Soc 105 Final Exam

Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanism that explains these consequences?

"women's work" became relegated to the private, domestic sphere, where it went unpaid as a woman relied on a man's wages

Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:

Human Capital

The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989) as:

Second Shift

Ethicalism is:

adherence to certain principles to lead to a moral life. (ex. Buddhism, Taoism)

What might a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?

can pay for SAT preparatory classes

A system of payment whereby workers are compensated on the basis of a wage not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in the production process refers to:

wage labor

Money that working women earned was not expected to provide for a family. What group did this assumption harm the most?

widows

Feminist sociologists claim that the family wage is a patriarchal bargain because it implies:

women depend on a man's wage

Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask?

"How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?"

When asked if they attend church services at least once a month, about 60% of Americans say they do. But when daily diaries of people's activities are examined, rates of church attendance are much lower. This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as:

"Social desirability bias"

Sarah Fenstermaker Berk has characterized the American family by examining how women and men learn to take on distinct roles paralleling the divide between public and private spheres. She call the family a:

"gender factory"

According to data in Chapter 12, US women earn about how much for every dollar that US men earn?

.76 cents

What percentage of Americans claim no religious affiliation?

10.3%

According to your text, approximately what percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is functionally illiterate?

14%

What is the current rate of unionization in the US?

15%

The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?

1950s

In what year were laws prohibiting interracial marriage struck down in the United States?

1967

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the US?

2 years and no more than 8 years

Today, what fraction of all mothers, married or not, works outside of the home in the United States?

2/3

What percent of working mothers with children age 17 and under say that full-time work is the ideal situation for them?

21%

According to your text, approximately what percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is innumerate?

22%

In 2010, approximately what percent of American adults over 25 had a college degree?

30.1%

Approximately what percentage of people in the world identify themselves as Christian?

33%

Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages end in divorce?

40%

What percentage of today's U.S. families consists of a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their children?

7%

In 2010 women earned what percent of graduate degrees?

87%

Approximately what percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?

90%

What does the Coleman report show?

A study conducted to see if there were measurable differences between the schools blacks and whites attended.

Defined broadly, religion is:

A system of beliefs and practices around sacred things, a asset of shared "stories" that guide the belief and action.

Why was the traditional family depicted in the The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families?

African Family have combined work and family

In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because:

All relationships become market relationships

In which two early social movements were religious groups involved?

Antislavery and Temperance Movements

Which countries have marriage equality for same-sex couples?

Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and Uruguay

Which group has the highest rate of outmarriage?

Asian Americans

If affirmative action programs were eliminated, which group would most likely see an increase in chances of admission to elite colleges and universities?

Asian Amricans

Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?

Betty Friedan

What was the name of the landmark court ruling that mandated desegregation of American schools?

Brown vs Board of Education

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

Cohabitation

The linking of social movements with religion demonstrates:

Elective Affinity

What is the correct term describing an economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, and serfs?

Feudalism

Attitudes about gender and work became self-confirming myths and enforced women's dependence. The unfair family wage pushed an incentive on women to:

Marry in order to survive economically

Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have risen without Protestant Reformation?

Max Weber

College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________.

Natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social scientists, law, humanities

Adam Smith showed how specialization and division of labor lead to greater productivity with the example of:

Pin Factory

According to Weber which religion was a necessary condition for the development of capitalism?

Protestantism

The sacred realm is:

Refers to holy things that are put to special use for the worship of gods or supreme beings.

The view of Karl Marx about religion was that it is the "opium of the masses." What did he mean by this?

Religious convictions hold sway over people with promises of happiness in the after life, keeping them duped into remaining exploited workers in oppressive, alienating factory jobs.

In its level of religiosity, the United States is similar to:

Some of developing nations

According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time that women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?

Standard of cleanliness rose

Broadly defined, education is:

The process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed.

Objects and behaviors that are profane are:

Things of mundane, everyday life.

Union membership has been declining since the 1950s. What is NOT been suggested as a reason?

Union employees are less efficient

Who argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause of racial oppression and poverty?

W.E.B DuBois

What is stereotype threat?

When members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes

What best describes the notion of traditional family in the US history?

a heterosexual couple with their children in a self-contained, economically independent household

What is affirmative action?

a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population -- typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities

64. The rise of large-scale production, the influx of peasants to urban areas to find work, and the rise of a system of wage labor caused the ____________ system to become obsolete, in favor of a new system of legal currency.

barter

Research has shown that the __________ the family, the _____________ the children's achievement on the test scores and grades.

bigger; lower

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the US was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, after feminist groups lobbied the US government, what happened?

both are deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family' s amount of compensation.

During the agricultural revolution, the enclosure movement caused many former serfs to move to cities in search of work and led to the rise of:

both the city and wage system

What is the name of the economic system that developed along with the agricultural revolution and Industrial Revolution in Europe?

capitalism

Jimmy Carter received the _________vote in 1976 elections mainly because he was ___________

christian; protestant

Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from:

collective investment of the religious community.

According to Durkheim, religion is created by ____________, and religious expressions represent ____________.

collective representations; collective realities

According to the textbook, in a capitalist economic system, the price and distribution of goods and services are determined by what?

competition in an unfettered marketplace

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:

cult of domesticity

Georg Simmel saw the development of monetary payment systems as part of a historical evolution leading to:

depersonalization of exchange

Higher-income earners _____________religious organizations, but score ____________on church attendance.

donate more money; lower participation

According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are:

embodied, objectified, and institutionalized

When a society has rules that limit marital choices to people within one's own social group, such as within their social class, or religion, this is known as:

endogamy

What are the arguments in favor of school vouchers?

family will be able to choose schools. Students don't have to attend sub par schools and it will keep the educational standards high all around

According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, many workers avoid taking full advantage of ___________ because they want to advance in their careers.

family-friendly policies

Arlie Hochschild argued that many workers seek refuge from the ____________ in the ____________.

home; workplace

Adam Smith argues that money is inherently social because:

it facilitates social relations between humans

The Obama White House tends to differ from the previous one because:

it has turned to the traditional African American three-generation household

What happened to many serfs as a result of the enclosure movement?

led to the eviction of many of the people working in the land and they migrated to the city in search for work

What is the relationship between birth weight and education?

lower birth weight significantly decreases children's chances from graduating high school. Also low-birth-weight children have a greater tendency to exhibit poor classroom behavior

Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes, but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time. The legal institution is known as:

monogamy

As people age, they become:

more religious

A traditional family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a/an:

nuclear family

What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation?

over 90%

In some rural areas of Asia, women can have several husbands at one time. This practice is known as:

polyandry

Some societies allow a person to have several spouses at the same time in an arrangement known as:

polygamy

At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, a massive transition was propelled by the development of new technologies. Examples of this new technology are:

power loom, steam engine

Calvinists believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as:

predestination

Weber wondered how ____________ entered the modern world when the pre-modern worldview was governed by ____________.

rationality; tradition

Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to __________________ than girls.

score higher on every AP test except foreign language and (Math and critical reading) SAT

The trend in industrial nations toward a separation between church and state, a belief in rationality and science, and the movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief is known as:

secularism

The agricultural revolution was brought on by new innovations such as:

seed drill, selective breeding, and crop rotation

What term describes the economy that revolves around providing intangible services such as restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal advice, computer tech support, and massage?

service sector

Durkheim felt that one of the major functions of religion was that it perpetuates__________.

social unity or solidarity

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980) has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career. She calls this the:

supermom strategy

Which 1996 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?

the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

Animism is:

the belief that spirits are part of the natural world. (Ex. Totenism)

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can be best described as:

the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by:

the emergence of new markets, new means of exchange, new players, and new rules that are intensifying worldwide interdependencies

Monetization refers to:

the establishment of a widely accepted currency for exchange.

What is social capital?

the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks

Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:

the leisure gap

Marx described workers as being alienated from:

the product, the process, order people, and your self

Cultural capital refers to:

the symbolic and international resources that people use to their advantages in various situations

Theism is:

the worship of a god or gods. (ex. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism)

In what way are the conclusions of Weber and Marx similar?

they believed that the cold, impersonal winds of capitalism would intrude on all aspects of personal and spiritual life, erasing inefficient feelings such as religious devotion

It is difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the US because:

they have diverse origin and geograhpy

Serfs were the lowest class in the feudal system and were bound to the land they worked, yet they were not slaves. Why were they different from slaves?

they were allowed to own property and could not be sold

Aries wrote that children of pre-industrial families were:

thoght of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nuturing

One of the major reasons why Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:

to socialize to become "civilized" Americans

When classrooms are divided into ability levels, type of preparation, or according to future plans, it's called:

tracking