SOCI Test 2

Socialization

A teacher plans a trip to theatre and tells kids how to act and dress. This is an example of..

Formal organization

A(n) __________ is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.

Ideal Type

A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy)

Shared dependence established through division of labor

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by

Sensorimotor

According to Piaget, in the ___ stage, children are unable to engage in symbolic thought or use language

Less personal

According to durkheim, organic solidarity is characterized by social interaction that is

Was based on only male respondents

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's model was that it ___

Ego

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drives

hidden curriculum

According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, the ___ results in minority children being punished disproportionately in school.

Conflict perspective

From the ___, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.

Primary group

George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.

Preconventional

In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the ___ level, children view evil behavior as that which is likely to be punished, and good behavior is obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.

Social influence

In the nature versus nurture argument regarding socialization, the nurture component refers to

degredation ceremony

Inmates stripped of clothes and being called by a number is an example of

Role ambiguity

It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of

Voluntary

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, there will be silence for eight hours a day and fasting from food on a regular basis. Joe will experience ______ resocialization

Reference group

Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. She, however, follows the norms and values portrayed by the members of her college sorority because she wants to become a member of the sorority. In this scenario, Katy's college sorority is an example of a(n)

Significant others

Luther's pastor is a very important influence in his life. Many of Luther's actions are attempts to win the approval of his pastor. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the pastor is one of Luther's

Role strain

Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to ___ in both men and women.

Family

One of the primary agents of gender socialization is ___

Interaction order

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Micro sociologists use the term ___ to refer to this

Social institutions are originally organized to meet the basic needs of society

conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that

Expressive leadership

Provides emotional support for members

Concrete operational

Psychologist Jean Piaget shoed children two identical glasses with the same water. Tamara knew that each glass, though different sized, had the same amount of water. What stage is she in in the stage of cognitive development?

laissez-faire leadership

Sarah's supervisor has been informed that she consistently extends her lunch break by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. Which of the following styles of leadership is the supervisor exhibiting?

Functionalist

Schools are responsible for teaching students how to be productive members of society. This is the prospective of whom?

trained incapacity

Several employees at a fast-food restaurant call in sick at the last minute. The manager tries to fill in but doesn't know how to run the drive-through intercom or use the machines installed in the kitchen or perform basic tasks such as customer billing. This is because the manager performs the specialized task of supervising his team members and has become so accustomed to it that he is unable to perform other basic tasks. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of division of labor, this scenario exemplifies

Ascribed Status

Social status one is born with.

Social network

Sociological term for a set of social relationships that links an individual to others is ___

Significant

Sociologist George Herbert Mead coined the term __________ others for those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

Generalized

Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the ___ other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.

A search for alternatives

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages, the second is ___ in which people may step away form their existing roles.

Authoritarian style

Some inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. The __________ of leadership would be most effective in this situation

Media

Term that may be used inclusively to refer to TV, radio, movies, internet, twitter, video games

Family

The ___ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies

Socialization is essential for normal human development

The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that

Role strain

The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as

Role

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a

Category

The least amount of interaction between members occurs in

may be more common than most people would like to believe

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __

The informal activities within a bureaucracy

The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer

Dyad

Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of

Agents of socialization

We are exposed to many __________ throughout our lifetime. According to the text, the most pervasive ones in childhood include the family, the school, peer groups, and the mass media.

Rationality

Weber used the term __________ to refer to the process by which traditional, informal, and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

Achieved

What term do sociologists use to refer to an earned status?

Role conflict

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

False

When children experience neglect at early stages it is easy to catch up on social development and linguistics.

face-saving behavior

When students who received low grades on a test make excuses for their low scores in an encounter with students who received high grades, the low-scoring students are engaged in

US Gov

Which is not a social institution?

Libido

Which is not one of Freud's three states

Max Weber

Which of the following applied ideal-type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies?

Inefficiency and rigidity

Which of the following is a weakness of bureaucracies in contemporary nations?

Relationships based primarily on an ascribed status

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an industrial society?

Production of goods within a postindustrial society is mechanized

Which of the following is not true about postindustrial society?

How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

Which of the following questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?

Space is less important than other forms of communication and violations of personal space are easily ignored

Which of the following statements about personal space is false?

It is not essential for individual well-being

Which of the following statements about social structure is false?

In industrial societies, a person's occupation is a key defining characteristic

Which of the following statements is true about industrial societies?

Postconventional

Which of the stages in theory of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg is NOT reached by most adults?

Mental hospital

Which of these is a total institution?

Self concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after

Which of these statements about self or self concept is false

Steve, who makes all major group decisions without asking for inputs from his team members and demands their compliance with his orders

Who among the following is most likely an authoritarian leader?

Oligarchy

Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization don't have. This one of the primary reasons for the emergence of

social solidarity

____, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. it exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time

Hunter and gathering

a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live.

The degree of social cohesion felt by participants is an important influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure

After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that

Coalition

Ali and Mark have been best friends since kindergarten and now attend the same classes at the same college. They always work together for projects that require students to work in groups of two. However, when one of the professors requires students to work in groups of three and assigns members to the preexisting groups of two, Ali and Mark form an alliance to ensure that only their ideas and opinions are considered for the project. This makes Theo, the third member of their group, feel like an outsider. In this scenario, Ali and Mark have formed a(n) __________ against Theo

Two-thirds

Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.

Status set

Amber is a first-grade teacher, daughter, wife, mother, coach. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her ___

Secondary Group

Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and refer to each other's notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them a(n)

Student

Black man enrolled in a university. What is the achieved status?

Role Conflict

Carol's mom asks her to come over for dinner but carol has 3 chapters to read. Carol is experiencing ___

looking-glass self

Charles Horton Cooley's ____ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perception of others.

Social Script

Darlene takes a seat at the diner, the server comes up and says "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today" this is an example of

Social institutions

Family, religion, education, economy, government, mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of

Functionalist Perspective

From a __________, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs

Values

social structure consists of all of these, except

Conflict theorists

suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.

conflict theorists

suggests that groups involve unequal power relationships so that all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met

Resocialization

the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors and from previous experience

Conflict

theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination

Socialization is complete by middle age

which of these statements about socialization is false?

Sociobiology

is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

Laissez-faire style

leaders using the __ of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions

Master status

marcom x's teacher telling him not to try to be a lawyer do to his race.

Nature vs. Nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

Role exit

occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity

role ambiguity

occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear

Edward Wilson

pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.

Morality

psychologist carol gilligan concluded that woman and man often have divergent views on

Peer group

A ___ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position and usually age

Postindustrial society

A ___ is one in which technology supports a service - and information based economy.

division of labor

A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization.

People may not be members of reference groups but may still be strongly influenced by their norms and values

A reference group differs from an in-group in that:

In-group

any group or category to which people feel they belong

Symbolic interactionists

are the most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept

Conflict Theorists

do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.

Functionalist theorists

emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

Conflict theorists

emphasize that socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist.

Gender roles

expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females