SOC-1001-501 - CHAPTER 8

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Ethnicity vs. Race

Ethnicity = The identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. (Jews are an ethnic group but not a race.) Race = identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor (African American, Hispanic, Asian)

U.S. POPULATION BY RACE

Figure 8.1 shows the breakdown of various racial and ethnic groups and their percentage of the U.S. population. In 2018, whites made up approximately 60 percent of the population, Hispanics/Latinos 18 percent, blacks 13 percent, Asians 6 percent, and Native Americans about 1 percent (U.S. Census Bureau 2019d) - Many Americans identify themselves as belonging to two or more races.

In the nineteenth century, biologists came up with a schema that grouped humans into three races:

Negroid, Mongoloid, and Caucasoid (corresponding roughly to black, Asian, and white). - It was believed that each race was characterized by its own biological makeup, separate and distinct from the others

Prejudice vs. Discrimination

Prejudice is thoughts "prejudgment" rooted in generalizations and stereotypes. Discrimination is action or behavior resulting in unequal treatment of individuals or groups.

DOUBLE-CONSCIOUSNESS

W. E. B. DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States

PLURALISM

a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society

ASSIMILATION

a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous

RACISM

a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic

MINORITY GROUP (pg. 213)

a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups though its members are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups. - it is possible to be in the numerical majority and still have minority status with regard to power and opportunity. *** Take South Africa, for example: Blacks there dramatically outnumber whites by a ratio of seven to one, yet before the 1994 election of President Nelson Mandela, a small white minority controlled the country while blacks occupied the lowest status in that society. - Membership in a minority group may serve as a kind of "master status," overriding any other status, such as gender or age.

ETHNICITY

a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor

RACE

a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

SITUATIONAL ETHNICITY (pg. 211)

an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation. - we see how larger social forces can govern the identities we choose—if we have a choice.

SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY

an ethnic identity that is relevant only on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life. - St. Patrick's Day (especially in cities like Boston and New York), displays of Irish identity can be pretty overwhelming! - Cinco de Mayo, Passover

PREJUDICE (pg. 214)

an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it

RACE CONSCIOUSNESS

an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences

COLOR-BLIND RACISM

an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment

IMPLICIT BIAS

attitudes or stereotypes that are embedded at an unconscious level and may influence our perceptions, decisions, and actions

INDIVIDUAL DISCRIMINATION

discrimination carried out by one person against another

INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION

discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it

MICROAGGRESSIONS

everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups

PASSING

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong

MISCEGENATION

romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION

the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group's gain

WHITE NATIONALISM

the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture

REVERSE RACISM

the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and, therefore, experience social disadvantages

GENOCIDE

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group

INTERNAL COLONIALISM

the economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation

POPULATION TRANSFER

the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied

SEGREGATION

the physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity

RACIAL ASSIMILATION

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

CULTURAL ASSIMILATION

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture

CRITICAL RACE THEORY

the study of the relationships among race, racism, and power

racial profiling

the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense. - Racial profiling of black drivers even has a name: "driving while black." - Politically, the war on drugs has made driving while black (or brown) even riskier than before.

EMBODIED IDENTITY

those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits

PRIVILEGE

unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.)

DISCRIMINATION (pg. 214)

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice

Ta-Nehisi Coates (2015)

warns his own son in Between the World and Me, "The police departments of your country have been endowed with the authority to destroy your body. It does not matter if the destruction is the result of an unfortunate overreaction. It does not matter if it originates in a misunderstanding. It does not matter if the destruction springs from a foolish policy."

ANTIRACIST ALLIES

whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice

there are no "pure" races

—that the lines among races are blurry rather than fixed. - there is greater genetic diversity within racial populations than between them.


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