Social Behavioral (Ch. 2)

social capital

"connections" "who you know" Connections among individuals that provide potential sources of a number of types of resources

hierarchy of needs

- Maslow's theory - Humanist Per. - Higher needs cannot emerge until lower needs have been satisfied; the hierarchy runs from physiological needs at the bottom, to safety needs, belongingness and love needs, and esteem needs, with self-actualization needs at the top

social constructionist perspective

- People learn throughinteractions with each other, to classify the world and their place in it.

social exchange theory

- in the exchange and choice perspective: - behavior as based on the desire to maximize benefits and minimize costs in social interactions -Selfish : S.E. Selfish exchange theory

intersectionality theory

-Pluralist theory of social conflict - recognizes numerous vectors of oppression and privilege, including but not limited to: gender, class, race, global location, sexual orientation, and age, recognizes that individuals often hold cross-cutting and overlapping memberships in different status groups

Social Behavioral / Social Learning Perspective

1. Behavior is learned as people interact with their environments. 2. Diff theories /theorists suggest diff method of how learning occurs

Big Ideas of Social Behavioral perspective (4)

1. HB is learned when indivs. interact with the environment. 2. HB learned by same principals of learning: association with environmental stimuli. 3. Problems cam be formualted as "undesirable behavior" . 4. all behavior can be defined and changed.

exchange and choice perspective

A category of behavioral science theory that shares the common focus on the processes whereby individual and collective actors seek and exchange resources and the choices made in pursuit of those resources Ex. of Capatilist approach to HB

cognitive social learning theory

A theory in the social behavioral perspective that sees behavior as learned by imitation and through cognitive processes

operant conditioning theory

A theory in the social behavioral perspective that sees behavior as the result of reinforcement

critical race theory

A theory proposed by legal scholars who wanted to draw attention to racial oppression in law and society, calling attention to microaggressions, brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages and insults to people of color or members of any other minority identity group -form of conflict perspective

Classical Conditioning Th.

AKA: Respondent conditioning 1. behavior learned via association; when naturally occuring stimulus (unconditioned) is paired with neutral stimulus (conditioned) 2. Pavlov: bell cause dog to salivate ex. urge to drink when passing a bar that used to go to.

Operant conditioning Th. Watson & Skinner

AKA: instrumental conditioning. Behavior is the result of reinforcement. Strengthened or weakend by reinforcement: AKA: Reward or Punishment Positive & Negative reinforcement.

developmental perspective

An approach that focuses on how human behavior changes and stays the same across stages of the life cycle

psychodynamic perspective

An approach that focuses on how internal processes motivate human behavior

Humanistic perspective

An approach that sees human behavior as based on freedom of action of the individual and focuses on the human search for meaning

social behavioral perspective

An approach that sees human behavior as learned when individuals interact with their environments

systems perspective

An approach that sees human behavior as the outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operating within linked social systems

conflict perspective

An approach to human behavior that draws attention to conflict, dominance, and oppression in social life

positive psychology

An approach to psychology that focuses on people's strengths and virtues and promotes optimal functioning of individuals and communities -humanistic - strengths based

Boundary

An imaginary line of demarcation that defines which human and nonhuman elements are included in a given system and which elements are outside the system

the phenomenal self

An individual's subjectively felt and interpreted experience of "who I am"

Cognitive social learning Th.

Bandura: Behavior learned via: 1. imitation 2. observation 3. beliefs & 4. expectations. - "Learner" is not passively manipulated by the environment. -utilizes cognitive process to learn. -motivated by self-eficacy and eficacy-expectation.

Learned helplessness (social behavioral / social learning)

In cognitive social learning theory, a situation in which a person's prior experience with environmental forces has led to low self-efficacy and efficacy expectation

efficacy expectation

In cognitive social learning theory, the expectation that one can personally accomplish a goal

Agency: -personal -proxy -collective

Personal: the individuals capacity to make things happen. Proxy: people reach goals by influencing others on their behalf. Collective: people act cooperatively to reach a goal.

Self-efficacy Efficacy expectation

Self-efficacy: A sense of personal competence. Efficacy expectation: The expectation that one can accomplish a goal. = motivates human behavior.

feminist theories

Th. focus on male domination of major social institutions and present a vision of a just world based on gender equality.

chaos theory

Th. that emphasizes the processes that produce change - sudden and rapid

agency

The capacity to intentionally make things happen

Social network Th.

The people with whom a person routinely interacts; the patterns of interaction that result from exchanging resources with others

empowerment theories

Theories that focus on the process by which individuals and collectivescan recognize patterns of inequalityand injustice and take ACTION to increase their power.

critical theorists

Theorists who argue that as capitalism underwent change, people were more likely to be controlled by culture and their consumer role than by their work position

reciprocity

a norm that receiving resources in social exchange requires giving resources of relatively equal EX: social exchange theory.

Feedback mechanism

a process by which information about past behaviors in a system are fed back into the system in a circular manner (like feedback loop)

self-efficacy

sense of personal competence

Classical conditioning Th.

social behavioral perspective - Sees behavior as the result of the association of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

feedback control mechanism

the mechanism by which the body controls the secretion of hormones and therefore their actions on target issues.