - unions may support the election of certain members to councils - there are NO work councils in the US (violations of section 8a2 of the NLRA, which prohibits company-dominated unions) - groups of workers and management charged with examining how to improve company performance, working conditions, job security
what is a yellow dog contract
-pledges by workers not to join a labor union -if they did, they were subject to discipline or termination
what is the landrum-griffin act
-protects democratic rights of union members -unions are required to establish bylaws, make financial reports, a bill of rights - unions must file a financial report detailing all receipts and disbursements of funds with different breakdowns
what is the taft-hartley act
-right to work -offsets the pro-union wagner act by limiting union actions - considered to be pro-management and is the second major labor law - confirmed employees section 7 rights - elections excluded supervisors in the bargaining unit - union workers could hold elections to deauthorize the union - allowed states to enact right to work laws -identified unfair labor practices by unions - expanded NLRB from 3 to 5 members - established the federal mediation and conciliation service (FMCS) - help settle contract disputes (if they're not within 30 days)
what is the norris-laguardia act
-stock market crash and great depression let to cut backs - guaranteed workers rights to organize and restrict the issuance of court injunctions (when employers could order workers to return to work) against nonviolent union activity such as strikes, picketing, and boycotts - prohibits employers from asking employees to sign yellow-dog contracts -freed employees from constraints and punishments that employers used previously
how many employees are required for the vietnam era veterans act
1 or more and $10,000+ in federal contracts
how many employees are required for the drug-free workplace act
1 or more and $100,000+ for federal contracts or federal grants
how many employees are required for the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931
1 or more and $2,000+ for federal contracts
how many employees are required for the vocational rehabilitation act
1 or more and $2,500+ in federal contracts
how many employees are required for the walsh-healy act of 1936
1 or more in manufacturing/supplying industries and $10,000+ in federal contracts
what are the 5 secondary activities of a value chain
1. HR management- how does HR relate to/work with other parts of the value chain 2. supply management 3. final 4. legal 5. technology
what are 6 key HR metrics
1. HR staff and expenses 2. compensation 3. retention and quality 4. staffing 5. training 6. development
what are 4 ways to gain trust
1. ability (competence)- do i trust them because i know they can do the job 2. integrity- do they treat everyone fairly/respectively 3. benevolence- do they keep the best for the group in mind 4. felt trust- how much do you think the other person trusts you. how to increase: delegate tasks, feedback, don't micro-manage
what are 3 labor relations strategies
1. acceptance- costs of fighting union may be high, org accepts unionization for good reasons, might be the norm of industry 2. avoidance- avoiding/resisting the org can decrease union appeal, offer good wages 3. adaptation- if its already unionized, org can define type of relationship they want. confrontational: difficult contract bargaining and tense administration of agreement. collaborative: org sees the union as a t, willing to work with them to better manage
what are the 3 main roles HR does within an org
1. administrative 2. operational/employee advocate 3. strategic
what 6 things should an employment relationship strategy (ER) include
1. alignment with the org strategy 2. alignment with employment laws and business practices 3. a vision describing the type of workplace culture the leaders want 4. the value the strategy is built on 5. strategic goals 6. strategic initiatives (how to achieve goals)
what are the 4 stages of the global assignment process
1. assessment and selection- ensures org has right people/places/time 2. management assignee decision- due diligence, candidate evaluates offer, cost-benefit analysis, prep plan, accept/reject plan, candidate considers plan 3. pre-departure preparation- use third party vendor/pre-departure checklist to address key issue (ex: visa/work permit) honeymoon, culture shock, and adjustment 4. completing the assignment- frequently overlooked. repatriation: adjustment back to home country
what are the 5 parts of conflict resolution
1. avoidance- lose/lose (worst) 2. accommodation- lose/win. can lead to "you owe me" 3. compromise- in the middle. easy way out 4. competition- win/lose 5. collaboration- win/win (best)
what are 3 ways to tell the health of a business
1. balance sheet- assets, liabilities, equity 2. income statement 3. cash flow statement- operations, investing, financing
what are 6 steps to having a global mindset
1. big picture 2. embrace change 3. trust the process 4. open-minded 5. inclusive 6. ready to learn
what are the 5 situational approaches to leadership
1. blake mouton- managerial grid. ex: impoverished (low concern for results low concern for others), country club (low concern for results high concern for others), authoritarian (high concern for results low concern for others), team (high concern for results high concern for others) 2. hersey-blanchard- no single optimal style, leaders adjust based on "follower maturity". ex: delegating (low task and low relationship), participating (low task and high relationship), telling (high task and low relationship), selling (high task and high relationship) 3. fiedler- leader/member relations, task structure, position power; adjust these variables to create favorable situation 4. path-goal theory- define goal, clarify path, remove obstacles, provide support 5. emergent theory- group chooses leader, emerges from interactions
what are 3 traits of strong HR leaders
1. build relationships 2. model values- ex: putting mission statement visible on walls 3. effective agents of change- change agents, help employees understand why the change will benefit them
what are the 3 approaches to facilitate change
1. cascade (top-down/complete)- complete change at each level 2. progressive (broadcast from the top/slower)- broadcast/support/talk about change 3. organic (points of origin at any level)- change can happen at any level, less structured
what are the 4 parts of growth share matrix
1. cash cows- reliable but not much growth 2. stars- high value 3. ? marks- unclear 4. dogs- uses resources, no strong value or future growth - larger orgs
what are the 4 types of organizational culture
1. clans- relationships 2. adhocracies- entrepreneurial 3. hierarchies- efficiencies 4. market-oriented- competition
what are 3 mandatory subjects for bargaining
1. compensation 2. benefits 3. working conditions
what are the 3 steps of CSR
1. compliance- CSR is cost of doing business, efforts to enforce it may conflict with corporate strategies 2. integration- CSR is included in regular functioning of the business 3. transformation- org and companies products are redefined to fit with new CSR strategy
what are 7 strategies for improving employer-union relations
1. comply with applicable international standards and local laws 2. comply with local regulations to inform/involve workers 3. develop fair grievance and alternative dispute resolution procedures with built in appeals mechanisms (should be available to all workers, regardless of union membership) 4. implement joint study groups to solve common problems 5. treat union members equal and respectful 6. show appreciation for employees interests/involvement 7. consult with union leaders to defuse problems before they become grievances
what 3 situations may restrict employees freedom of speech
1. controversial views 2. whistle-blowing 3. internet/other communication based technology
what are the 4 steps to positive discipline
1. counseling- heightens employee awareness (ex: convo with supervisor) 2. written documentation- if employee doesn't correct, written solutions to prevent further problems 3. final warning- if they don't follow written solutions, a conference is help (ex: take day off with no pay) 4. discharge- if employee fails the action plan, they can discharge the employee
what are the 5 steps of bench marking
1. define KPIs- ensure performance measurements are tied to orgs strategic goals 2. measure current performance 3. select benchmarks 4. check for gaps between performance and benchmark 5. set objectives and design support activities
what are the 5 steps HR should follow on electronic communication
1. develop an electronic communication policy 2. communicate the policy 3. obtain signed permission from employees 4. monitor for business purposes only 5. enforce the policy through disciplinary procedures
what are 2 reasons employees join unions
1. dissatisfied with how they're treated 2. believe unions can improve work situations
what are the 2 acts that protect corporate whistle-blowers
1. dodd frank act 2. sarbanes-oxley act
what are the 3 models of codetermination
1. dual system- management board and supervisor board (supervisor has authority over management, prohibits org from implementing changes without worker reps) 2. single-tier system- one board of directors, employee reps included 3. mixed system- employee reps are included but are only advisors
what are the 5 types of a strike
1. economic- parties fail to reach agreement, employer can replace workers 2. unfair labor practice- union members leave job, those who want jobs back must be reinstated 3. wildcat- happen during collective-bargaining agreement without approval 4. jurisdictional- members of union walk out to force employer to assign work 5. sympathy- union supports another
what are 3 ways to measure strategic performance
1. effectiveness- did we meet the objective? 2. efficiency- how well are we using resources? 3. impact
what are the 7 affected areas of benefit corporation effects on HR
1. employee contract 2. recruiting 3. brand 4. engagement 5. how people work 6. accountability and measurement 7. training and leadership development
what are the 5 steps of a grievance procedure
1. employee discusses with union steward 2. steward discusses with management/HR 3. committee of union officers discuss with company managers 4. national union rep discusses with executives 5. if not solved, it goes to arbitration
which 4 things are true about OSHA record-keeping
1. employers must record needlestick injuries involving blood contamination 2. employers have 4 hours to provide records to an OSHA compliance officer who requests them 3. employers must post the annual summary of work-related injuries and illnesses for 3 months 4. employers must call in fatal heart attacks in the work environment
what are the 3 types of authentic (transformational) leaders
1. empowerment- get better results when empowered and confident. don't want to empower prematurely 2. long term (vision and values)- helps answer the "why". ex: why do you work here? 3. emotional intelligence- helps read peoples emotions (verbal/nonverbal), manage your own emotions/reactions * #1 asset is credibility
what are the 9 steps to conduct a retaliation investigation
1. ensure confidentiality 2. provide protection against harassment and retaliation 3. select the investigator 4. create a plan 5. develop interview questions 6. conduct interviews 7. make a decision 8. close the investigation 9. develop written summary
what are the 4 steps to behave ethically
1. establish the facts- what do we know 2. apply appropriate codes of conduct 3. consult- with the people involved 4. own the decision- don't blame others
what is perlmutters 5 part orientations and global strategy
1. ethnocentric- "one best way", HQ has tight control, management shares common ethnic background 2. polycentric- subsidiaries independent, many "best ways" 3. regiocentric- subsidiaries grouped into regions, strategic coordination high within region, not as high between region and HQ 4. geocentric- subsidiaries are neither taking orders or independent, "team way" 5. orientations associated with business globalization strategies- ethno and international strategies, poly and multi domestic, regio and global orgs, geo and trans national orgs
what are 4 obstacles to cultural understanding
1. ethnocentrism 2. cultural stereotypes 3. cultural determinism- "culture made me do it" (absolutes) 4. cultural relativism- "thats just the way it is" (no absolutes)
what are the 4 key areas of KPIs
1. finance- productivity rates (org and stakeholders) 2. customers- can org satisfy customers 3. business processes- internal outcomes that create financial success and satisfied customers 4. learning and growth- what will prepare the org for future success
a balanced score card needs balance between what 3 things
1. financial and non-financial data 2. internal and external data 3. lagging and leading performance indicators
what are 3 traits of weak HR leaders
1. focus on short term 2. make limited connections 3. slow to innovate- you have to fail to learn, encourage employees to take risks
what is the strategic planning and management process
1. formulation- look at internal/external data, capabilities, opportunities, obstacles 2. development- what actions lead to success, consider environment, opportunities, obstacles 3. implementation- strategic management, communication and support at all levels 4. evaluation- make sure actions are working and moving toward goal, continually evaluate
what are the 4 standards of the WTO
1. freedom of association 2. no forced labor 3. no child labor 4. no discrimination at work
what are the 2 steps of duty of care
1. gather info from multiple sources to get all aspects and perspectives (risk register) 2. identify all possible risk and avoid overlapping or duplicating in identification (ex: surveys, observation)
which 2 OSHA key provisions do all companies need to adhere to
1. general duty 2. notification and posters
what are 3 reasons for US union membership long-term decline
1. geography- job growth is in more "employer friendly areas" 2. industrial- manufacturing, construction, mining > service industries 3. workforce- decline in blue-collar jobs
what are 2 key aspects of a focus group
1. get everyones involvement (nominal group technique) 2. should be evaluated soon after they occur
what are 3 cultural theories
1. hall- high context vs. low context 2. trommelaars and hampden-turner- cultural dilemmas (ex: universal vs. particular, individual vs. communitarian, neutral vs. affective, specific vs. diffuse, achieved vs. ascribed, sequential vs. synchronic, internal vs. external) 3. hofstede- (ex: masculine vs. feminine, long term vs. short term, power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence vs. restraint)
what are 7 global labor strategies
1. hands off- locally response, locally managed 2. monitor- HQ tracks management decisions and demonstrates interests/concerns, decisions made locally 3. guide and advise- HQ offers more advice and tries to utilize global policies at a local level, decisions made locally 4. strategic planning- ER strategy is developed with variety or workforces, policies set globally, practices set locally (they must align) 5. set limits and approve expectations- local adaptations have to be approved by HQ HR 6. integration of HQ and line management in field- labor decisions made jointly 7. manage locally from HQ- local HR staff implement policies and practices developed by HQ HR
what are 4 ways to improve meetings
1. have an agenda 2. distribute agenda in advance 3. be clear about outcomes for the meeting 4. establish roles- leader (facilitator), time keeper, note taker, devils advocate (avoids group think)
what 2 values are the caux principles based on
1. human dignity 2. ideal of living and working together for a common goal
what are the 4 main principles of the UN global contract
1. human rights 2. labor 3. environment 4. anticorruption
what are HRs 8 roles in managing the change process
1. identifying impact- who will it impact 2. assessing the ripple effect- some are effected ore than others, but slowly hits everyone 3. consulting with orgs leaders about ways to support the change initiative 4. use stakeholder knowledge to negotiate solutions (ex: customer demands) 5. use skills and connections to manage the communication efforts during change 6. measuring the effectiveness of the change initiative 7. delivering superior service to HRs internal customers 8. managing resistance to the change
what are the 4 steps to handle grievances
1. immediate supervisor- written or oral, if union rep agrees no grievance occurred, process ends 2. next level- document facts/positions, employee is not involved 3. higher level management- if not resolved while in the CBA, goes to next level with a time frame 4. third party determination- if not settled, outside arbitrator is called in, highest levels on each side represent their party
which 2 levels are the most common violations by OSHA
1. imminent danger 2. de minimus (no citation for this one)
what are the 8 parts of kotters model on how to implement the change process
1. increase urgency 2. build guiding team 3. develop the vision 4. communicate for buy-in 5. empower action 6. create short term wins 7. don't let up 8. make change stick
what are the 4 union responses to globalization
1. increasing formal of internationalization of union 2. pushing for national and international compliance with labor standards 3. international framework agreements 4. creating alliances and growing networks
what are the 6 sources of power
1. information 2. expert 3. referent (goodwill)- have best interest in mind 4. position- ex: saying "do it because i'm your boss" 5. reward- don't always have because of budget 6. coercive- don't always have power to discipline * do 1-3, not 4-6 (not always under your control)
what are the 4 types of networking (SNS- social networking sites)
1. informational- interactions with customers or other people seeking answers 2. professional- networks that help participants to advance within their careers or industries 3. academic- ability for academics to pursue interests with experts and other like-minded individuals 4. training and development- ability for learners to access course intent online and share info
what are the 4 main assets an org manages to be successful
1. intellectual property 2. physical 3. human 4. financial
what are kaplan and mikes 3 categories of risk
1. internal and preventable-risk that comes from inside the org and possibly violate ethics and failures in routine practices 2. strategy- desirable uncertainty that the company will accept when it comes to strategy 3. external- uncertainty from outside the org and beyond its control
what are 4 strategic options for the GI (global integration) - LR (local responsiveness) model
1. international- strong global brand identity or specialized products GI v LR v 2. multi domestic- decentralized, but HQ may exert considerable control GI v LR ^ 3. global- exerts tight, simple controls on subsidiaries GI ^ LR v 4. transnational org- subsidiaries intentionally small, "glocalization" - strong global image and equally strong local image GI ^ LR ^
what are the 5 data gathering techniques
1. interviews- pros: ask follow-up questions, good quality of data. cons: biased, over exaggerate, time consuming 2. surveys and questionnaires- pros: efficiency, quick, documented. cons: might not take it seriously 3. observations- pros: first hand, no bias from employee. cons: time consuming, hawthorne effect 4. using existing data- pros: it is what it is, its not bias, multi-perspective. cons: not up to date, not always consistent, hard to find 5. focus groups- pros: see change over time, build off each others ideas. cons: dominate the conversation, groupthink
what are the 4 steps of the life cycle
1. introduction 2. growth- build talent, complexity, balance efficiency with culture, help leaders redefine roles, managing change initiatives 3. maturity- employee retention, succession planning, improve communication, maintain agility/responsiveness 4. renewal/no growth (decline)- renewal is streamline procedures and adding responsibilities, and no growth is maintaining engaged workforce
what 4 factors influence the collective bargaining process
1. legal and regulatory 2. bargaining precedents 3. public and employee opinion 4. economic conditions
what are the 4 steps in the PESTLE analysis
1. make list of events that could affect org 2. long-term/short-term affects of events 3. research what causes these events 4. assess importance of each event on the org
the NLRB established 3 categories of bargaining issues, what are they
1. mandatory 2. permissive 3. illegal
what are 8 common non financial metrics
1. market share 2. efficiency 3. reputation 4. retention 5. brand awareness 6. satisfaction 7. social responsibility- external 8. engagement- #1 focused on (ex: engagement surveys)
what are the 8 parts of motivation
1. maslows hierarchy of needs- not realistic (physiological needs, safety and security, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization) 2. herzbergs hygiene theory- one helps being satisfied (motivation ex: autonomy, advancement), the other avoids dissatisfaction (hygiene ex: lack of money, safe working conditions) 3. mcclellands 3 needs theory- achievement, affiliation, power. one of these is usually a top power but it depends on the person 4. self determination- competence, relatedness, autonomy 5. expectancy theory- valence, instrumentality, expectancy (VIE) effort > (expectancy) > performance > (instrumentality) > outcomes (valence: how much do we value outcome). when VIE is high, motivation is hight 6. attribution theory- locus of control, stability, controllability. when employees have some control over the situation 7. goal setting theory- SMART goals (specific, measurable, attribute, reliable, team), commitment, feedback. mutually set goals, not unilaterally, have regular follow-ups, have challenging goals 8. equity theory- your performance and outcomes vs. someone else's performance and outcome
what are 3 options for generating discussion
1. mind mapping 2. nominal group technique- have everyone write down ideas on paper first then around until all ideas are said, nobody dominates the discussion 3. delphi technique- could be anonymous, not always person to person, judgements of experts
what are the 4 types of global assignments
1. multidomestic/international- avrg/good performers, send assignees to another country 2. global strategy- wide variety, high potential managers/executives 3. expatriate- home country > host 4. managing allegiances- recruit those who will be successful in a particular type of assignment
what are the 3 delivery approaches
1. on-premise- org purchases and installs hardware and software-internal IT 2. hosted- apps purchased and installed by org, located at vendors site- external IT 3. software as a service- org subscribes to software developed and deployed remotely
what 3 things should disaster planning include
1. org assessment 2. human impact training 3. disaster training
what are 6 reasons managers are reluctant to discipline
1. org culture of avoiding discipline 2. lack of support 3. guilt 4. fear of loss of friendship 5. avoidance of time loss 6. fear of lawsuit
what are the 3 levels of strategy
1. organization- future of entire unit (long term) 2. business unit strategy- how/where the org can focus on creating value 3. operational- higher level strategies (how to complete them/action strategies)
what are the 3 approaches for effective safety management
1. organizatoin 2. engineering 3. individual
what is the typical 5 step union organizing process
1. organizing campaign 2. authorization cards/petition filing 3. representation election 4. certification 5. collective bargaining/contract negotiation
what are 4 ways to move work
1. outsourcing- work outside suppliers 2. offshoring- relocating work to another country 3. onshoring- relocating to lower cost location inside country 4. near-shoring- contracting part of process to external company that is close (ex: US/Mexico)
what are 4 ways people achieve global integration
1. people- assignee's 2. processes- standardized processes support org control over parts of the value chain 3. performance- creating greater control over org activity by designing performance targets and rewards that are defined from a global perspective 4. culture- shared visions and values that are consistent with a global identity
what are the 2 parts of organizational culture
1. person vs. task focused 2. egalitarian (better in changing environments) vs. hierarchical (better in stable environment)
what re the 4 hacking ways for info security
1. phising- email, phone, texts, that look normal but are trying to steal info 2. fake e cards or job openings- emails pretending the attachment is an e-card or job opening 3. phony security alerts- emails or pop ups claiming to be from a trusted source warning one of a security issue/alert 4. "click this link" scams- emails or social network posts enticing one to click a link and gain access to a "great offer"
what are 5 graphic data analysis tools
1. pie chart 2. histogram 3. trent diagram 4. pareto chart 5. scatter diagram
what are 4 different kinds of patents
1. plant 2. utility- ex: keyboard 3. intellectual property 4. design
what are 4 types of validity
1. predictive validity 2. content validity 3. construct validity 4. criterion validity
what are 5 different types of volunteering
1. private- on your own time 2. supported employee- employer provides resources to employee 3. employee sponsored - employees volunteer in name of employer 4. employer planned- employees volunteer to help business reputation 5. business integrated employee- employers volunteer within framework by the company which helps business goals
what are the 4 strategic objectives of ILO
1. promote rights at work 2. encourage decent employment opportunities 3. enhance social protection 4. strengthen dialogue on work related issues
what are the 3 court exceptions to employment at will
1. public policy exception- employees can sue if fired for a reason that violates public policy (ex: fired for complaint to OSHA) 2. implied contract exception- employees should be fired as long as they perform their jobs 3. good-faith and fair-dealing exception- exists between employers and at-will employees, if an employer breaks the covenant by unreasonable behavior, employee can seek legal recourse
what two federal laws were passed that fostered employees rights to form labor unions
1. railway labor act 2. norris-laguardia act
when are the three times employers can drug test employees
1. random testing of everyone at periodic intervals 2. testing only in cases of probably cause 3. testing after accidents
what are 4 influence strategies
1. reasoning- data driven 2. appeal to mutual values- most ethical way, in someones best interest 3. call on supporters- power in numbers 4. barter (reciprocity)- you scratch my back i scratch yours (worst option)
what are the 5 steps in an accident investigation process
1. secure the site (most important) 2. initial investigation, review site 3. collect data from injured worker, witnesses, historical records 4. analyze data and determine the root cause 5. institute corrective measures
what are the 5 parts of emotional intelligence
1. self-awareness 2. self-regulation 3. motivation 4. empathy- empathy vs. sympathy (be understanding) 5. social skills- be able to mediate, get information instead of taking sides/looking at emotions
what are 4 conditions that facilitate change
1. shared purpose 2. reinforcement systems 3. skills required for change- if an employee is acquiring a new skill set/new job 4. consistent role models
what are 2 requirements of an AAP
1. signed by the CEO or executives 2. posted internally
what are the 4 different types of unions
1. single enterprises- all employees may be represented by a single enterprise union, may join a larger national or industrial confederation 2. specific trades or craft- ex: electrical, chemical, or atomic workers 3. national union- different trade/craft unions join national federations of unions, confederation may be tight or loose 4. industry union- different workers from different employers within a certain industry (ex: steel or auto manufacturing)
what are the 2 loss expectancy equations
1. single loss expectancy (SLE)- expected monetary loss (asset value x exposure factor) 2. annualized loss expectancy (ALE)- monetary loss of an asset due to a risk over a one-year period (SLE x annualized rate of occurrence)
what are the 4 steps to create a business case
1. statement of need- why do we need to do this, explain approach, due diligence 2. recommended solution- use objective facts 3. statement of risks and opportunities 4. estimated costs and time frames
what are 3 global tasks
1. strategic perspective- balance priorities of HQ and subsidiaries 2. tactical perspective- separate disciplines and background to develop successful programs 3. HR global- develop strategic view of org, develop global org culture, secure/grow safe and robust talent, HR technology, develop policies/practices to manage risk
what is mckinseys 7-s framework (performance areas)
1. structure 2. strategy 3. systems 4. style 5. staff 6. skills 7. superordinate goals
what are the 7 issues of united nations global impact
1. support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights 2. make sure they're not complicit in human rights abuses 3. uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining 4. uphold the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor 5. uphold the effective abolition of child labor 6. uphold the elimination of discrimination in respect to employment and occupation 7. work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery
what is porters 5 forces framework
1. threat of substitution 2. threat of entry- how easy can a competitor enter the market 3. bargaining power of suppliers 4. bargaining power of buyers- their focus impacts what the org does 5. rivalry among existing competitors
what are the 5 types of reduced salary reduction retirement plans
1. thrift plan- designed to give federal and military employees the same retirement benefits that workers in private sector get with 401k plans 2. 401k- $ contribution limits, allows an employee to defer current income into the future and shelter the money from taxes until withdrawn 3. 403b- educational institutions/churches/ hospitals/non-profits, similar to 401k, workers can make pre-tax contributions to a tax-sheltered annuity, same as 457, just for different jobs 4. 457- state and municipal (city/town) employees, similar to 401k but contributions are made after tax dollars 5. roth IRA- tax-free income growth; contributions are made with after-tax dollars, up to a specified amount each year, both earnings on the account and withdrawals after age 59.5 are tax free (starts at age 22)
what 4 employees rights did the wagner act protect
1. to self organize, form, join, or assist labor orgs 2. bargain collectively through reps of their own choosing 3. engage in other concerted activities for collective bargaining or mutual aid or protection 4. refrain from any such activities except to the extent that an agreement requires membership in a labor org as a condition of employment
what are the 3 leadership approaches
1. trait- has the least validity. ex: best leaders are tall/vocal 2. behavioral- task oriented or relationship oriented leader (equal) 3. situational/contigent- helps to know the variables to look at to see if it should be task or relationship * there is no best way to lead, it depends on the situation
what are the 5 parts of ethics
1. transparency- ex: every company has to say how top executives are paid 2. honesty- avoiding conflicts of interest, bribery, corruption 3. confidentiality 4. protecting rights of others- safety, fairness, privacy 5. codes of conduct- review handbook
what are the FLSA regulations for workers under 17
1. under 14- prohibited from most nonfarm work, may be employed by parents, except in hazardous industries, manufacturing, or mining 2. 14-15- during school hours can't work more than 3 hours/day, 18 hours/week, during school vacations can't work more than 8 hours/day, 40 hours/week, hours restricted from 7am-7pm (9pm from June 1 to Labor Day) 3. 16-17- prohibited from working hazardous jobs such as operating trash binders, shredders, or material-handling equipment
what are the 4 steps of communication
1. understand audience 2. be sure the message is clear 3. delivery message effectively- who, how, when, where 4. follow-up
what are the 3 approaches to behaving ethically
1. utilitarian- make sure what does the greatest good for the most people 2. rights- not violating any basic human rights or well-being 3. justice- dont discriminate against any group
what are 5 data analysis methods
1. variance- identify groups and what their differences are (ex: age) 2. ratio- indicates financial performance in several key areas 3. trend- look at historical data, wheres the trend? 4. regression- statistical model, strength and direction (if it exists) p<.05 (less than 5% chance) (ex: scatterplot) 5. root-cause- starting with outcome, work backwards, what led to that? root cause?
what 3 acts is the labor law foundation made up of
1. wagner act 2. taft-hartley act 3. landrum-griffen act
what are the 2 approaches of systems integration
1. waterfall- continuous integration, trial run working with developers to trouble shoot 2. big bang- individual HRIS components not integrated until everything is ready, simultaneous integration - continuous integration is less risky
what are 4 budgeting methods
1. zero-based- start at zero each period, argue your case every cycle 2. incremental- line-item approach, influenced by prior period, usually go up by % 3. formula- different units receive different percentages (ex: government) 4. activity-based- focuses on the cost/significance of different activities (impact)
how many employees are required for the OSHA form 300
10 or more
how many employees are required for WARN
100 or more (involves 50+)
how many employees are required for the ADA
15 or more
how many employees are required for the EEO
15 or more
how many employees are required for the title VII
15 or more (20+ weeks/year) all educational institutions, state/local gov't labor unions with 15 or more
what is electromation
1992 court decision that employers must deal cautiously with employee participation committees based on the NLRBs interpretation of what constitutes a company-dominated labor org
how many employees are required for COBRA
20 or more
how many employees are required for the ADEA
20 or more for fed/state/government 25 or more in unions, apprenticeship/training programs, agencies serving covered employees *not limited to federal contractors
how many agencies within the dept. of labor were established by OSHA to oversee different aspects of work safety
3
how long is the strategy planning cycle
3-5 years
how many employees are required for the immigration reform and control act
4 or more
what is the best form of retirement benefit for an employer
401k because employees are also able to contribute - the employer can match funds but they are not obligated to do so
what is the ADDIE model
5 step instructional design process that governs the development of HR development programs A- analysis D- design D- development I- implement E- evaluate
how many employees are required for the executive order 11246
50 or more AND $50,000+ in federal contracts
how many employees are required for the EEO annual reporting form
50 or more employees AND $50,000+ in federal contracts OR 100 or more employees (except state/local gov't) OR subsidiaries of other companies where total employees = 100
how many employees are required for the rehabilitation act
50 or more employees and $50,000 in federal contracts
how many employees are required for FMLA
50 or more that live within 75 miles
which act is related to bringing injured workers to restricted duty to reduce workers comp costs
ADA
what are international employee assistance programs (IEAPs)
EAP program benefits offered to international employees and the non US based workforce to support their unique cultural adjustment needs
ethical universalism vs. cultural relativism
EU- doesn't matter where you are, the right and wrong should be the same CR- whats ethical depends where you are
what is global integration vs. local responsiveness
GI- emphasizes consistency of approach, standardization of processes (ex: standard technology across the market) LR- emphasizes adapting to the needs of local markets
what act prohibits the privacy of medical records
HIPAA -paper and electronic files need to be safeguarded -medical files have to be kept seperately
what are pilot programs
HRD programs offered initially in a controlled environment with a segment of the target audience
what group is in control of handling the enforcement of the wagner act
NLRB (national labor relations board)
what is certification of results
NLRB certification indicating that a union has lost an election
what is a certification of representative
NLRB certification indicating that a union has won an election and will be the exclusive representative of the bargaining unit
what is crown cork and seal company
NLRB decision that lifted some of the restrictions on employers use of employee participation committees
what is E I dupont and company
NLRB ruling that held certain employee committees to be illegal because dupont management circumvented the legally chosen employee rep and usurped the unions right to represent its members
what is the process safety management standard
OSHA standard aimed at preventing or minimizing the effect of catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals
what is the emergency exit procedures (means of egress) standard
OSHA standard that provides guidelines for preparing an emergency action plan and includes specifications regarding exits and maintenance of emergency systems
what is the control of hazardous energy standard
OSHA standard that requires action so equipment can't be activated (lockout) and signs or labels (tagout) attached to dangerous equipment that should not be activated
what is the occupational noise exposure (hearing conversation) standard
OSHA standard that requires employers to reduce unsafe noise levels in the workplace
what is hazard communication standard (employee right to know law)
OSHA standard that requires labeling, MSDS, training, orientation for new and transferred employees, and hazard communication programs to inform employees of hazardous chemicals in the workplace
what is confined space entry standard
OSHA standard that requires space-entry restrictions, rescue procedures, and a written safe-entry program to address concerns over adequate oxygen content n the air, toxic substance exposure, and physical exposures for workers in confined spaces
what is the PESTLE analysis
P- political E- economic S- social T- technology L- legal E- environmental sees what external factors effect processes
what forces shape CSR
PESTLE P- political E- economic S- social T- technological L- legal E- environmental
what is medicare
SS administration program that provides medical care for the aged
what is social security
SS administration program that provides retirement, disability, death, and survivors benefits
what is the SA 8000
a certifiable standard focusing on human rights and labor relations
what is tripartism
a collaboration of governments, employers, and unions
what is blended learning
a combination of learning methods, such as classroom, e-learning, self-paced study, and performance support such as coaching
what is a greenfield operation
a company builds a new location from the ground up
what is a brownfield operation
a company repurposes, through expansion or redevelopment, an abandoned or closed or underutilized property
what is a service bureau payroll system
a company that provides services for a fee, outsourced payroll services constitute a commonly provisioned service -ex: used when there are a lot of changing needs of the org
what is a security audit
a comprehensive review of org security
what is a serious health condition
a condition that requires inpatient hospital, hospice, or residential care or continuing physician care
what is due process
a fair process used to give an employee the chance to explain/defend their behavior, protects employees from unjust or arbitrary discipline or termination -occurs when an employer is determingin if there has been employee wrongdoing and uses a fair process to give an employee a chance to explain
what is contract manufacturing
a firm arranges for a local manufacturer to produce components or products to lower labor costs
what is a social audit
a formal review of the company social and environmental policies and procedures which look at ethics, staffing, environment, human rights, community, society, and compliance practices - used for self-evaluation
what are labor/trade unions
a group of workers who coordinate their activities to achieve common goals in their relationship with an employer or group of employees (ex: better wages) - members elect representatives to interact with management
what is factor comparison
a job evaluation method that assigns dollar values to different levels of specific job factor and then scores the jobs on each of the factors
what is licensing
a local firm is granted the rights to produce or sell a product
what does a handbook contain
a manual that explains a company's essential policies, procedures, and employment benefits - workplace culture, benefits, attendance, pay practices, safety issues, discipline
what is managed care
a medical plan that seeks to ensure that the treatments are necessary and provided in a cost-effective manner
what is shop-floor participation
a participatory management approach in which workers have the opportunity to identify problems and help resolve them
what is a defined-benefit planned the 3 types
a pension plan in which the amount an employee is to receive upon retirement is specifically set forth; guarantee retirement benefits specified in the plan document. plan that promises employees a retirement benefit amount based on a formula 1. flat-dollar amount- the employer pays a set dollar amount for each year of service under the plan 2. career-average formula- either participants earn a percentage of the pay for each year they are plan participants or the participants yearly earnings are totaled and then averaged over the years in the plan 3. final-pay formula- bases benefits on the average earnings during a specified number of years, usually the highest five of the last ten years
what is a contributory plan
a pension plan where contributions are made jointly by employees and employers. employee will benefit from the income upon retirement
what is a noncontributory plan
a pension plan where contributions are made solely by the employer
what is the triple bottom line
a performance measurement of an org pursuing a sustainability strategy (applies the 3 p's- people, planet, profit)
what is the first step in the decertification process
a petition calling for decertification must be signed by 30% of the union members
what is a defined-contribution plan and the types
a plan that establishes the basis on which an employer will contribute to the fund; employers and employees make annual contributions to separate accounts established for each participating employee, based on a formula contained in the plan document; plan which the employer makes an annual payment to the employees retirement plan. types: profit-sharing plans, stock bonus plans, employee stock ownership plans, savings incentive match plans, 401k plans
what is the financial accounting standards board (FASB)
a private body that sets standards for the reporting of financial data
what is a principle agent problem
a problem arises when an employee decides or acts on behalf of the employer/owner but has personal incentives that dont align with the employer/owner
what are the 6 steps of the CSR strategic process
a process for developing or implementing a sustainability strategy 1. executive commitment- shows that CSR has value to the business to get top managers to agree on benefits 2. assessment- provides an image of where the company is now and helps to create a picture of where the company is headed 3. infrastructure creation- create a system responsible for overseeing and administering CSR strategy (ex: how will data be collected?) 4. plan implementation- sets strategy/priorities/goals, implement the action plan, sustainability scoreboard) 5. measurement reporting and evaluation- ensure all objectives have corresponding measures and that a complete reporting and evaluating system is in place 6. reassessment and revision- based on evaluation of results, goals should be revised, make sure to have a process
what is the ISO 26000
a quality standard that provides guidance on social responsibility
what is a controlled substance
a substance that is illegal for everyone (ex: meth)
what is a job analysis
a systematic process for gathering, documenting, and analyzing information in order to describe jobs; describes content or job duties, worker requirements, and sometimes the job context or working conditions
what is conciliation
a third party facilitates the dialogue between union and management negotiators to reach a voluntary settlement, aka mediation
what is franchising
a trademark, product, or service is licensed for an initial fee and ongoing royalties - often used in fast-food
what is the GRI G4 sustainability reporting guidelines
a universally accepted standard for reporting an organizations sustainability efforts and progress - the goal is to report on "material aspects"
what is emotional intelligence (EI)
ability of an individual to be sensitive to and understanding of the emotions of others and to manage his or her own emotions and impulses
what is reliability
ability of an instrument to measure consistently
what is the revenue act
act that added sections 125 and 401k to the tax code
what is the defense authorization bill
act that excluded federal contractors from overtime pay requirements after 8 hours of work in a day; in their case, time and a half must be paid only for hours in excess of 40/week
what is the civil service reform act
act that extended collective bargaining rights to federal employees
what is the consumer credit protection act
act that limits the amount of wages that can be garnished or withheld in any one week by an employer to satisfy creditors
what is the rehabilitation act
act that prohibits discrimination based on physical or mental disabilities
what is the stored communication act
act that protects privacy of e-mail in storage
what is the national labor relations act (NLRA)
act that protects the rights of employees to organize unhampered by management; aka wagner act
what is the trademark act
act that provides federal protection for trademarks and service marks
what is the securities and exchange act
act that regulated "insider trading"
what is a secondary boycott
action directed at a primary party through action against some third party (ex: contractor)
what are protected concerted activities
actions taken by employees working together to try to improve their pay and working conditions, with or without a union
what are unfair labor practices
actions that employers are legally prohibited from taking to prevent employees from unionizing
what is a value driver
actions, processes, or results needed to deliver a desired value (ex: increased sales is strongest opportunity to create value)
what is the mental health parity act (MHPA)
addresses parity (equal) between mental health benefits and medical benefits
what is the economic growth and tax relief reconciliation act (EGTRRA)
adjusts minimum vesting schedules, increases retirement plan compensation and contribution limits, permits catch-up contributions by participants age 50 or older in certain retirement plans, and modifies distribution and rollover rules
what is federal labor relations authority (FLRA)
administers the provisions of the various executive orders that fall under the civil service reform act
what is consultation
advanced, specialized and administrative duties in an HR program or section area, responsible for providing high-level support in the administration of a HR program
when can employees start receiving SS benefits
age 62, at a reduced rate
what is the national labor relations board (NLRB)
agency that has authority to conduct union representation elections and investigate unfair labor practices
what is the national institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH)
agency that provides health and after information
what is a collective bargaining agreement (CBA)
agreement or contract negotiated through collective bargaining process
what are hot cargo clauses
agreement that union members are not required to handle goods made by nonunion labor or a struck plant; illegal except for provisions in the construction and clothing industries
what is tuberculosis (TB)
airborne contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection
which court case found that a test used for promotion of employees must be a valid predictor for the job
albermarle paper vs. moody
how many employees are required for FLSA
all except independent contractors and those classified as exempt
what are total rewards
all forms of financial returns that employees receive from their employers
what are taxable wages
all remuneration for services (including non cash benefits) that is taxable when paid
what are 403b plans
allow employees of certain tax-exempt orgs to contribute pretax dollars toward retirement savings
what should HR do regarding employee discipline and termination
allow time for both parties to review details of an allegation
what is the intent of profit sharing plans
allows employees to "partner" with management and reap the direct benefits of profitability - for cash: payments are provided in addition to the normal rate of pay (direct pay) and taxed - for deferred: the employer contributes a % of profits to employee accounts in a qualified, tax deferred retirement plan - ex: a chemical company that awards additional comp based on the orgs overall bottom line
what is open-door policy
allows workers who have a complaint to alk directly to someone in management -this can be mishandled, so union-free firms benefit from having formal complaint procedures
what is the older workers benefit protection act (OWBPA)
amended ADEA to include all employee benefits; also provided termed employees with time to consider group termination or retirement programs and consult an attorney
what is the employee commuting flexibility act
amendment to the portal to portal act; clarifies that commuting time is not paid working time
what is the tax and trade relief extension act
amends work opportunity tax credit to reduce employer federal tax liability
what is a draw
amount advanced on future commissions
what is excess group-term life insurance
amount of employer-provided group-term life insurance over $50,000
what is residual risk
amount of uncertainty after a risk management effort has been exhausted
what is the prudent person rule
an ERISA plan fiduciary has legal and financial obligations not to take more risks when investing employee benefit program funds than a reasonably knowledgeable, prudent investor would under similar circumstances
what is a field review
an HR member interviews the supervisor and takes notes concerning the performance of each employee after, comparison ratings are given to each employee, the supervisor approves or changes
what is formula budgeting
an average cost is applied to comparable expenses and general funding is changed by a specific amount
what is a turnkey operation
an existing facility and its operations are acquired and run by the purchaser without major changes
stock ownership plans based on company performance are an example of what
an incentive pay plan - plans providing employees with a means of acquiring stock are designed to encourage employees to invest in the company and give them a financial stake in the future success of the fir, - company stock may be purchased or earned
what is a high-hazard industry
an industry that has a frequent number of accidents and OSHA violations, it warrants more inspections
what happens when the state and federal laws differ
an org has to follow whatever most benefits the employee - ex: if state minimum wage is $5.50 and federal is $5.15, employers in that state must pay employees at least $5.50
what is an implied contract
an unwritten agreement created by the actions of the parties involved (ex: expectations)
what is a management contract
another company is brought in to manage and run the daily operations of the local business
what is an organizational unit
any discrete component of an organization in which there is a level of supervision responsible and accountable for the selection, compensation, etc., of employees within the unit
what is a pension plan
any plan, fund, or program which provides retirement income to employees or results in a deferral of income by employees for periods extending to the termination of covered employment or beyond, regardless of the method of calculating the contributions made in the plan, the method of calculating benefits under the plan, or the method of distributing benefits from the plan
what is a workweek
any rise,d recurring period of 168 hours
what is strategic planning
art and science of formulating, developing, implementing, and evaluating cross-functional decisions that enable an org to achieve its objectives
what are cognitive ability tests
assess skills the candidate has already learned
what is federal mediation and conciliation service (FMCS)
assistance in contract settlement and maintains a list of arbitrators to help interpret contract language and resolve disputes
what is the united nations global impact
assists businesses in meeting sustainable goals for human rights, labor, environment, and anticorruption
what is a theory y manager
assumes that employees are happy to work and will take on additional duties without being forced to.
what is entitlement philosophy
assumes that individuals who have worked another year are entitled to pay increases, with little regard for performance differences
what are fetal protection policies
attempts to protect the fetus from workplace hazards
what is a pull factor
attractions to globalization that support orgs aspirations
what is utilization review
audit of health-care use and charges to identify which benefits are used and to make certain that care is necessary and costs are in line
what is a weighted average
average of data that takes other factors such as the number of incumbents into account
how do you measure unit labor cost
avrg cost of workers / avrg levels of output
what are nonpiracy agreements
bar former employees from soliciting business from former customers and clients for a specified period of time
what is a microunit
bargaining unit that includes only one job category or department within a company
what are contractual rights
based on a specific contract with an employer (ex: union and employer negotiate a labor contract with terms/conditions)
what are religious laws (legal system)
based on beliefs and conventions
what is qualitative analysis
based on research that uses open-ended interviewing to explore and understand attitudes, opinions, feelings, and behavior
what is variable pay
based on when the employee works (ex: overtime) or where the employee works; also called differential pay
what is a theory x manager
believes that employees do not like to work and must be strictly controlled and monitored
what is a perquisites
benefits offered exclusively to executives
what are supplemental unemployment benefits
benefits paid to unemployed workers beyond required government unemployment benefits
what are supplemental unemployment benefits (SUB)
benefits paid to unemployed workers beyond required government unemployment benefits
what are international social security agreements
bilateral SS agreements that coordinate the US SS program with the comparable programs of other countries; aka totalization agreements
what are totalization agreements
bilateral SS agreements that coordinate the US SS program with the comparable programs of other countries; ask international SS agreements
what is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
bloodborne pathogen transmitted through intimate contact
what is a primary boycott
boycotting the primary employer (not a contractor)
what is epidemiology
branch of medicine that investigates the causes and control of diseases in a population
what is wearable technology
can be used to encourage healthy behaviors, increase productivity, and to monitor employees health and safety in stressful conditions - issues can arise about employee data privacy/security
what is a union authorization card
card signed by employees to designate a union as their collective bargaining agent - at least 30% of employees must sign before a representation election
what are authorization cards
cards signed by employees to indicate that they want union representation
what are fast-track programs
career development programs that involve identifying a pool of potential leaders and rapidly increasing their leadership skill development
what is gratz vs. bollinger
case in which university of michigan undergrad program wasn't "narrowly tailored" to consider race as a factor in admission decisions in order to achieve goal of a diverse student body
what is circuit city stores vs. adams
case that a pre-hire employment application requiring that all employment disputes be settled by arbitration was enforceable under the federal arbitration act
what is smith vs. jackson mississippi
case that age discrimination in employment act authorizes recovery on a disparate impact but with a narrower scope than title VII
what is mcdonnell douglas corp vs. green
case that established criteria for disparate treatment
what is mckennon vs. nashville banner publishing
case that evidence of misconduct acquired after the decision to terminate cannot free an employer from liability
what is griggs vs. duke power
case that recognized adverse impact
what is pennsylvania state police vs. suders
cause ruled on the use of the affirmative defense in a constructive discharge claim to an employer whose supervisors are charged with harassment
what is the scientific method
certain factors (variables) are manipulated and the results are examined
which of the following seating arrangement is most appropriate for a PC-based training program
chevron
what is an agency shop
clause that states that even if workers do not join the union, they must still pay the equivalent of dues to the union
what is a union shop
clause that states that when workers take jobs in a specific bargaining unit, they must join the union within a certain period of time
what are compensation surveys
collect and analyze competitors compensation data, such as wage and salary practices as well as employee benefits
what are pay surveys
collect info on prevailing market rates and include topics such as incentive plans, overtime pay, starting wage rates, base pay, pay ranges, shift differentials, and vacation and holiday
what are permissive subjects
collective bargaining issues that are not mandatory but do relate to a specific job - don't include of wages, hours, and working conditions - include pension benefits for retired members - aka voluntary or non mandatory subjects
what are permissive issues
collective bargaining issues that are not required but may relate to certain jobs/practices
what are mandatory subjects
collective bargaining items required by law and the NLRB
what are illegal subjects
collective bargaining items that are unlawful by statute; aka external subjects
what is a point of service (POS) org
combination of a PPO and an HMO; provides direct access to specialists
what is the matrix structure
combines departmentalization by division and function to gain the benefits of both
what is broadbanding
combining several salary grades or job classifications with narrow pay ranges into one band with a wider salary spread
what are some of the best practices for utilizing safety committees
committee selection and committee structure
what is duty of loyalty
common-law precept that imposes on employees a duty to be loyal to the employer
what is indirect compensation
commonly referred to as "benefits"
what is strategic alliance
companies agree to share assets, such as technology or sales, to accomplish a goal
what is the CSR (corp social responsibility) maturity curve
companies change from tactical reactive approach to a strategic approach; then redefine values and goals based on CSR
what are multinational companies (MNCs)
companies that conduct business and have offices in a number of different countries
what are employee assistance programs (EAPs)
company-sponsored programs that deliver a variety of health-related services, which are provided by licensed professionals or orgs and offer employees a high degree of confidentiality
what is return on investment
compares the money earned (or lost) on an investment to the amount of money being invested
what are safety committees
composed of workers from different levels and departments who are involved in safety planning and programs
what are skill banks
computerized talent or skill inventories that can furnish a list of qualified people
what are skill tracking systems
computerized talent or skill inventories that can furnish a list of qualified people
what is line of sight
concept that states that employees must be able to influence the attainment of a goal and see a direct result of their efforts in order for incentive pay plans to be effective
what is due diligence
conducting an intensive investigation of an org as one of the first steps in a pending merger or acquisition
what re physician hospital orgs (PHOs)
consist of hospital and physician practices that merge into vertically integrated structures
what should companies do first when a substance abuse intervention approaches
constructive confrontation and counseling
what is transfer of training
continuing on the job application of the knowledge and skills gained during a learning experience
what is a neutrality agreement
contract between a union and an employer under which the employer agrees not to oppose a unions attempt to organize its workforce
what is maintenance of membership
contract clause that states that an employee may or may not choose to join a union but once the employee joins, he/she must maintain membership for the duration of the contract
what are union security provisions
contract clauses to help union obtain and retain members and collect dues (ex: no-layoff policy/job security guarantee)
what is positional negotiation
contract in which people lock themselves into positions and find it difficult to move away, parties lose sight of the underlying problems to be resolved, and emphasis is placed on winning the position
what is the zipper clause
contract stipulation in which both parties waive the right to demand bargaining on any matter not dealt with in the contract, whether or not that matter was contemplated when the contract was negotiated or signed
what is a no-lockout clause
contract stipulation in which the company agrees not to lock out workers during a labor dispute for the life of the contract
what is a no-strike clause
contract stipulation in which union agrees not to strike during the duration of the contract
what are maturity curves
correlate pay with time spent in a professional field such as teaching or research
what is sutton vs. united airlines
court case that a person may not have a disability if the individuals condition is controlled or corrected by medication or mitigating measures
what is grutter vs. bollinger
court held that university of michigans law school admission program was "narrowly tailored" to consider race as a factor in admission decisions in order to achieve goal of a diverse student body
what is injunction
court order that directs a party, employer, or union to do or refrain from doing a certain act (or acts)
what is united steelworkers vs. weber
court ruling about reverse discrimination, title VII allows for voluntary private, race-conscious programs aimed at eliminating racial imbalance in traditionally segregated job categories
what is regents of the university of california vs. bakke
court ruling that colleges and universities could legitimately consider race as a factor in the admissions process
what is washington vs. davis
court ruling that dealt with job testing and discrimination
what is ellerth vs. burlington northern industries
court ruling that distinguished between supervisor harassment that results in tangible employment action and supervisor harassment that does not
what is faragher vs. city of boca raton
court ruling that distinguished between supervisor harassment that results in tangible employment action and supervisor harassment that doesnt
what is johnson vs. santa clara county transportation agency
court ruling that endorsed using gender as one factor in an employment decision if underrepresentation is shown and if the affirmative action plan is not a quota system
what is harris vs. forklift systems inc.
court ruling that established "reasonable person" standard in a sexual harassment case
what is albemarle paper vs. moody
court ruling that items used to validate employment requirements must be job-related
what is taxman vs. board of education of piscataway
court ruling that non remedial AAP can't form the basis for deviating from the anti discrimination mandate of title VII
what is school of board of nassau vs. arline
court ruling that persons with contagious diseases could be covered by the rehabilitation act
what is merit savings bank vs. vinson
court ruling that said sexual harassment violates title VII regardless of whether its quid pro quo or hostile environment harassment
what is oncale vs. sundowner offshore service inc.
court ruling that same-gender harassment is actionable under title VII
what is general dynamics land systems vs. cline
court ruling that the adea does not protect younger workers, even under 40, from workplace decisions that favor older workers
what is the city of richmond vs. JA croson company
court ruling that the numerical quota system of richmond, virginia was unconstitutional because the city had not laid the proper groundwork and had not adequately identified or documented discrimination
what is st marys honor center vs. hicks
court ruling that title VII plaintiff must show that discrimination was the real reason for an employers actions
what are qualified domestic relations orders
create or recognize the right of an alternative payee to receive all or a portion of the benefits under a retirement plan
what is the taxpayer relief act (TRA)
created tax-advantaged savings mechanisms
what is knowledge management (KM)
creating, acquiring, sharing, and managing knowledge to augment individual and organizational performance
what is the sherman anti trust act
curbed concentrations of power that interfered with trade and reduced economic competition; directed at large monopolistic employers but applied by courts to the labor unions
what is primary research
data that is gathered firsthand fora specific evaluation
what is the least serious OSHA violation
de minimis - no direct or immediate relationship to job safety or health - ex: failure to issue an MSDS for a trial product
what is decentralization
decision making authority is given to lower levels in an orgs hierarchy
what is centralization
decision-making authority is restricted to higher levels of management in an org
what is the portal to portal act
defines what is included as hours worked and is therefore compensable and a factor in calculating overtime
what is constructive discharge
deliberately making conditions intolderable to get an employee to quit
what is e-learning
delivery of formal and informal training and educational materials, processes, and programs via the use of electronic media
what is the organizational profile
depicts the staffing pattern of a facility to determine if barriers to eeo exist within any organizational unit
what is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
describes a number of problem-solving and grievance resolution approaches
what is inside organizing
describes union organizing in the workplace by employees
what is the homeland security act
designed to secure the US against terrorist attacks and other threats and hazards and ensure safe and secure borders
what are highly compensated employees (HCE)
determined by business ownership (more than 5% of the firm) and/or salary (in 2006 it was $100,000)
who is minimum wage determined by
determined by congress, for nonexempt employees
what is outcomes evaluation
determines actual results of the compliance program (ex: is there less misconduct? can employees recognize compliance issues?)
what is process-flow analysis
diagram of the steps involved in a process
what is musculoskeletal disorder (MSD)
disease caused by repetitive motion that affects muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, blood vessels, and spinal disks; aka cumulative trauma syndrome (CTS), cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), or repetitive stress injury (RSI)
what are profit-sharing plans
distribute a portion of an orgs profits to its employees
what is a histogram
distribution of a single type of measurement, data is represented by a series of rectangles of varying heights
what are reusable learning objectives (RLOs)
elements that may be reused in a variety of contexts (ex: animated graphics, job aids, and print modules)
what are learning objectives (LOs)
elements that may be reused in a variety of contexts (ex: animated graphics, job aids, print modules)
what is coordination of benefits
eliminates the duplication of payments when an employee, spouse, or dependents have health coverage under two or more plans
what is lean project management
eliminates waste by maintaining a tight focus, empowers team to make decisions
what has the greatest effect on the ongoing cost of an orgs health-care system
eliminating coinsurance payments
what is a pandemic
emergence of a disease new to the population; the agent infects humans, causing serious illness, and spreads easily and sustainably among humans
what are the 3 types of managed care plans
emphasize cost control by limiting an employees choice of doctors and hospitals 1. health maintenance organizations (HMOs)- form of health care that provides services for a fixed period on a prepaid basis 2. preferred provider organization (PPOs)- those enrolled in a PPO can elect to receive treatment outside the network but have to pay higher co-payments or deductibles 3. point of service (POS)- combination of a PPO and HMO; provides direct access to specialists; employees pay a nominal copayment for each visit to a designated network of physicians; but pay somewhat more for the choice provider outside the designated network of physicians
what is premium sharing
employee pays a portion of the required monthly premium for health-care coverage
what is a bargaining unit
employees eligible to select a single union to represent and bargain collectively for them - group of employees a union wants to represent
what is the weingarten doctrine
employees have a right to union representation at investigatory interviews
what is a knowledge-based pay system
employees pay is based on the level of knowledge he or she has in a field or domain (ex: going back to grad school)
what is a combination step-rate and performance structure
employees receive increases on a step-rate basis up to the job rate, then above that rate increases are granted only for above-standard performance -ex: workers are given 3% raise every 6 months up to the job rate, then get increases for above-standard performance
what are exempt employees
employees to whom employers are not required to pay overtime under FLSA. (ex: executives, administrative, professionals)
what are non-exempt employees
employees who must be paid overtime under the FLSA
what is health insurance purchasing cooperative (HIPC)
employer has to provide coverage equal to the cost of the conventional insurance provided - coverage does NOT have to be equal
what is open shop
employer in which workers are not required to join or pay dues to a union
what is closed shop
employer that requires individuals to join a union before they can be hired - illegal (except in the construction industry)
what is a health reimbursement account (HRA)
employer-funded plan that reimburses employees only for eligible and substantiated health care expenses
what is city stores vs. adams
employers can require employees to sign mandatory arbitration agreements - supreme court reversed a lower courts decision on the basis that it maintained the efficacy of many employers alternative dispute resolution procedures
what is the wage garnishment act
employers can't terminate an employee whose pay is subject to a single garnishment order
what is unfair competition
employment contracts that contain covenants not to compete after termination of employment relationship and with the use of secret, confidential, or proprietary information that the employee obtained while working for the former employer
what are cafeteria plans
enable employees in a company to choose from among a set of benefits and different levels of these benefits
what is inevitable disclosure
enables an employer to prevent an employee from taking employment with a competitor when the current employers trade secrets might inevitably be disclosed
what is a learning org
encourages constant networking both internal and external. it manages change and adapts to its environment
what is organizational development (OD)
enhancing the effectiveness of an org and the well-being of its members through planned interventions
what is ethnocentric
ensures control over subsidiary location, eases transfer of policies from HQ to subsidiary, managers from HQ staff key positions, home company employees fill key positions
good-faith bargaining requires that both labor and management..
enter into the discussion with fair and open minds
what is a qualified pension plan
entitles employers to tax benefits form their contributions to pension plans; employers may take current tax deductions for contributions to fund future retirement income. welfare and pension plans that meet various requirement s set forth by the employee retirement income security act (ERISA)
what is strictness
error that occurs when an appraiser believes standards are too low and inflates the standards in an effort to make them meaningful
what are leniency errors
errors that are the result of appraisers who don't want to give low scores
what is the mine safety and health act
established mandatory safety and health standards for underground and surface mines
what is the davis-bacon act
established prevailing wage and benefit requirements for contractors on federally funded construction projects
what is the US patent act
established the US patent and trademark office
what is the occupational safety and health act (OSHA)
established the first national policy for safety and health and continues to deliver standards that employers must meet to guarantee the health and safety of their employees
what is the employee retirement income security act (ERISA)
established uniform minimum standards for employer sponsored retirement and health and welfare benefit programs
what is the gross domestic product (GDP)
estimate of the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given year
what is a summative assessment
evaluates learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark (ex: midterm, final project) level 4: results measures program yields of one
what is a job classification
evaluation method that groups jobs into a predetermined number of grades or classifications, each having a class description to use for job comparisons
what is a compliance evaluation
evaluation that requires an org to provide details on and documentation of its AAP
what is HR analytics
evidence based approach to making HR decisions based on quantitative tools and models
what is common law (legal system)
evolves over time based on prior judicial decisions
what is the civil rights act
expands the possible damage awards available to victims of intentional discrimination to include compensatory and punitive damages
what are performance standards
expectations of management translated into behaviors and results that employees can deliver
what is normal distribution
expected distribution given a random sampling of people across a large population
what is the service contract act
extended prevailing wage rate and benefit requirements to employers providing services under federal gov't contracts
what is the walsh-healey act
extended the concept of prevailing wage to employers who manufacture or supply goods under govt contracts and required time and a half
what is the national industrial recovery act
extended the policies of the railway labor act to all interstate commerce orgs
what is task significance
extent to which a job has a substantial impact on other people
what is task identity
extent to which a job requires a "whole" identifiable unit of work
what is construct validity
extent to which a selection device measures the theoretical construct or trait (ex: intelligence or mechanical comprehension)
what is premium pay
extra pay for working holidays or vacation days
what is cultural noise
failure to recognize responses of a candidate that are socially acceptable rather than factual
how many employees are required for the employee polygraph protection
fed/state/local exempt some private exempt
what is equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC)
federal agency responsible for enforcing anti-discrimination laws and handling alleged complaints
what are developmental activities
focus on preparing employees for future responsibilities while increasing their capacity to perform their current jobs
what is the delphi technique
forecasting technique that progressively collects information from a group without physically assembling the contributors
what does FDI stand for
foreign direct investment- the investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment, and organizations
what is a cash balance plan
form of defined benefit plan that defines the promised benefit in terms of a hypothetical account balance and features benefit portability
what are health maintenance orgs (HMOs)
form of health care that provides service for a fixed period on a prepaid basis
what is group-term life insurance
form of insurance carried by employers for their employees that provides a lump-sum payment to the employees beneficiaries
what is counseling
form of intervention in which the emphasis is on the cause of a problem rather than on job performance
what is interest-based bargaining (IBB)
form of negotiating where parties look for common ground and attempt to satisfy mutual interests through the bargaining process
what is errors and omissions (E&O) insurance
form of professional liability coverage that protects against employment claims
what is multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)
form of tuberculosis that is resistant to current drug therapy
what are preferred provider orgs (PPOs)
formed by an insurance company, an employer, or a group of employers who negotiate discounted fees with networks of health-care providers; in return, the employers guarantee a certain volume of patients
what are benchmark jobs
found outside the company, provide reference points against which the values of jobs within the company are judged
what are pulse surveys
frequent short questionnaires to solicit anonymous employee feedback
what is the indemnity health-care plan
full-choice health care plan that allows covered employees to go to any qualified physician or hospital and submit claims to the insurance company; aka fee for service health care plan
how many employees are required for OSHA
general - 1 or more farmers - 10 or more
what is good-faith bargaining
generally means that parties in a negotiation enter into discussion with fair and open minds and a sincere desire to arrive at an agreement
what is the cost of living adjustment (COLA)
given to employees regardless of performance or orgs profitability; usually linked to inflation; also referred to as standard percentage raise
what is the truth in employment act
gives employers protection against salting from unions
what is the US PATRIOT act
gives federal officials greater authority to take measures to combat terrorism
what is bumping
gives more senior workers whose jobs have become obsolete the right to transfer into jobs of less senior workers - ex: an employee with 10 years of employment can take a lower position when the company downsizes and the employees position is eliminated
what is supply chain
global network used to deliver products and services from raw materials to end customers through an engineered flow of information, physical distribution, and cash
what is rabbi trust
grantor trust designed to segregate non qualified deferred compensation benefits from an employers general accounts
what is the reserved rights doctrine
grants management full authority and discretion over the items that are or could be covered unless the contract limits managements rights in a particular area
what are gainsharing plans
group incentives where a portion of the gains an org realizes from efforts is shared with the group
what are pay grades
group jobs for pay policy application, usually based on similar compensable factors and value, same relative internal worth - all jobs within a particular grade are paid the same rate or within the same rate range
what is a project team
group of people who come together for a specific project
what is the occupational safety and health review commission (OSHRC)
group that rules on contested OSHA citations
what is job classification
grouping jobs into a predetermined number of grades or classifications, each having a class description to use for job comparisons - the bests known classification system is the general schedule (GS) used by the federal gov't
what are affinity groups
groups for employees with a common interest or characteristic
what is a disaster recovery plan
guidelines and procedures to be used by an org for the recovery of data lost due to severe forces of nature, such as earthquakes, fires, tornadoes, floods, or hurricanes
which OSHA standard is known as the employee right to know low
hazard communication
what is a medicare supplement
health plan that covers specific expenses not covered by medicare
what is medicare carve-out
health plan where benefits are reduced for employees eligible for medicare; medicare becomes the primary provider
what is consumer-directed health care
health-care options intended to help employers better control costs while allowing employees to make more decisions about their health care
what is a self-insured health-care plan
health-care plan in which the employer assumes the role of the insurance company and assumes some or all of the risk
what is the primary role of HR during an EEOC complaint process
help the company attorney investigate charges and provide supporting documentation
what is job ranking based on
hierarchy of jobs from lowest to highest based on overall importance to the org
if someone is new and not as credible, what should you do
hire a consultant to help with your primary research
what is hyper connectivity
how technology is rapidly creating a smaller world
what is an HRD program
human resource development program - the easiest and most immediate method of evaluating them is reaction
what is encryption
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is the web browser formatting language for encrypting data
what is systems thinking
idea that orgs are composed of interacting and interdependent parts that create a dynamic internal environment
what is the sunset clause
identified time period and ending point that should be identified in incentive pay plans
what is identity alignment vs. process alignment
identity- extent to which diversity and differences are embraced, product/service brand may be adjusted to accommodate local culture process- extent to which underlying operations (IT, finance, HR) integrate across locations
what is a control chart
illustrates variations from normal in a situation over time
what is talent management
implementation of integrated systems to increase workplace productivity by developing processes for attracting, developing, retaining, and utilizing people with skills and aptitude to meet org needs
what is the duty of good faith and fair dealing
imposes on each party in a contract an obligation for honesty in the conduct of the transaction
what are unemployment compensation amendments (UCA)
imposted a mandatory 20% federal income tax withholding requirement on most qualified retirement plan proceeds that a recipient doesn't roll over into another qualified retirement plan or individual retirement account
what supersedes the employee handbook
in a workplace regulated by union contracts, the contract supersedes the employee handbook, but handbooks and codes are still ofted used to clarify expectations
what is the KPMG survey of corporate responsbility reporting
in depth exam of worldwide reporting, what is being reported, and the report quality
what is nonduplication of benefits
in health plans, requires a secondary carrier to reimburse only up to the level of reimbursement they would have paid
what is the most highly unionized segment of the US workforce
in the public sector: - federal - state - local -more than 35% represented by unions -also targets low-skilled and temporary contingent workers
what is short term disability insurance
inability to perform the duties of ones regular job - recovery from injuries/surgeries - treatment of an illness requiring any hospitalization
the formula used to compare safety results of one org to another is
incidence rate formula
what are unsafe acts
incidents that result form unsafe behavior on the part of the employee, such as operating equipment at high speeds
what are non qualified deferred compensation plans
income deferral benefit offered to a select group of management or highly compensated employees in the org
what is welfare to work tax credit
income tax credit to encourage employers to hire long-term welfare recipients
what is work opportunity tax credit (WOTC)
income tax credit to encourage employers to hire people from targeted groups
what is a scatter diagram
indicates the relationship between data items using x and y axes
what type of cost is the cost to replace an injured worker and train a new one
indirect cost
who can employers contract with
individual employees and organized groups of employees
what is a gatekeeper
individual, usually a primary-care physician, who is given control of patient access to specialists and services in a mangled care org
what are ombuds
individuals outside the normal chain of command who act as independent problem solvers for both management and employes -sometimes use mediation -peer review panels- employees to appeal disciplinary actions to an internal committee
an employee has a drink ay lunch, the supervisor wants HR to term them, what should HR do
inform the employee in writing that any further violation will lead to immediate dismissal
what is diversity training
informs and educates senior management and staff about diversity and to develop concrete skills among staff that enhances productivity and communications among all employees
what is a deductible
initial amount of covered medical expenses an individual must pay before receiving paid benefits under a health-care plan
what is defamation
injuring someones reputation by making a false and malicious statement; may be spoken (slander) or written (libel)
what is OSHAs form 301
injury and illness incident report; supplemental record that covers the details of each occupational injury and illness
what is an occupational injury
injury that results from a work-related accident or exposure involving a single incident in the work environment
what is the consumer price index (CPI)
instrument that measures change over time for costs of a group of goods and services
what is stop-loss coverage
insurance policy that protects employers with partially self-funded insurance plans by limiting individual and group-wide claims
what is professional liability insurance
insurance that protects directors, officers, employees, and orgs against claims of negligence in the performance of professional services
what is long term care insurance
insurance that provides a daily monetary benefit to people who are chronically ill and who require living assistance either at home or in a residential facility
what is fraudulent misrepresentation
intentional deception relied upon and resulting in injury to another person
when can polygraph tests be used
internal investigation for employees who are reasonably suspected of involvement in a workplace incident (ex: theft) that resulted in specific economic loss or injury
tax legislation is implemented by which org
internal revenue service (IRS)
what is a SWOT analysis
internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats
what is ISO
international standards org - promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial, and commercial standards
which union organizing activity would be most effective with permanent part-time customer service representatives at a large high-tech firm
internet campaigns
what is constructive confrontation
intervention strategy that focuses on job performance
what is the first impression error
interview bias in which the interviewer makes snap judgements and lets first impression (positive or negative) cloud the interview
what is a repetitive interview
interviewer asks every applicant the same questions; also called a structured interview
what is a situational interview
interviewer asks hypothetical questions designed to elicit stories and examples that demonstrate the applicants skills and qualifications
what is negative emphasis
interviewer bias that rejects a candidate based on a small amount of negative information
what is the horn effect
interviewer bias the they allow one strong point that works against the candidate to overshadow all other info
what is the halo effect
interviewer bias where one strong point in candidates favor overshadows all other information
what is an express oral contract
involves verbal promises made between employer and employee related to employment
what are private-letter rulings
issued by the IRS to specific taxpayers or orgs that request an interpretation of the law
what does grievance arbitration mean
it a means by which a third party settles disputes arising
what is the PAPA model
it evaluates risk P: prepare- ex: terrorist in workplace A: act- ex: workplace accidents P: park- ex: bullying A: adapt- ex: hiring the disabled
maslows hierarchy
it illustrates the importance of recognition and identification of individual needs for the purpose of motivating behavior
what is specialization
it occurs when people repeatedly perform the same task, becoming more proficient - can lead to decreased communication, boredom, and low employee morale
what does HIPAA do about preexisting conditions
it restricts waiting periods for them
what is principled negotiation
it separates the people from the problem, focuses on interests not positions, invests options for mutual gain, and insists on objective criteria
what is the factor comparison method
job comparison method that ranks each job by each selected compensable factor and then identifies dollar values to develop a pay rate
what is the paired-comparison method
job ranking method in which evaluator compares each job with every other job being evaluated
what is comparable worth
jobs requiring comparable skills, effort, responsibility, and working conditions filled primarily by women should have the same job classification and salary as similar jobs filled by men
what is administrative law judge (ALJ)
judge who conducts the formal procedures for OSHA citations
what is polycentric
key positions are filled by individuals in the region of the subsidiary, host country manages subsidiaries but home company fills key positions
which major national labor law protects the rights of union members in their unions
landrum-griffin act
what is common situs picketing
lawful picketing of a primary employer also affects a secondary employer that occupies common premises; employers may establish separate or reserved gates, one for the struck employer and the other for all other employers
how should supervisors manage in a total quality environment
learn to manage in a more participative environment
what is organizational learning
learning activities that may occur at any one of several levels in an org
what is an s-shaped curve
learning curve where learning occurs in a series of increasing or decreasing returns; usually seen when an employee is attempting to learn a difficult task that also requires specific insight
what is a social charter
legislation pending before european union where employment conditions/practices would be standardized
what is synthesis
level of learning at which the learner is able to respond to new situations and determine trouble-shooting techniques and solutions
what is the maximum amount of individual punitive damages when an employer is charged with intentionally discriminating against race or national origin
limits are based on the number of employees in the company
what is the excelsior list
list the employer has to provide the union with the names and addresses of certain employees within 7 days after the direction of or consent to an election
what is a frequency distribution
listing of grouped data, from lowest to highest
what does the copyright act cover
literary, artistic, and other creative expressions
employees hired in their own countries are known as what
local nationals
what is inductive reasoning
looking at a set of observations and designing a rule that characterizes or explains a pattern underlying the observations
what is the small business job protection act (SBJPA)
made changes to rules about the ability of tax-exempt orgs to institute retirement plans modeled after 401k and IRA accounts and to the definition of highly compensated employees
what is the tax reform act
made significant changes in employee benefit programs, especially retirement plans
what is performance management
maintaining or improving employee performance through assessment tools, coaching, counseling, and feedback
what is the first consideration in developing a compensation system
make sure the system fits the orgs strategy
what does MBO stand for
management by objectives
what is business continuity planning
management process that identifies potential threats and impacts to an org and provides framework for ensuring that it is able to withstand disruption interruption, or loss of normal business functions/operations
what is a lockout
management shuts down operations to prevent union members from working
what is unemployment insurance
mandatory benefit program set up as part of the SS act designed to provide a subsistence payment to employees between jobs
what is medicare part a
mandatory media coverage for persons covered by medicare; covers both inpatient and outpatient hospital care and services - physicians fees - food service or housekeepers wages - custodial care in a nursing home - ordinary dental services and dentures - expenses for routine physical exams
what is a cause and effect diagram
maps out a list of factors that are thought to affect a problem or a desired outcome
what is a lifetime maximum benefit
maximum dollar amount of covered medical expenses that a health-care plan will pay on behalf of any covered person during that persons lifetime
what are noncompete agreements
may be included in employment contracts, they prohibit individuals who leave an org from working with an employer in the same line of business for a certain amount of time - usually for new hires but can also be for current employees
what are examples of intrinsic rewards
meaningful work, good feedback on performance, autonomy, other things that lead to high levels of satisfaction in the job
what is regression
measure that refers to the casual effect of one variable upon another
what is a balanced scorecard
measurement approach that provides an overall picture of an orgs performance as measured against goals in finance, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth
what is the gross profit margin
measures the difference between what it costs to produce a product and the selling price
what is occupational illness
medical condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment
what is sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of our future generations to meet their needs focus: long term value rather than short term returns sweet spot: place where there is common ground between business and public interests that can still create business opportunities (center between environmental (planet), social (people), and economic (profit))
what are assessment centers
method of evaluating candidates using content-valid work samples of job; typically for managerial positions
what are blood borne pathogens
microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans
what is the clayton act
minimally restricted the use of injunctions against labor and legalized peaceful strikes, picketing, and boycotts
what is the world trade org (WTO)
mission is to open trade opportunities and facilitate trade disputes -WTO looks to ILO for counsel
what is an amendment
modification of the constitution or a law; may be either formal (written) or informal (unwritten)
what is process evaluation
monitors which program activities are performed and what their outputs are (ex: how often are classes given? how many people attend?)
what are survivors benefits
monthly benefits paid under SS to eligible dependents of deceased workers
what are disability benfits
monthly benefits paid under SS to workers (and eligible dependents) younger than the SS retirement age if they have a disability
what is the point-factor method
most commonly used method of job evaluation; it involves using specific factors to evaluate job worth
what is transformational leadership
motivates employees by inspiring them to join in a mutually satisfying achievement
what did edgar schein promote
multiple layers of culture 1. implicit- basic assumptions (inside) 2. norms and values (middle) 3. explicit- artifacts and products (outside)
what is the duty of successor employers or unions
mutual bargaining obligation of an employer and a union when a majority interest in a unionized company is sold to another employer
what is a community of interests
mutuality of interests among employees in bargaining for wages, hours, and working conditions
what information is recorded on the OSHA 300 form
name and job title, description of injury, date and place of injury
what are mandatory issues
negotiation topics and collective bargaining issues identified specifically by labor laws or court decisions as subject to bargaining
how do you measure human economic value added (HEVA)
net profit after taxes - cost of capital / full time head count - wealth created per employee
what is a top hat plan
non qualified deferred compensation plan that provides retirement benefits to select group of management or highly compensated employees
what are excess deferral plans
non qualified deferred compensation plans that provide benefits to selected management or highly compensated employees beyond section 401 or 415 limitations
what are discretionary benefits
not required benefits that employers offer at their own choice. benefits fall into three broad categories: protection programs, pay for time not worked, and services (ex: disability/life insurance, retirement plans, health insurance, PTO, flexible work schedules, family assistance programs, day care, tuition reimbursement)
what is a quorum
number of members of an org that have to be present before official business may be conducted
what are placement goals
objectives or targets in an affirmative action plan that are set when the percentage of minorities or women in a job group is less than expected, given their availability
what is recognition picketing
obtain the employers recognition of the union as the bargaining representative
what is a quantitative analysis
obtains easily quantifiable data on a limited number of measurement points
what is a primacy error
occurs when an appraiser gives more weight to an employees earlier performance and discounts recent occurrences
what is the contrast error
occurs when an employees rating is based on how his or her performance compares to that of another employee rather than objective standards
what is job burnout
occurs when work is no longer meaningful to a person - how to fix: give employees control over their work
what is phased retirement
offers employees the opportunity to gradually reduce the number of hours they work before they are fully retired
what is transactional leadership
offers the promise of reward or the threat of discipline to motivate employees
what is vestibule training
offline, instructor-led training designed to bring a learner up to production standards before assuming online responsibilities
what is equity partnership
one firm acquires partial ownership through purchase of shares - the relationship may be general (share control/profits) or limited (no authority)
what is a performance bonus
one-time payment made to an employee; aka lump-sum increase (LSI)
what are lump-sum increases (LSI)
one-time payment made to an employee; also called performance bonus
in what manner should you respond to risk
operational (short term) not strategic (long term)
what is medicare part b
optional medical coverage for persons covered by medicare - diagnosis, therapy, surgery - consultation during home, office, and institutional calls - medications that cannot be self-administered
what is a learning organization
org characterized by a capability to adapt to changes in environment
how do employees in an entitlement-oriented culture feel
org provides them with benefits which means they have less individual pressure to contribute
what is a divisional structure
org structure in which divisions are separated by product, customer or market, or region
what are performance-sharing plans
organization-wide incentive plans in which funds are made available for incentive awards based on predetermined criteria and standards
what is an OD intervention
organizational development intervention -first stage requires determining the target audiences readiness for the upcoming change (ex: ask managers what changes they think should be made)
what should an AAP include
organizational profile, workforce analysis, job group analysis, availability analysis, utilization analysis, placement goals, description of action-oriented programs, designation of responsibility, problem areas, internal audit and reporting system *doesn't need to include data on past EEO investigations and outcomes
what is the first step of the union organization process
organizing campaign
what is a job group analysis
part of affirmative action that lists all job titles of each group having similar content and responsibilities, wage rates, and opportunities for advancement
what is an organizational display
part of an AA plan that provides a graphical presentation of the organizational units, including their interrelationships
what is a realistic job preview (RJP)
part of the selection process that provides an applicant with honest and complete information about a job and the work environment
what is a standard percentage raise
pay adjustment given to employees regardless of their performance or company profitability; usually linked to inflation; aka COLA
what are supplemental wages
pay beyond base salary or wages such as bonuses and commissions
what is hazard pay
pay earned by employees who work in an environment that is considered more risky from a safety or health point of view
what are time-based step rate pay systems
pay is based on longevity in the job and pay
what is time-based step-rate pay
pay is used on longevity (long existence) in the job and pay increases occur on a predetermined schedule
what is reporting pay
pay provided to employees who report for work as scheduled but then find that no work is available
what is time-based differential pay
pay rates that are affected by when an employee works
what is person-based pay
pay system in which employee characteristics, rather than the job, determine pay
what is a differential-piece rate system
pay system where the employee receives one piece rate up to a standard and then a higher rate once the standard is exceeded
what is call-back pay
pay that employees receive when they are called back for an extra shift in the same workday
what is an emergency-shift pay
pay that employees receive when they are called into work during an emergency (ex: power outage)
what is on-call pay
pay that employees receive when they are on call but not actually working
what is direct compensation
pay that is received by an employee, including base pay, differential pay, and incentive pay
what are examples of extrinsic rewards
pay, benefits, bonuses, promotions, achievement awards, time off, more freedom and autonomy, special assignments
what are voluntary deductions
payroll deductions selected by the employee such as charitable contributions
what are involuntary deductions
payroll deductions such as tax levies and court-ordered child support that an employee must pay
what are kinesthetic learners
people who learn best through a hands on approach, also called tactile learners
what is distributive justice
perceived fairness across employees, the perceived fairness in the distribution of outcomes (ex: when some are punished and others arent - is this fair?) -employee perceptions
what is procedural justice
perceived fairness of the processes used to make decisions about employees - are the rules fair and fairly applied to everyone - due process is a key part when making promotion, pay, discipline
what is sick leave
period of time during which employees who are ill or have nonword-related injuries receive their full salary
what is a subject matter expert (SME)
person who is well versed in the content of an HR development program
what is an expatriate
person who lives in one country and is employed by an org based in another country; aka international assignees
what different things can diversity include
personality, work style, race, age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education, functional level at work
what is theory of constraints (TOC)
philosophy that every org is hindered by constraints that come from its internal policies
what is the positive discipline approach
philosophy that violations are actions that usually can be corrected without penalty - managers focus on finding guidance to encourage desirable behaviors, rather than penalites
what is exclusive provider organization (EPO)
plan in which participants must use providers in the network of coverage or no payment will be made
what is deferred compensation
plan that provides income to employees at some future time as compensation for work performed now
what is HR development (HRD)
planned activities that provide its members with the necessary skills to meet current and future job demands
what is employee involvement (EI)
planned and orderly attempt to link the shared interests of the employee and the company for their mutual benefit
what are money purchase plans
plans in which employers make mandatory payments (a fixed % of an eligible employees comp) to a retirement plan
what are roth 401k / 403b plans
plans that allow after-tax contributions to existing 401k or 403b plans
what are 457 plans
plans that allow employees of states, political subdivisions or agencies of states, and certain tax-exempt orgs to defer receipt of wages
what are 401k plans
plans that allow employees to make tax-favored pay deferrals toward retirement savings through a a payroll deduction plan
what are AAPs
plans that focus on the hiring, training, promoting, and compensating of protected classes where there are deficiencies
what is the factor evaluation system (FES)
point-factor job evaluation system developed by the US govt
what is a guide chart-profile
point-factor job evaluation system; aka hay plan
what is the hay plan
point-factor job evaluation system; also known as the guide chart-profile
what is no-solicitation policy
policy that restricts employees and outsiders form distributing literature or soliciting union members on company premises
what is the sandwich generation
portion of silent and baby boom generations that simultaneously care for their children and their elderly family members
what are skip-level interviews
practice in union-free orgs of encouraging managers to spend time with each employee two levels below them on an annual basis
what is career management
preparing, implementing, and monitoring employers career paths, with a primary focus on the goals of the org
what is organizational feedback
presentation of data to stimulate discussion of problem areas, generate potential solutions, and stimulate motivation for change
which areas of workplace risk are the HR team included
prevention, minimization, communication
what are the 4 primary activities of a value chain
primary activities add direct value 1. R&D (research and development) 2. operations 3. marketing and sales 4. fulfillment
what are uniform guidelines on employee selection procedures
procedural document designed to assist employers in complying with federal regulations prohibiting discrimination
what is vesting
process by which a retirement benefit becomes nonforfeitable
what is distance learning
process of delivering educational or instructional programs to locations away from a classroom or site
what is succession planning
process of identifying, assessing, and developing leadership talent for the orderly replacement of key employees
what is collective bargaining
process of management and union representatives negotiating the employment conditions for a bargaining unit, the LAST step in unionization, the process where representatives of management and workers negotiate over wages, hours, and other terms/conditions of employment
what is on-boarding
process of new employee assimilation into the org, which often lasts up to 6 months to a year
what is a performance appraisal
process that measures the degree to which an employee accomplishes work requirements
what is strategic management
processes and activities used to formulate HR objectives, practices, and policies
what is consumer picketing
product boycotts involving such activities as distributing handbills, carrying placards, and urging customers to refuse to purchase products from a particular retail or wholesale business
what are teratogens
products that affect a fetus but not the pregnant mother
what is the progressive discipline approach
progressively more severe and designed to change employees inappropriate behavior 1st offense- verbal caution 2nd offense- written reprimand 3rd offense- suspension 4th offense- termination
what is the foreign corrupt practices act (FCPA)
prohibits american companies from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business
what is executive order 11478
prohibits discrimination in the US postal service and in various government agencies on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, national origin, handicap, or age
what is the copeland "anti-kickback" act
prohibits federal contractors from receiving kickbacks form employees or subcontractors for wages earned on federal projects
what is the wiretap act
prohibits the interception of emails in transmission
what is the program evaluation review technique (PERT) chart
project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project
what is a gantt chart
project planning tool that graphically displays activities of a project in sequential order and plots them against time
what is a simple linear regression
projection of future demand based on a past relationship; involves a single variable
what are required benefits that have to be offered by the employer
protection programs that attempt to promote worker safety and health, maintain family income streams, and assist families in crises 1. unemployment insurance 2. workers comp 3. social security 4. FMLA
what is directors and officers (D&O) liability insurance
protects directors, officers, and corps from claims such as shareholder class actions and SEC violations for fraud and mismanagement
what is the uniformed services employment and reemployment rights act (USERRA)
protects employment, reemployment, and retention rights for persons who voluntarily or involuntarily service or have served in the uniformed services
what is the fair credit reporting act
protects privacy of background information and ensures that information supplied is accurate
what is the labor management reporting and disclosure act (LMRDA)
protects the rights of union members from corrupt or discriminatory labor unions; aka landrum-griffin act
what is a contingency plan and how is HR involved
protocol that an organization follows when an identified risk event occurs HR involvement: - policies -evacuation and relocation - communications - training -continuity
what are material safety data sheets (MSDS)
provided by manufacturers for every hazardous substance; employers must evaluate chemicals and inform employees of hazardous properties
what is a decertification election
provided by the taft-harley act for employees to terminate union representation - may occur if employees believe that the union is not representing their interests - starts when employee or group of employees requests it - they must circulate a petition containing a written statement that they no longer wish to be represented by their union - the employer can not encourage or guide the employees in the prep or filing of the petition
what is the retirement equity act (REA)
provided certain legal protections for spouses beneficiaries of qualified retirement plans
what is the grievance procedure
provides an orderly way to resolve differences of opinion in regard to a union contract
what is the taft-harley act
provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; aka labor management relations act (LMRA)
what is the labor management relations act (LMRA)
provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; aka taft hartley act
what is flat-rate pay
provides each incumbent of a job with the same rate of pay, regardless of performance or seniority; aka single-rate pay
what is single-rate pay
provides each incumbent of a job with the same rate of pay, regardless of performance or seniority; also known as flat-rate pay
what is the consolidated omnibus budget reconciliation act (COBRA)
provides individuals and dependents who may lose medical coverage with opportunity to pay to continue coverage
what is a non qualified pension plan
provides less favorable tax treatments for employers than qualified pension plans
what is the fair and accurate credit transactions act (FACT)
provides some relief to employers using third parties to conduct workplace investigations
what is executive order 11246 and 11375
provides that federal contractors and subcontractors must eliminate discrimination on race, color, religion, gender, national origin - a writer AAP must be created
what is the dues checkoff clause
provides the automatic deduction of union dues from the payroll checks of union members
what is training
providing KSAs specific to a task or job
what are union security clauses
provisions in a collective bargaining agreement designed to protect the institutional authority or survival of the union (ex: making union membership required for all)
how is the negotiation of wage rates (collective bargaining) dealt with in the public and private sector
public - prohibited subject private - permissive subject
what are revenue rulings
published by the IRS as general guidelines to all taxpayers or orgs
what are mid-term objectives
purpose is similar to short-term objectives, but are completed in 1 to 3 years
what is graded vesting
qualified retirement plan participants become incrementally vested over a period of years of service
what are 529 plans
qualified tuition plans that provide families a federal tax-free way to save money for college
what are closed questions
questions that can usually be answered with yes or no
what is experience rating
rating system that bases insurance rates on claims history
what is the cost-benefit analysis
ratio that allows management to determine the financial impact particular activities and programs will have on a company profitability
what is trainability
readiness to learn, combining students level of ability and motivation with their perceptions of the work environment
what is just cause
reasonable justification for taking employment related action -unions usually require an employer to provide a "good reason" for disciplinary actions - does not exist in at-will situations, reasonable justification for taking employment related action
what is a push factor
reasons an org may have been driven into globalization by competitive factors
what does a critical incident performance appraisal measure
records employee actions in addition to actual ratings, both positive and negative actions are recorded
what is the omnibus budget reconciliation act (OBRA)
reduced compensation limits in qualified retirement programs
what is vesting and the two types
refers to an employees nonforfeitable rights to pension benefits. 1. cliff- must grant employees 100% vesting after no more than 3 years of service 2. gradual/grading- enables employees to earn vesting rights in stages; 20% each year beginning with the employees second year of service, reaching 100% after no more than 6 years of service
what is consumer-driven health care
refers to employer-sponsored programs that shift a greater amount of the responsibility to employees for selecting health care providers
what is long-term disability insurance
refers to illnesses or accidents that prevent an employee from performing his or her own occupation over a designated period
what is a straight-piece rate system
refers to pay system where employee receives a minimum wage and is awarded additional compensation based on output. determined by multiplying the number of units produced by the piece rate for one unit
what is right to work
refers to statutes that prohibit unions from making union membership a condition of employment
what are compensable factors
reflect how the job adds value to the organization; these factors are used to determine which jobs are worth more than others (skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions). help meets three challenges: internal consistency, market competitiveness, and recognition of individual contributions
what is work rule
reflects management decisions regarding specific actions to be taken or avoided in a given situation
what is the fair labor standards act (FLSA)
regulates employee overtime status, overtime pay, child labor, minimum wage, record keeping, and other administrative concerns
how should a company determine if changes to their emergency response plans are needed
rehearsals or drills of the plan
what is reasonable and customary
reimbursement standard used by insurance companies to determine how much providers should be paid for their services
what is repatriation
reintegrating employees into their home country operations following an international assignment
what is offshoring
relocation of processes or functions from a home country to another country
what is deauthorization
removes authority of a bargaining representative in a non-right-to-work state to negotiate or enforce a union security clause
what is long-term disability coverage (LTD)
replaces a portion of an employees lost income after STD coverage ends
what is STD coverage
replaces a portion of lost income for a specified period of time for employees who are ill or have nonword-related injuries
what are dashboards
reporting mechanizm, high level, real time
what are pay structures
represent pay rate differences for jobs of unequal worth and the framework for recognizing differences in employee contributions
what are pay ranges
represent the span of possible pay rates for each pay grade; include midpoint, minimum, and maximum rates
what is a directed election
representation election ordered by the NLRB regional director after a preelection hearing
what can employees do during a decertification process
request a decertification election and circulate a decertification petition
what is a psychomotor test
require a candidate to demonstrate a minimum degree of strength, physical dexterity, and coordination in a specialized skill area
what is the sarbanes-oxley act (SOX)
requires administrators of defined contribution plans to provide notice of covered blackout periods; provides whistleblower protection for employees
what is compulsory arbitration
requires employees to sign a pre-employment agreement stating that all disputes will be submitted to arbitration
what is a money purchase plan
requires employers to make mandatory payments (a fixed % of an employees compensation) to a retirement plan
what is the drug-free workplace act
requires federal contractors with contracts of $100,000 or more to certify that they are maintaining a drug-free workplace
what is the pay for performance philosophy
requires that compensation changes reflect individual performance differences
what is zero-based budgeting
requires that expenditures be justified for each new period and in which budgets start at 0
what is the congressional accountability act
requires that federal employee relations legislation enacted by congress apply to employees of congress
what is duty of fair representation
requires that unions act fairly on behalf of the employees they represent in negotiating and administering collective bargaining agreements
what is critical chain project management
resources are maxed out to reach deadlines
what are covenant of good faith and fair dealing exemptions
restricts actions that are seen as unjust or malicious (this is only in a few states)
what is retaliatory discharge
result of an employer punishing an employee for engaging in activities protected by the law
what is the best basis for developing an HRD program
results of a needs assessment
what is negligent retention
retention of employees who engage in misconduct both during and after working hours
what is a qualified deferred compensation plan
retirement benefit offered to all employees in the org; provides tax advantages and is protected under the ERISA
what is savings incentive match plan for employees (SIMPLE)
retirement plan where employees can contribute each year to a 401k plan or IRA
how do you measure human capital return on investment (HCROI)
revenue (op. expenses - [comp and ben costs]) / (comp and ben costs) -amount of profit derived from investments in labor
how do you measure human capital value added (HCVA)
revenue - (op. expenses [comp and ben costs]) / full-time head count
what is the needlestick safety and prevention act
revision to blood borne pathogens standard that requires employers to minimize employees exposure to blood through needlesticks
what are merit pay programs
reward employees with permanent increases to base pay according to differences in job performance
what is the risk equation
risk level = probability of occurence x magnitude of impact
what is a regulation
rule or order issued by a government agency; often has the force of law
what are state plans
safety and health policies and procedures that states have adopted and have been approved by OSHA
what is a divestiture
sale by a company of an asset that is not performing well, that is not core to the company's business, or that is worth more as a separate entity
what is a full cafeteria plan
section 125 plan that allows employees to choose from a menu of benefits and allocate pretax dollars to pay for those benefits
what are vulnerabilities
security risk factors
what is a scenario analysis
sees the effect of environmental factors on output -which factors have biggest impact (ex: low unemployment rate means fewer applicants)
which health-care funding mechanism is the greatest financial risk for an employer
self-insured
what are the 4 parts of communication
sender > (encoding) > medium channel > (decoding) > receiver > feedback loop
what is proprietary information
sensitive info owned by a company that gives the company certain competitive advantages
what is the IRS 20-factor test
set of 20 factors that the IRS uses to determine whether workers are employees or independent contractors
what is a severance package
set of benefits provided to employees who are termed for some reason other than cause
what is a competency model
set of job competencies that together make up a profile for success for a particular job
what is the pension benefit guaranty corporation (PBGC)
set up by ERISA to insure payment of benefits in the event that a private-sector defined benefit pension plan terminates with insufficient funds to pay the benefits
what is the electronic communications privacy act (ECPA)
sets forth provisions for access, use, disclosure, interception, and privacy protections of electronic communications
what is quid pro quo harassment
sexual harassment that happens when an employee has to choose between sexual demands and forfeiting an economic benefit
an org changed its benefit package and wants to measure employee satisfaction. what action should employer take before administering the survey
share survey goals with employees
what is job rotation
shifts employees between comparable but different jobs
what is a virtual org
short-term alliance between independent orgs in a potentially long-term relationship to design, produce, and distribute a product
what is market-based evaluation
similar to job evaluation systems that evaluates jobs based upon their market value
what is a bona fide occupational qualification
situation in which gender, religion, or national origin is necessary to carrying out a particular job function
what is featherbedding
situation in which unions try to require the employment of more workers than is necessary
what are red circle rates
situations where employees pay is above the range maximum
what are green circle rates
situations where employees pay is below the range minimum
which compensable factor is the most legally defensible
skill (its the most quantifiable indicator)
what is enterprise risk management (ERM)
software systems that help identify and manage operational risk across an org
what are perquisites
special privileges for executives that are usually noncash items
what is groupware
specialized collaborative software applications - how to facilitate interactions between groups: teleconferencing, videoconferencing, telepresence, webconferencing
what is a copayment
specified percentage (usually 20-30%) of covered medical expenses that employee pays or fixed dollar amount that a covered person pays each time he or she visits a physician
what is the mission statement
specifies what the company does, who its customers are, and the priorities it has set in pursuing its work
what is a summary plan description
specify essential information about employer-sponsored benefits as required by the employee retirement income security act. essential information includes the names and addresses of the employees responsible for developing and administering the benefits plan, disclosure of employee rights under ERISA, eligibility criteria for participating in the benefits program
what is workers comp
state insurance program designed to protect workers in cases of work-related injuries or diseases related to workers employment
what are right to work laws
state laws that prohibit requiring employees joining a union as a condition of employment (right to work without joining a union)
what is an out of pocket maximum
stated amount out of pocket the insured can pay for medical costs in a 12 month period before copayments end
what is the general duty clause
statement of OSHA that requires employers subject to OSHA to provide employees with a safe and healthy work environment
what is multiple linear regression
statistical method used to project future demand, several variables are utilized
what is public domain
status of work when copyright protection ends; in general, copyright protection covers the life of the author plus 70 years
what are action plans
steps that a unit, department, or team will take in order to achieve short-term objectives
what are employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs)
stock bonus plans by which employees gain ownership in the org for which they work
what is a sympathy strike
strike by employees of a bargaining unit who refuse to cross picket lines made up of employees who are not embers of their bargaining unit
what is a glass ceiling
strong but invisible career barrier that sometimes exists for minorities and women
what is a panel interview
structured questions are spread across a group; individual who is most competent in the relevant area usually asks the question
what is data analytics
study data to detect patterns that can be used to make predictions and improved decisions
what is OSHAs form 300
summary of work-related injuries and illnesses; shows the totals of work-related injuries and illnesses for the year in each category
what is kolstad vs. american dental association
supreme court said that the availability of punitive damages depends on the motive of the discriminator rather than the nature of the conduct
at what level is an employee an effective trainer
synthesis
what is total quality management (TQM)
system for achieving customer satisfaction that involves all managers and employees, improves an orgs processes
what is progressive discipline
system of increasingly severe penalties for employee discipline
what are golden handcuffs
system of overlapping short and long term incentives to make it less likely that key employees will leave a company
what is a learning management system (LMS)
system that holds course content information and has the capability of tracking and managing employee course registrations, career development, and other employee development activities
what is job evaluation
systematically recognizes differences in the relative worth among a set of jobs and to establish pay differentials accordingly
what act allows the president to declare that a strike constitutes a national emergency
taft-hartley act -national strike impacts an industry or a major part of it that they economy would be affected - can declare an 80 day cooling period (they continue negotiations) - they can only strike if settlement hasn't reached
what is a simplified employee pension (SEP)
tax-deferred account to which the self-employed and employees of very small businesses can contribute
what are individual retirement accounts (IRAs)
tax-deferred accounts to which wage earners can contribute an amount up to a yearly maximum
what is a health savings account (HSA)
tax-sheltered savings account similar to an IRA but created primarily to pay for medical expenses
what is an apprenticeship
technical skills training; often a partnership between employers and unions
what is prima facie
term for on first view or at first appearance
what is wrongful discharge
termination of an individuals employment for reasons illegal or improper
what is a hypothesis
testable prediction that is derived form a theory and scribes a relationship between two variables
what does the EEOC determine
that if there is no reasonable cause, the complainant (employee) is given notice of the right to sue, allowing the employee to file suit in court
who is a union representation election ordered by
the NLRB
what happens first after an unfair labor practice charge has been filed
the NLRB conducts a preliminary investigation
what is knowledge
the ability to recall specific facts
what is human capital
the collective value of capabilities, knowledge, skills, experiences, and motivation of an orgs workforce
what is an entry-age normal formula in a pension plan
the cost of each individual's pension is allocated on a percent of payroll between the time employment starts (entry age) and the assumed retirement date
when are employers requires to pay the prevailing wages
the davis-bacon act requires contractors and subcontractors on federally funded construction projects in excess of $2000 to pay wages/benefits at least equal to those prevailing in the are where work is performed. - only includes laborers and mechanics who are employed on the job site - ex: an electrical contractor who rewired a room is paid $3000)
what are differential piece-rate systems
the employee receives one pice rate up to the standard and then a higher rate once the standard has been exceeded - this can provide an incentive for employees to reach the higher standard (ex: when a company must increase production from 15 to 17 a day)
what is full retirement age governed by
the employees birth year, and the full retirement age is increasing from 65 to 67 on a phased-in basis
what is coordinated bargaining
the employer bargains with several unions simultaneously but on a separate basis - common in the petroleum and diversified financial industries - 2 or more unions representing separate bargaining units interact, exchange info, sit on each others bargaining committees, and cooperate but at the same time keep decisions on individual collective bargaining units distinctly separate from one another
what is a fully insured health-care plan
the employer pays a third-party insurance carrier premiums that cover medical charges, administrative costs, sales commissions, taxes, and profits
what is organizational justice
the fairness of dcisions and resource allocations in an org (ex: employee job satisfaction/commitment come from how fairly they belive they are being treated)
what is criterion-related validity
the link between a selection device and job performance
what is social engineering
the mindset and tactics of unethical hacking
what is the graphic scale method
the most commonly used appraisal method that checks the appropriate place on the scale for each task listed - limitation: separate activities may be grouped together and rated as a unit rather than individually
what is span of control
the number of people who report to a supervisor
what is CSR and HRs role
the orgs commitment to operate in an ethical and sustainable manner by engaging in activities that promote and support philanthropy, transparency, sustainability, and ethically sound governance process - attracts and keeps top talent, increased engagement, attract customers * different for each country/gov't
how do you compute compa-ratio
the pay level divided by the midpoint of the pay range
what is a captivated health-care plan
the physician is paid on a per capita (per head) basis rather than for actual treatment provided
what is a flat dollar formula in a pension plan
the plan pays a set dollar amount for each year of service (ex: $50 / month for each year of service) - usually for hourly employees under collective bargaining unit
what is incremental budgeting
the prior budget is the basis for allocation of funds
what is fair use
the provision of the US Copyright Act that allows the use of copyrighted work in certain circumstances
what is ergonomics
the study and design of a work environment to address the physical demands placed on individuals as they perform their jobs
what is andragogy
the study of how adults learn
what is pedagogy
the study of the education of children
what is governance
the system of rules and processes an org puts in place to ensure its compliance with local and international laws, accounting rules, ethical norms, and environmental or social codes of conduct
what is a task force
the temporary grouping of personnel and resources for the accomplishment of a specific objective - similar to project teams but project teams have more defined boundaries and tasks forces have a mission more long term
what is e-procurement
the use of electronic communications and transaction processing when buying supplies and services
what is information management
the use of technology to collect, process, and condense into with a goal of efficient management of info as an organizational resource
what is demographic dichotomy
the workforce in emerging economies is becoming disproportionately young, while the work force in developed economics is raging
what are implied contract exemptions
they are difficult to prove but can be created through certain employer actions, promises, or statements made by individuals or the org as a whole
what does an administrative law judge do
they conduct a hearing to resolve an unfair labor practice charge - a staff attorney of the NLRB's regional office is responsible for prosecuting the case
what are non-qualified plans
they don't need to be made available to all employees, can target key executives, are not subject to maximum dollar amounts, and are less expensive to set up, but they are tax ramifications to non qualified plans
how is HR involved in contract administration and enforcement
they educate managers / supervisors about new provisions, ways to reinforce contract, how to handle qustions/problems
what do organizational development interventions focus on
they focus o changing an entire system, not a few components
what are dual-ladder programs
they identify meaningful career paths for professional and technical people whose preferences may be outside traditional management roles
what are qualified plans
they provide employers with the maximum tax benefits, but they must be made available to all employees, are subject to maximum dollar amounts and ERISA standards - ex: provide employers with the best tax advantages
why should employers avoid implied contracts
they tend to include more generous dismissal compensation - they need to be formally amended
who is not eligible to vote in a union election
those who are on a leave of absence - military, temporary, and sick leave can
what is the public comment period
time allowed for the public to express its views and concerns regarding an action of a regulatory agency
why might an org offer its employees a flexible benefit plan under section 125 of the IRS code
to allow employees to use pretax dollars for benefits
what is control
to an operations department, an after the fact evaluation of a company ability to meet its own specifications and its customers needs
what is capacity
to an operations department, the ability to yield output
the USA PATRIOT act makes it easier to do which of the following
to detain non US citizens who are suspected of terrorism - may be held for up to 7 days without specific charges
what is the primary purpose of an employee wellness program
to offer preventative care to employees (ex: stress reduction)
what are gross earnings
total earnings before taxes; include regular wages + additional earnings such as tips, bonuses, and overtime
what is coverdell education savings account (ESA)
trust created exclusively for the purpose of paying the qualified education expenses o a designated beneficiary
what is asynchronous learning
type of e-learning in which participants access information at different times and in different places
what is synchronous learning
type of e-learning where participants interact together in real time
what is informational picketing
type of picketing done to advise the public that an employer is nonunion
what is organizational picketing
type of picketing done to induce employees to accept the union as their representative
what is a consent election
type of representation election that involves an agreement between an employer and a union to waive the preelection hearing
what is a premium only plan (POP)
type of section 125 plan that allows employees to pay for certain qualified benefits with pretax dollars
what are flexible spending accounts
type of section 125 plan that allows employees to use pretax dollars to pay for certain out-of-the pocket health and dependent-care expenses
what is a flexible spending account (FSA)
type of section 125 plan that allows employees to use pretax dollars to pay for out of pocket health and dependent care expenses
what is travel pay
typically paid to nonexempt workers for the time they spend traveling to or between work assignments
what is agile project management
unclear objectives/instructions, the project focuses on iterations of the deliverables
what is a qualifying event
under COBRA, an event such as termed for reasons other than gross misconduct, allows employees to continue their group health-care coverage for a specified period of time
what is lewis change model
unfreezing, moving, refreezing prepare for the change, implement change, solidarity the desired change
what are weingarten rights
union employees right to have a union rep or coworker present during an investigatory interview
what is ratification
union members vote to accept the terms of a negotiated labor agreement
what can a union representative do during investigatory interviews
union rep may speak privately with the employee before the interview, and can only attend meetings that gather facts - the rep can interrupt to clarify a question or object - the rep can offer advice about who to answer a question but can't tell the employee what to say
which provision of a union contract can help a union with retention of members
union security and membership clauses
what is salting
unions hire and pay people to apply for jobs at certain companies to begin organizing efforts
what is upstream vs. downstream strategies
upstream- decisions made at HQ level, focus on standardization of process and integration of resources downstream- decisions made locally, attempts to adapt strategy and goals to local realities
what is terrorism
use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the US for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom
what is risk management
use of insurance and other strategies in an effort to prevent or minimize an orgs exposure to liability in the event a loss or injury occurs
what is TIPS
used by labor management attorneys and consultants that covers most of the ULP pitfalls a supervisor can run into T: don't threaten- reduce pay, prevent employees from voting for a union I: interrogate- quiz employees to learn who started the attempt, how would they vote P: promise- pay raises, promotions S: spy- follow/tail employees, visit gathering places
what is a team interview
used in situations where the position relies heavily on team cooperation; supervisors, subordinates, and ears are usually part of the process
what is canvassing
used to describe leafleting (piece of paper/advertisement) activities
what is arbitration
uses a neutral third party to make a binding decision, thereby eliminating the need to involve the court
what is business process integration
uses technology to integrate, automate, and optimize business processes internally and with trusted external partners - integrated to provide real time data and interactions
what is severance pay
usually includes several months of pay following involuntary termination and in some cases, continued coverage under the employers medical insurance plan
what is a pareto chart
vertical bar and line graph where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line
what is de minimis violation
violation of an OSHA standard that does not have a direct impact on employees' safety and health on the job
what is willful violation
violation of an OSHA standard that is considered intentional
what is a serious violation
violation of an OSHA standard that is likely to cause death or serious injury on the job
what is an other than serious violation
violation of an OSHA standard that would probably not cause serious physical harm or death
what are unfair labor practices (ULPs)
violation of statutory right under labor-relations statues
what is computer vision syndrome (CVS)
vision problems such as headaches and blurred vision that are associated with video display terminals
what are check sheets
visual tools used to collect and analyze data
what is a voluntary protection program (VPP)
voluntary group of employers that promotes and recognizes effective safety and health programs
what do unions in the US primarily focus on
wages and working conditions
what are mandatory subjects for collective bargaining
wages, hours, and conditions of employment
what is double breasting
when a common owner operates both union and nonunion businesses
what is payrolling
when a company needs help and identifies specific people and refers them to a staffing firm, which employs them and assigns them to work at the company
what is garnishment
when a creditor obtains a court order requiring an employer to attach an employees earnings in order to pay back a debt
what is the ally doctrine
when a struck employer effectively uses the employees of an ally as strike breakers and when a union extends its primary picketing to this employer, no violation of the LMRAs secondary boycott prohibition exists
what is a separation agreement
when a termed employee agrees not to sue the employer in exchange for specified benefits, such as additional severance pay
what is recency error
when an appraiser gives more weight to recent occurrences and discounts an employees earlier performance during the appraisal period
what is central tendency error
when an appraiser rates all employees within a narrow range, regardless of differences in actual performance
what is interactional justice
when an employee feels they are treated with dignity and respect, the extent to which a person affected by an employment decision feels treated with dignity and respect - if an employee doesnt get promoted and manager doesnt explain why, was it unfair?
what is a modified-duty program
when an employer offers an employee a less-strenuous job until they are fit to return to their regular job; aka early return to work program
what is an early return to work program
when an employer offers an employee a less-strenuous job until they are fit to return to their regular job; aka modified-duty program
what is recognition
when an employer recognizes a union as being entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of workers in a particular bargaining unit
what is a needs assessment
when an orgs needs are identified in order to help the org accomplish its objectives; also called needs analysis
what is external equity
when an orgs pay rates are at least equal to market rates
when is a recognition picketing prohibited
when another union has already been recognized or a valid election has occurred in the previous 12 months
what is sick building syndrome (SBS)
when building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building but no specific illness or cause can be identified
what is a building-related illness (BRI)
when building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that can be attributed directly to airborne building contaminants
what is coalition bargaining
when more than one employer negotiates with the union; aka multiple employer bargaining
what is distributive bargaining
when parties are in conflict over an issue and the outcome represents a gain for one party and a loss for the other; each party tries to negotiate for the best possible outcome
what is internal equity
when people feel that performance or job differences result in corresponding differences in pay rates
what is a differential piece-rate system
when the employee receives one piece rate up to the standard and then a higher rate once the standard has exceeded (ex: when an employee receives a piece rate up to a standard and then receives a higher rate once the standard has even exceeded)
what is the 4/5ths rule
when the selection rate for a protected class is less than 80% of the rate for the class with the highest selection rate
when can the NLRB order a company to bargain with the union
when the union demonstrates majority status but loses the election and the employer commits an unfair labor practice
what is integrative bargaining
when there is more than one issue to be resolved; focuses on creative solutions to conflicts that reconcile parties interests and result in mutual benefit
what is job sharing
when two part time employees share one full time job
what is pattern bargaining
when unions negotiate provisions covering wages and other benefits similar to those already provided in other agreements existing within the industry or region; aka parallel bargaining
what is decertification
where a union is removed as the representative of a group of employees
what is the dues checkoff
where employees agree in writing to an automatic deduction of dues from their paychecks
what is industrial democracy
where employees have legally mandated rights to participate in management decisions
how many votes need to happen for a union to prevail during a representation election
win a simple majority of the votes cast (50% + 1 person) - if its a tie, there is no certification
what are staff units
work groups that assist line units by performing specialized services, such as HR
what are line units
work groups that conduct the major business of an org
what is a compressed workweek
work schedule that compresses a full weeks work into fewer than 5 days
what is flextime
work schedule that requires employees to work an established number of hours per week but allows starting and ending times to vary
what are wildcat strikes
work stoppages involving the primary employer-employee relationship that are neither sanctioned nor stimulated by the union and that violate a no-strike clause in the contract
what are independent contractors
workers who are not covered by FLSA regulations as determined by the IRS 20-factor test
what is telecommuting
working via computing and telecommunications equipment
what are section 125 benefit plans
written benefit plans maintained by the employer that allows employees to use pretax dollars to pay for certain qualified benefits
what is civil law (legal system)
written codes by legislative bodies
what are golden parachutes
written into executive contracts that provide special payments to key executives who might lose their position or be otherwise disadvantaged if another company took control of the org through a merger or acquisition; aka parachutes
what is a request for proposal (RFP)
written request asking contractors to propose solutions and prices that fit customers requirements
only one decertification election can be held per ____
year
is "when striker occur, plants usually relocate" an illegal intimidation
yes, because plants cant relocate just because of unionization
what is a manual payroll system
you or another employee within your company calculate the payroll each pay period entirely on paper