SOCI Test 2
Socialization
A teacher plans a trip to theatre and tells kids how to act and dress. This is an example of..
Formal organization
A(n) __________ is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.
Ideal Type
A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy)
Shared dependence established through division of labor
According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by
Sensorimotor
According to Piaget, in the ___ stage, children are unable to engage in symbolic thought or use language
Less personal
According to durkheim, organic solidarity is characterized by social interaction that is
Was based on only male respondents
According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's model was that it ___
Ego
According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drives
hidden curriculum
According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, the ___ results in minority children being punished disproportionately in school.
Conflict perspective
From the ___, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.
Primary group
George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.
Preconventional
In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the ___ level, children view evil behavior as that which is likely to be punished, and good behavior is obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.
Social influence
In the nature versus nurture argument regarding socialization, the nurture component refers to
degredation ceremony
Inmates stripped of clothes and being called by a number is an example of
Role ambiguity
It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of
Voluntary
Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, there will be silence for eight hours a day and fasting from food on a regular basis. Joe will experience ______ resocialization
Reference group
Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. She, however, follows the norms and values portrayed by the members of her college sorority because she wants to become a member of the sorority. In this scenario, Katy's college sorority is an example of a(n)
Significant others
Luther's pastor is a very important influence in his life. Many of Luther's actions are attempts to win the approval of his pastor. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the pastor is one of Luther's
Role strain
Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to ___ in both men and women.
Family
One of the primary agents of gender socialization is ___
Interaction order
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Micro sociologists use the term ___ to refer to this
Social institutions are originally organized to meet the basic needs of society
conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that
Expressive leadership
Provides emotional support for members
Concrete operational
Psychologist Jean Piaget shoed children two identical glasses with the same water. Tamara knew that each glass, though different sized, had the same amount of water. What stage is she in in the stage of cognitive development?
laissez-faire leadership
Sarah's supervisor has been informed that she consistently extends her lunch break by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. Which of the following styles of leadership is the supervisor exhibiting?
Functionalist
Schools are responsible for teaching students how to be productive members of society. This is the prospective of whom?
trained incapacity
Several employees at a fast-food restaurant call in sick at the last minute. The manager tries to fill in but doesn't know how to run the drive-through intercom or use the machines installed in the kitchen or perform basic tasks such as customer billing. This is because the manager performs the specialized task of supervising his team members and has become so accustomed to it that he is unable to perform other basic tasks. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of division of labor, this scenario exemplifies
Ascribed Status
Social status one is born with.
Social network
Sociological term for a set of social relationships that links an individual to others is ___
Significant
Sociologist George Herbert Mead coined the term __________ others for those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.
Generalized
Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the ___ other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.
A search for alternatives
Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages, the second is ___ in which people may step away form their existing roles.
Authoritarian style
Some inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. The __________ of leadership would be most effective in this situation
Media
Term that may be used inclusively to refer to TV, radio, movies, internet, twitter, video games
Family
The ___ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies
Socialization is essential for normal human development
The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that
Role strain
The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as
Role
The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a
Category
The least amount of interaction between members occurs in
may be more common than most people would like to believe
The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __
The informal activities within a bureaucracy
The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer
Dyad
Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of
Agents of socialization
We are exposed to many __________ throughout our lifetime. According to the text, the most pervasive ones in childhood include the family, the school, peer groups, and the mass media.
Rationality
Weber used the term __________ to refer to the process by which traditional, informal, and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.
Achieved
What term do sociologists use to refer to an earned status?
Role conflict
When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.
False
When children experience neglect at early stages it is easy to catch up on social development and linguistics.
face-saving behavior
When students who received low grades on a test make excuses for their low scores in an encounter with students who received high grades, the low-scoring students are engaged in
US Gov
Which is not a social institution?
Libido
Which is not one of Freud's three states
Max Weber
Which of the following applied ideal-type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies?
Inefficiency and rigidity
Which of the following is a weakness of bureaucracies in contemporary nations?
Relationships based primarily on an ascribed status
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an industrial society?
Production of goods within a postindustrial society is mechanized
Which of the following is not true about postindustrial society?
How do we know how to interact in a given situation?
Which of the following questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?
Space is less important than other forms of communication and violations of personal space are easily ignored
Which of the following statements about personal space is false?
It is not essential for individual well-being
Which of the following statements about social structure is false?
In industrial societies, a person's occupation is a key defining characteristic
Which of the following statements is true about industrial societies?
Postconventional
Which of the stages in theory of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg is NOT reached by most adults?
Mental hospital
Which of these is a total institution?
Self concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after
Which of these statements about self or self concept is false
Steve, who makes all major group decisions without asking for inputs from his team members and demands their compliance with his orders
Who among the following is most likely an authoritarian leader?
Oligarchy
Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization don't have. This one of the primary reasons for the emergence of
social solidarity
____, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. it exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time
Hunter and gathering
a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live.
The degree of social cohesion felt by participants is an important influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure
After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that
Coalition
Ali and Mark have been best friends since kindergarten and now attend the same classes at the same college. They always work together for projects that require students to work in groups of two. However, when one of the professors requires students to work in groups of three and assigns members to the preexisting groups of two, Ali and Mark form an alliance to ensure that only their ideas and opinions are considered for the project. This makes Theo, the third member of their group, feel like an outsider. In this scenario, Ali and Mark have formed a(n) __________ against Theo
Two-thirds
Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.
Status set
Amber is a first-grade teacher, daughter, wife, mother, coach. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her ___
Secondary Group
Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and refer to each other's notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them a(n)
Student
Black man enrolled in a university. What is the achieved status?
Role Conflict
Carol's mom asks her to come over for dinner but carol has 3 chapters to read. Carol is experiencing ___
looking-glass self
Charles Horton Cooley's ____ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perception of others.
Social Script
Darlene takes a seat at the diner, the server comes up and says "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today" this is an example of
Social institutions
Family, religion, education, economy, government, mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of
Functionalist Perspective
From a __________, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs
Values
social structure consists of all of these, except
Conflict theorists
suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.
conflict theorists
suggests that groups involve unequal power relationships so that all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met
Resocialization
the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors and from previous experience
Conflict
theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination
Socialization is complete by middle age
which of these statements about socialization is false?
Sociobiology
is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.
Laissez-faire style
leaders using the __ of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions
Master status
marcom x's teacher telling him not to try to be a lawyer do to his race.
Nature vs. Nurture
name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
Role exit
occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity
role ambiguity
occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear
Edward Wilson
pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.
Morality
psychologist carol gilligan concluded that woman and man often have divergent views on
Peer group
A ___ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position and usually age
Postindustrial society
A ___ is one in which technology supports a service - and information based economy.
division of labor
A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization.
People may not be members of reference groups but may still be strongly influenced by their norms and values
A reference group differs from an in-group in that:
In-group
any group or category to which people feel they belong
Symbolic interactionists
are the most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept
Conflict Theorists
do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.
Functionalist theorists
emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.
Conflict theorists
emphasize that socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist.
Gender roles
expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
