Soc 105 Final Exam
Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanism that explains these consequences?
"women's work" became relegated to the private, domestic sphere, where it went unpaid as a woman relied on a man's wages
Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:
Human Capital
The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989) as:
Second Shift
Ethicalism is:
adherence to certain principles to lead to a moral life. (ex. Buddhism, Taoism)
What might a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?
can pay for SAT preparatory classes
A system of payment whereby workers are compensated on the basis of a wage not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in the production process refers to:
wage labor
Money that working women earned was not expected to provide for a family. What group did this assumption harm the most?
widows
Feminist sociologists claim that the family wage is a patriarchal bargain because it implies:
women depend on a man's wage
Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask?
"How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?"
When asked if they attend church services at least once a month, about 60% of Americans say they do. But when daily diaries of people's activities are examined, rates of church attendance are much lower. This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as:
"Social desirability bias"
Sarah Fenstermaker Berk has characterized the American family by examining how women and men learn to take on distinct roles paralleling the divide between public and private spheres. She call the family a:
"gender factory"
According to data in Chapter 12, US women earn about how much for every dollar that US men earn?
.76 cents
What percentage of Americans claim no religious affiliation?
10.3%
According to your text, approximately what percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is functionally illiterate?
14%
What is the current rate of unionization in the US?
15%
The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?
1950s
In what year were laws prohibiting interracial marriage struck down in the United States?
1967
About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the US?
2 years and no more than 8 years
Today, what fraction of all mothers, married or not, works outside of the home in the United States?
2/3
What percent of working mothers with children age 17 and under say that full-time work is the ideal situation for them?
21%
According to your text, approximately what percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is innumerate?
22%
In 2010, approximately what percent of American adults over 25 had a college degree?
30.1%
Approximately what percentage of people in the world identify themselves as Christian?
33%
Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages end in divorce?
40%
What percentage of today's U.S. families consists of a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their children?
7%
In 2010 women earned what percent of graduate degrees?
87%
Approximately what percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?
90%
What does the Coleman report show?
A study conducted to see if there were measurable differences between the schools blacks and whites attended.
Defined broadly, religion is:
A system of beliefs and practices around sacred things, a asset of shared "stories" that guide the belief and action.
Why was the traditional family depicted in the The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families?
African Family have combined work and family
In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because:
All relationships become market relationships
In which two early social movements were religious groups involved?
Antislavery and Temperance Movements
Which countries have marriage equality for same-sex couples?
Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and Uruguay
Which group has the highest rate of outmarriage?
Asian Americans
If affirmative action programs were eliminated, which group would most likely see an increase in chances of admission to elite colleges and universities?
Asian Amricans
Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?
Betty Friedan
What was the name of the landmark court ruling that mandated desegregation of American schools?
Brown vs Board of Education
Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.This arrangement is known by sociologists as:
Cohabitation
The linking of social movements with religion demonstrates:
Elective Affinity
What is the correct term describing an economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, and serfs?
Feudalism
Attitudes about gender and work became self-confirming myths and enforced women's dependence. The unfair family wage pushed an incentive on women to:
Marry in order to survive economically
Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have risen without Protestant Reformation?
Max Weber
College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________.
Natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social scientists, law, humanities
Adam Smith showed how specialization and division of labor lead to greater productivity with the example of:
Pin Factory
According to Weber which religion was a necessary condition for the development of capitalism?
Protestantism
The sacred realm is:
Refers to holy things that are put to special use for the worship of gods or supreme beings.
The view of Karl Marx about religion was that it is the "opium of the masses." What did he mean by this?
Religious convictions hold sway over people with promises of happiness in the after life, keeping them duped into remaining exploited workers in oppressive, alienating factory jobs.
In its level of religiosity, the United States is similar to:
Some of developing nations
According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time that women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?
Standard of cleanliness rose
Broadly defined, education is:
The process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed.
Objects and behaviors that are profane are:
Things of mundane, everyday life.
Union membership has been declining since the 1950s. What is NOT been suggested as a reason?
Union employees are less efficient
Who argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause of racial oppression and poverty?
W.E.B DuBois
What is stereotype threat?
When members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes
What best describes the notion of traditional family in the US history?
a heterosexual couple with their children in a self-contained, economically independent household
What is affirmative action?
a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population -- typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities
64. The rise of large-scale production, the influx of peasants to urban areas to find work, and the rise of a system of wage labor caused the ____________ system to become obsolete, in favor of a new system of legal currency.
barter
Research has shown that the __________ the family, the _____________ the children's achievement on the test scores and grades.
bigger; lower
A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the US was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, after feminist groups lobbied the US government, what happened?
both are deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family' s amount of compensation.
During the agricultural revolution, the enclosure movement caused many former serfs to move to cities in search of work and led to the rise of:
both the city and wage system
What is the name of the economic system that developed along with the agricultural revolution and Industrial Revolution in Europe?
capitalism
Jimmy Carter received the _________vote in 1976 elections mainly because he was ___________
christian; protestant
Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from:
collective investment of the religious community.
According to Durkheim, religion is created by ____________, and religious expressions represent ____________.
collective representations; collective realities
According to the textbook, in a capitalist economic system, the price and distribution of goods and services are determined by what?
competition in an unfettered marketplace
The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:
cult of domesticity
Georg Simmel saw the development of monetary payment systems as part of a historical evolution leading to:
depersonalization of exchange
Higher-income earners _____________religious organizations, but score ____________on church attendance.
donate more money; lower participation
According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are:
embodied, objectified, and institutionalized
When a society has rules that limit marital choices to people within one's own social group, such as within their social class, or religion, this is known as:
endogamy
What are the arguments in favor of school vouchers?
family will be able to choose schools. Students don't have to attend sub par schools and it will keep the educational standards high all around
According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, many workers avoid taking full advantage of ___________ because they want to advance in their careers.
family-friendly policies
Arlie Hochschild argued that many workers seek refuge from the ____________ in the ____________.
home; workplace
Adam Smith argues that money is inherently social because:
it facilitates social relations between humans
The Obama White House tends to differ from the previous one because:
it has turned to the traditional African American three-generation household
What happened to many serfs as a result of the enclosure movement?
led to the eviction of many of the people working in the land and they migrated to the city in search for work
What is the relationship between birth weight and education?
lower birth weight significantly decreases children's chances from graduating high school. Also low-birth-weight children have a greater tendency to exhibit poor classroom behavior
Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes, but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time. The legal institution is known as:
monogamy
As people age, they become:
more religious
A traditional family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a/an:
nuclear family
What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation?
over 90%
In some rural areas of Asia, women can have several husbands at one time. This practice is known as:
polyandry
Some societies allow a person to have several spouses at the same time in an arrangement known as:
polygamy
At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, a massive transition was propelled by the development of new technologies. Examples of this new technology are:
power loom, steam engine
Calvinists believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as:
predestination
Weber wondered how ____________ entered the modern world when the pre-modern worldview was governed by ____________.
rationality; tradition
Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to __________________ than girls.
score higher on every AP test except foreign language and (Math and critical reading) SAT
The trend in industrial nations toward a separation between church and state, a belief in rationality and science, and the movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief is known as:
secularism
The agricultural revolution was brought on by new innovations such as:
seed drill, selective breeding, and crop rotation
What term describes the economy that revolves around providing intangible services such as restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal advice, computer tech support, and massage?
service sector
Durkheim felt that one of the major functions of religion was that it perpetuates__________.
social unity or solidarity
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980) has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career. She calls this the:
supermom strategy
Which 1996 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?
the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
Animism is:
the belief that spirits are part of the natural world. (Ex. Totenism)
In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can be best described as:
the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.
Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by:
the emergence of new markets, new means of exchange, new players, and new rules that are intensifying worldwide interdependencies
Monetization refers to:
the establishment of a widely accepted currency for exchange.
What is social capital?
the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:
the leisure gap
Marx described workers as being alienated from:
the product, the process, order people, and your self
Cultural capital refers to:
the symbolic and international resources that people use to their advantages in various situations
Theism is:
the worship of a god or gods. (ex. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism)
In what way are the conclusions of Weber and Marx similar?
they believed that the cold, impersonal winds of capitalism would intrude on all aspects of personal and spiritual life, erasing inefficient feelings such as religious devotion
It is difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the US because:
they have diverse origin and geograhpy
Serfs were the lowest class in the feudal system and were bound to the land they worked, yet they were not slaves. Why were they different from slaves?
they were allowed to own property and could not be sold
Aries wrote that children of pre-industrial families were:
thoght of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nuturing
One of the major reasons why Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:
to socialize to become "civilized" Americans
When classrooms are divided into ability levels, type of preparation, or according to future plans, it's called:
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