Soci101: Inquizitive Chapters 7-11
Robin Leidner's research in the book Fast Food, Fast Talk found that training McDonald's workers to interact with customers using "The Six Steps" ensured that a customer experienced the exact same greeting no matter with which McDonald's employee they interacted.
False
Six of the top twenty-five transnational firms are U.S. companies. Match each U.S. company to its ranking.
Exxon Mobil - #7 General Electric #9 Chevron #10 Apple #14 DowDuPont #19 Johnson & Johnson #22
Identify the factors that contributed to the decline and near-disintegration of Native American cultures in North America following the arrival of European explorers in the late fifteenth century.
Factor(s): - forced assimilation - population transfer - disease Not Factor(s): - slavery
The current federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour and has been since 2009. How much would the minimum wage need to be to constitute a living wage?
$11-$18 hr
True or False: Sociologists accept the notion that race has an objective or scientific meaning but also seek to understand why race continues to play such a critical role in society.
False
unschooling
Jennifer's parents allow her to choose her own curriculum freely at home that allows her to direct her exploration of subject matter.
ethnicity
Jews are a group that share a religious and cultural background but are dispersed in many parts of the world.
conflict theory
Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2018d), the contingent and alternative workforce made up about what percentage of the total U.S. workforce in 2017?
14%
In which year did the Industrial Revolution begin in England with the invention of the steam engine?
1769
charter school
A group of teachers and parents petition the state government to give them the autonomy to open a new elementary school that focuses on bilingual education and the arts. The new school will be this type of school.
Identify each job as either knowledge work or service work.
Knowledge Work: -web designer -market researcher -advertising copywriter Service Work: -massage therapist -bank teller
Structural Functionalism
Outsourcing is necessary to keep both national and global economies stable in the current market.
Match each type of religious group to the appropriate example.
Sect: Mennonities, the Amish Cult: Heaven's Gate, the Branch Davidians Denomination: Shia, Protestantism
What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?
Social stratification
Donald Roy studied a factory where workers called a short break in the day ___________ time.
banana
often comprised of individuals in the upper-middle class
creative class
includes contract labor, temporary work, or part-time work
precarious labor
Which of the following examples highlights the autonomy experienced by knowledge workers such as those who work at Google?
they often have the freedom to take breaks when they choose
the Affordable Care Act of 2010
ushered in more federally mandated health care coverage for millions of Americans
A paramedic gets a job as a receptionist
vertical social mobility
A retail store cashier gets a job as a manager.
vertical social mobility
What percentage of all college students took at least one class online in 2016?
31%
What percentage of all students enrolled in college in the United States are enrolled in two-year community colleges?
35%
Place each occupation in the correct row of the social prestige scale.
86: physician 72: dentist 64: electrical engineer 58: actor 40: farmer 28: waiter/waitress
Identify the following statements as applying to either boys or girls in school.
Boys: -They receive more attention and instructional time and are more likely to be called on in class. -They are posed with more challenging questions or tasks and are given more praise for the quality of their work. Girls: -They tend to earn higher grades in elementary school. -They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability.
hegemonic masculinity
Car advertisements usually feature men who are heterosexual, economically successful, and physically fit.
Identify the characteristics of a socialist economic system.
Characteristics: -Citizens have access to resources such as health care, food, housing, and other social services to meet their basic needs. -property and goods are mainly collectively owned Not:
structural functionalism
Sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to perform.
Mark Zuckerberg is likely to pass down his wealth to his children.
Social stratification persists over generations.
Identify the true and false statements about the early education system.
True Statement(s): -In the Middle Ages, the Church was the main educator -The roots of what we would recognize as modern mass education can be traced back to the idealism of the European Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries False Statement(s): -Formal education systems in Western civilization began in Rome during the eighth century B.C.E. -Apprentice training education began in the fifteenth century.
Identify the true and false statements related to race, ethnicity, and work.
True Statement(s): - Some lower-level jobs have shifted from African Americans to Hispanics over time. - Blacks are overrepresented in nursing, psychiatric, and home health aide positions. - The median income for Hispanics is higher than the median income for blacks. False Statement(s): - The median income for whites is higher than the median income for Asian Americans.
discrimination
consistently refusing to rent an apartment to Arab Americans who are financially qualified
includes writers and artists
creative class
Symbolic Interactionism
workers whose jobs are outsourced may come to see themselves as worthless and expandable because it seems that others see them that way, too
Identify the true and false statements about feminism.
True: -Feminism can be divided into three waves. -Feminism is more than a social movement. False: -The goals of feminism have always been the same. -The second wave of feminism focused on diversity.
discrimination
A woman is paid less than her male co-worker for the same job.
Place each groundbreaking television series about homosexual or transgender characters in order of air date, from earliest to latest.
-Ellen -Will & Grace -Orange is the New Black -Queer Eye (reboot)
First wave feminism
-Its key event was a convention held in Seneca Falls, New York. -It was associated with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony -Its main cause was the campaign to win the vote for women, or the suffrage movement.
third wave feminism
-Its main cause was globalization. -It introduced a focus on intersectionality
second wave feminism
-Its main causes were equal access to education and employment -Its key event was the establishment of the National Organization for Women -It was associated with Betty Friedan.
Place each category of sexuality in its appropriate location on the Kinsey Scale of Sexuality.
0- exclusively heterosexual 2-predominately heterosexual but more than incidentally homosexual 5-predominately homosexual; only incidentally heterosexual 6-exclusively homosexual
Place each event related to unions in chronological order.
1-Textile mill strikes took place in Lawrence, Massachusetts 2-The Taft-Harley Act limits the power of unions and activities of their members 3-The average yearly number of strikes during this decade was 352 4-Members of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union strike in California ports
The National Human Trafficking Hotline reported over _____(1) cases of slavery in the United States in 2017 alone; more than _____(2) of those cases involved sexual slavery, and more than _____(3) occurred in just three states (California, Texas, and Florida)
1. 8,500 2. 70 percent 3. 30 percent
Place the events in chronological order.
1. Native Americans follow the Trail of Tears. 2. Irish, Italian, and Jewish immigrants are not considered white and, thus, restricted to living and working in certain areas. 3. Jackie Robinson breaks Major League Baseball's color barrier. 4. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaws racial discrimination. 5. In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court strikes down anti-miscegenation laws.
_____(1) (2016) found that bullying in the form of _____(2) and the spreading of sexual rumors helped reinforce traditional gender and sexuality norms in _____(3).
1. Sarah Miller 2. homophobic labeling 3. young women
In her book _____(1) (2018), sociologist _____(2) explains how _____(3) whites see themselves as "waiting in line" for the benefits of American life, and hence view _____(4) and other nonwhite groups as "line-cutters"—people who don't deserve those benefits and who are snatching them out from under those who do deserve them. Those who feel this kind of anxiety about the direction of social change may be attracted to _____(5) ideas.
1. Strangers in Their Own Land 2. Arlie Hochschild 3. blue-collar 4. immigrants 5. white nationalist
In his 2017 book ________(1), Richard Rothstein shows how, in the 1930s, the Federal Housing Authority refused to insure mortgages for ________(2) borrowers. This policy, known as "________(3)" (referring to the way neighborhoods were designated on federal maps), continues to this day and so does the segregation it produced. This is what systemic, ________(4) and discrimination looks like.
1. The Color of L aw 2. black 3. redlining 4. institutional racism
Sex refers to an individual's membership in one of two categories—male or female—that are based on _____(1) factors. Gender reflects our notions about what is appropriately _____(2). There is significant debate about gender—_____(3) suggest that notions of gender are socially determined and _____(4) see gender as immutable.
1. biological 2. masculine or feminine 3. constructionists 4. essentialists
In _____(1), the government owns everything, and all citizens work for the government and are considered equal, with no _____(2) distinctions. Under _____(3), workers do not enjoy the same consumption patterns that _____(4) economies encourage. Many socialist nations have _____(5) who enjoy a higher class of living than workers.
1: communism 2: class 3: socialism 4: capitalist 5: political elites
A _____(1) approach suggests that social inequality is a necessary part of society. A _____(2) approach suggests that the poor and rich have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect these interests. A _____(3) approach suggests that we develop everyday class consciousness as a way to distinguish the status of others.
1: structural functionalism 2: conflict theory 3: symbolic interactionism
average number of children for women with a bachelor's degree or higher
2.2
average number of children for women with a high school diploma
2.9
average age at which women with a high school diploma have their first child
24
What percentage of the U.S. population could be called evangelicals?
25%
Place each type of federal spending in the area of the pie chart that corresponds to the actual spending percentage of the federal budget as of 2017.
3%: education 9%: safety net programs 15%: defense 24%: social security 26%: medicare, medicaid, CHIP, and marketplace subsidies
average age at which women with a master's degree have their first child
30
Symbolic Ethnicity
A teenager acknowledges her Irish heritage by wearing green, participating in a parade, and eating corned beef and cabbage only on St. Patrick's Day.
Situational Ethnicity
A woman's grandparents were immigrants from Syria to the United States. She used to live in rural Oklahoma where she worked hard to disguise her ethnic heritage for fear of negative attitudes toward her. She recently moved to Dearborn, Michigan where there is a large population of Arab Americans and she has now begun taking pride in her ethnic heritage.
Neither symbolic nor situational ethnicity
A young man moves with his family to the United States from Ecuador. They continue to participate in traditional Ecuadorian cultural activities at home (food, dress, language, etc.) but also try to assimilate in the community. However, they have no intentions of hiding their heritage from anyone.
Label the bar graph to accurately represent the 2017 median household income of major ethnic and racial groups in the United States.
Asian - $81,331 White - $68,145 Hispanic - $50,486 African American - $40,258
Identify the brands and companies that in the past few years have been associated with foreign sweatshop labor.
Associated: -Forever 21 -Urban Outfitters -Nike -The Gap -J.C. Penney -Khol's -Walmart -H&M Not Associated: none
conflict theory
Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance.
Place each demographic category in order from most to least likely to believe in the American Dream.
College graduates Hispanics High school graduates Blacks
Identify the observed phenomena that call into question the biological binary male/female sex distinction.
Correct Answer(s): -women athletes with unusually high levels of testosterone -children born with ambiguous genitalia Incorrect Answer(s): -men who are sexually attracted to other men -women who enjoy, and are good at, hunting
Identify the college policies and aspects of campus life that contribute to a rape culture on campuses.
Correct Answer(s): ~feeling pressure to participate in the party scene on campus ~pushing parties from on-campus to off-campus locations ~hookup culture ~creating policies that unintentionally engage in "victim blaming" Incorrect Answer(s): ~educating men in rape prevention
Which of the following statements about minority groups are correct?
Correct Statement(s): - A minority group is a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups. - Membership in a minority group may serve as a kind of "master status" that overrides any other status, such as gender or age. Incorrect Statement(s): - A minority group has never been the numerical majority. - Whites are the numerical majority in every state in the United States.
Why does the ideology of equal opportunity resonate with most Americans?
Correct: - Americans tend to believe that unequal opportunities restrict meritocracy. - We live in a bourgeois society, in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive. Incorrect: - We have higher standards of equality than other modern capitalist societies. We tend to believe that the "rules of the game" should be altered to compensate for inequalities resulting from an "uneven playing field."
In capitalist societies, social class ranks individuals based on which of the following factors?
Correct: - Prestige - Power - Wealth Incorrect: - Race - Age
Gender is the most important characteristic of stratification in more traditional societies.
Different societies use different criteria for ranking their members.
symbolic ethnicity
Displays of Irish identity are overwhelming on St. Patrick's Day, particularly in places like Boston and New York.
The only remaining purely socialist or communist countries in the world are Cuba and China.
False
Which of the following are examples of individual resistance strategies?
Example(s): -surfing the web on work time -daydreaming on the job -sabotaging an assembly line Not Example(s): -participating in a strike
symbolic interactionism
Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media.
Place each racial and ethnic group in the United States in order of its percentage of members over age twenty-five with bachelor's degrees, from lowest to highest.
Hispanics Blacks Whites Asians
Identify the examples of implicit bias.
Implicit Bias: Not Implicit Bias:
toxic masculinity
In 2014, Elliot Rodger wrote a 140-page manifesto linking himself to the incel movement, before killing six people and injuring fourteen more in Isla Vista, California (near the University of California, Santa Barbara), and then killing himself.
Sociologist Arlie Rothchild has studied how two-parent households handle the division of labor for the many tasks of domestic life. In the context of her studies of gender norms and household labor, what does "second shift" refer to?
It refer to the after-work homemaking chores of a wage-earning wife.
private school
Jamal's parents obtain a school voucher from the government because his neighborhood school has been consistently labeled "failing" by the state government. Jamal will now be able to attend this type of school.
Identify the examples of male privilege.
Male Privilege: ~Men are allowed to take up more physical space wherever they go. ~Men are not expected to smile at all times. ~Men are less likely to be interrupted while speaking. Not Male Privilege: ~Men have lower anxiety. ~Men have a higher drive for status.
Identify each of the following as either a primary or secondary sex characteristic.
Primary: -chromosomes -prostate -estrogen Secondary: -breasts -facial hair
Identify each trait as characteristic of either the proletariat or the bourgeoisie in Marx's economic theory.
Proletariat: -want to see wages go up -earn money by selling their labor Bourgeoisie: -want to see wages go down -earn money by taking a share of profits -control the assets used for production
symbolic interactionism
Race and ethnicity are part of our identity as displayed through our presentation of self.
structural functionalism
Racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social order.
conflict theory
Racial and ethnic differences create intergroup conflict; minority and majority groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect their interests.
structural functionalism
Randall Collins's The Credential Society
Symbolic Interactionism
Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson's Pygmalion in the Classroom
What have modern scientists discovered about race?
They have discovered that the lines among race are blurry, rather than fixed.
A Weberian perspective suggests that bureaucracies can deprive employees of a sense of autonomy, individuality, and control, while a Marxist perspective suggests that capitalist corporations can exploit their workers and cause alienation.
True
Place each racial and ethnic group in the United States in order of its percentage of individuals without health insurance, from lowest to highest.
Whites Asians Blacks Hispanics
cisgender
a term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
gender noncomforming
a term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles
transgender
a term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth
gender expression
an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
gender identity
an individual's self-definition or sense of gender
Place the professions in order from most to least social prestige, as measured by the National Opinion Research Center.
architect veterinarian firefighter social worker auto-body repair person
Which racial or ethnic group has the highest percentage of federal crack-cocaine offenders?
black
Members must marry within their own group.
caste
Status within the hierarchy is inherited and cannot be changed.
caste
A white man places a rental property that he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. What is this an example of?
discrimination
Denise is a single mother of three who works a full-time job cleaning an office building. She makes $9 an hour and has to piece together child care for two of her children who are not yet in school, often paying neighbors in cash to watch her children. Despite her full-time employment, her family is struggling to survive. What sociological concept does Denise's situation exemplify?
feminization of poverty
SNAP
formerly known as the Food Stamp Program
The 1994 treatment of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda was an example of what?
genocide
A registered nurse leaves nursing to become a high school teacher.
horizontal social mobility
the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
often referred to as the "bailout bill"
Some people suggest affirmative action falls under which other concept?
reverse racism
This is prohibited by every nation in the world.
slavery
During the course of a lifetime, individuals can move up or down levels in the strata.
social class
This is a system primarily based on economics.
social class and slavery
racism
the belief that Asians are inherently better than whites
prejudice
the belief that all Jewish people are cheap
includes individuals whose work doesn't make full use of their skills
underemployment
Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this.
underemployment and precarious labor
Because factories were usually located in cities, industrialization went hand-in-hand with _____(1). The industrial economy helped create robust growth in the United States for many decades. Plentiful manufacturing and industrial jobs meant that _____(2) could enter the job market making a good wage. But as the economy began to transform once more, from an industrial to a postindustrial system, the nature of work changed as well. _____(3) led to a decline in manufacturing jobs: with about _____(4) jobs lost since 1980.
1. urbanization 2. high school graduates 3. offshoring 4. 7.5 million
Identify the true and false statements about religion.
True Statement(s): - Approximately 23 percent of Americans claim no religious affiliation. Many European groups are less than half as likely as. - Americans to say that religion is very important in their lives. - Between 1990 and 2001, the number of Americans who described themselves as "fundamentalist Christians" tripled. False Statement(s): - Agnostics and atheists in the United States make up approximately 15 percent of the population.
Which term is used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female?
intersex
Place the publication of three major books on race in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
- Micheal Omi and Howard Winant wrote about the social construction of race in Racial Formation in the United States. - Tomas Almaguer wrote about historical race relations in California in Racial Fault Lines. - Ta-Nehisi Coates wrote about race and the African American experience in Between the World and Me
Women increasingly outnumber men in college and made up the majority of college graduates by the _____(1). By 2017, women earned _____(2) of bachelor's degrees. For LGBTQ individuals, education may be a tougher road than for non-LGBTQ individuals. The 2015 National School Climate Survey found that almost _____(3) of LGBTQ students reported being verbally harassed, while _____(4) reported being physically harassed.
1. mid-1990s 2. 57% 3. 85% 4. 35%
Identify each statement as applying to either shallow or deep integration.
Shallow Integration: -Companies have a national model. -A product is made solely in one country and exported to another. Deep Integration: -Companies have a multinational model. -This type of integration necessitates global trade agreements.
Barack Obama was able to become president of the United States even though African Americans are generally lower status than whites in the United States.
Social stratification is a characteristic of society.
The American achievement ideology suggests that people who are not successful did not work hard enough.
Social stratification is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society.
race
Someone believes Rashida Jones is white because "she looks white." The "one drop" rule.
Identify the true and false statements about charter schools.
True Statement(s): -Charter schools face many challenges. -Charter schools are public schools run by private entities, which operate with relative freedom from many of the bureaucratic regulations that apply to traditional public schools. False Statement(s): -School vouchers allow parents in neighborhoods where the public schools are inadequate to send their children to the charter school of their choice.
Identify the true and false statements about educational inequality in the United States.
True Statement(s): -Lifetime earnings for someone with an advanced degree are almost 50 percent higher than for someone with only a high school diploma. -Among young adults ages twenty-five to twenty-nine, women are more likely than men to have a bachelor's degree or higher. -Individuals with only a high school degree have an unemployment rate about 70 percent higher than the unemployment rate for individuals with a bachelor's degree. False Statement(s): -Individuals from high-income families are three times as likely to earn a bachelor's degree as individuals from low-income families.
Identify the true and false statements about the Information Age and modern knowledge work.
True Statement(s): -The average worker is working more hours in a week than her predecessor in the pre-Information Age workplace -Knowledge or information work is increasingly common in the twenty-first century. -The rise of new technologies may roll back many of the original effects of the Industrial Revolution False Statement(s): -Telecommuting has benefits, but it also increases workplace distractions and reduces worker productivity.
Identify the true and false statements about color-blind racism.
True Statement(s): It is problematic because it implies that race should be both invisible and inconsequential. ~Its beliefs are usually held by but not limited to whites. ~Examples of it include the high concentration of corner liquor stores in predominantly black urban areas (where bigger supermarkets will not go) and the high concentration of Latino immigrants in low-wage jobs (that native-born Americans will presumably not take). False Statement(s): It is easy to combat.
Identify the true and false statements about race and ethnicity.
True: - The U.S. federal government considers African American and Asian as races, while Hispanic or Latino are considered ethnicities. - Race is typically associated with physical differences, while ethnicity is associated with language, religion, or other cultural factors. False: - Race and ethnicity are interchangeable terms. - Race refers to unchangeable, biologically determined differences, while ethnicity refers to fluid, culturally determined differences.
Identify the true and false statements about the trends of college enrollment by income level from 1970 to 2017.
True: -Approximately the same percentage of middle-income high school grads enrolled in college in 2017 as in the late 1990s. -The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads narrowed from 1970 to 2017. -A larger percentage of all high school graduates, regardless of income, has been enrolling in college over time. False: -The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads widened from 1970 to 2017.
Identify the true and false statements about capitalism.
True: -Efficiency is encouraged through technological innovation, expansion of markets, and reduction of production costs. -The production, pricing, and distribution of goods are determined by a free market. -Property and goods are mainly privately owned. False: Only firms must increase competitiveness in a capitalist system.
Identify the true and false statements about the Indian caste system.
True: -The caste system is a reflection of what Hindus call karma, the complex moral law of cause and effect that governs the universe. -Caste-related segregation and discrimination were prohibited in 1949 by India's constitution. False: -The highest ranking caste in India's caste system is the vaisya caste. -In a caste system, members can marry across groups only when it is a single rank higher or lower than their own group.
Conflict theory
outsourcing exploits poor and developing nations and laid-off local workers, all while enriching corporations
