Social Behavioral (Ch. 2)
social capital
"connections" "who you know" Connections among individuals that provide potential sources of a number of types of resources
hierarchy of needs
- Maslow's theory - Humanist Per. - Higher needs cannot emerge until lower needs have been satisfied; the hierarchy runs from physiological needs at the bottom, to safety needs, belongingness and love needs, and esteem needs, with self-actualization needs at the top
social constructionist perspective
- People learn throughinteractions with each other, to classify the world and their place in it.
social exchange theory
- in the exchange and choice perspective: - behavior as based on the desire to maximize benefits and minimize costs in social interactions -Selfish : S.E. Selfish exchange theory
intersectionality theory
-Pluralist theory of social conflict - recognizes numerous vectors of oppression and privilege, including but not limited to: gender, class, race, global location, sexual orientation, and age, recognizes that individuals often hold cross-cutting and overlapping memberships in different status groups
Social Behavioral / Social Learning Perspective
1. Behavior is learned as people interact with their environments. 2. Diff theories /theorists suggest diff method of how learning occurs
Big Ideas of Social Behavioral perspective (4)
1. HB is learned when indivs. interact with the environment. 2. HB learned by same principals of learning: association with environmental stimuli. 3. Problems cam be formualted as "undesirable behavior" . 4. all behavior can be defined and changed.
exchange and choice perspective
A category of behavioral science theory that shares the common focus on the processes whereby individual and collective actors seek and exchange resources and the choices made in pursuit of those resources Ex. of Capatilist approach to HB
cognitive social learning theory
A theory in the social behavioral perspective that sees behavior as learned by imitation and through cognitive processes
operant conditioning theory
A theory in the social behavioral perspective that sees behavior as the result of reinforcement
critical race theory
A theory proposed by legal scholars who wanted to draw attention to racial oppression in law and society, calling attention to microaggressions, brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages and insults to people of color or members of any other minority identity group -form of conflict perspective
Classical Conditioning Th.
AKA: Respondent conditioning 1. behavior learned via association; when naturally occuring stimulus (unconditioned) is paired with neutral stimulus (conditioned) 2. Pavlov: bell cause dog to salivate ex. urge to drink when passing a bar that used to go to.
Operant conditioning Th. Watson & Skinner
AKA: instrumental conditioning. Behavior is the result of reinforcement. Strengthened or weakend by reinforcement: AKA: Reward or Punishment Positive & Negative reinforcement.
developmental perspective
An approach that focuses on how human behavior changes and stays the same across stages of the life cycle
psychodynamic perspective
An approach that focuses on how internal processes motivate human behavior
Humanistic perspective
An approach that sees human behavior as based on freedom of action of the individual and focuses on the human search for meaning
social behavioral perspective
An approach that sees human behavior as learned when individuals interact with their environments
systems perspective
An approach that sees human behavior as the outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operating within linked social systems
conflict perspective
An approach to human behavior that draws attention to conflict, dominance, and oppression in social life
positive psychology
An approach to psychology that focuses on people's strengths and virtues and promotes optimal functioning of individuals and communities -humanistic - strengths based
Boundary
An imaginary line of demarcation that defines which human and nonhuman elements are included in a given system and which elements are outside the system
the phenomenal self
An individual's subjectively felt and interpreted experience of "who I am"
Cognitive social learning Th.
Bandura: Behavior learned via: 1. imitation 2. observation 3. beliefs & 4. expectations. - "Learner" is not passively manipulated by the environment. -utilizes cognitive process to learn. -motivated by self-eficacy and eficacy-expectation.
Learned helplessness (social behavioral / social learning)
In cognitive social learning theory, a situation in which a person's prior experience with environmental forces has led to low self-efficacy and efficacy expectation
efficacy expectation
In cognitive social learning theory, the expectation that one can personally accomplish a goal
Agency: -personal -proxy -collective
Personal: the individuals capacity to make things happen. Proxy: people reach goals by influencing others on their behalf. Collective: people act cooperatively to reach a goal.
Self-efficacy Efficacy expectation
Self-efficacy: A sense of personal competence. Efficacy expectation: The expectation that one can accomplish a goal. = motivates human behavior.
feminist theories
Th. focus on male domination of major social institutions and present a vision of a just world based on gender equality.
chaos theory
Th. that emphasizes the processes that produce change - sudden and rapid
agency
The capacity to intentionally make things happen
Social network Th.
The people with whom a person routinely interacts; the patterns of interaction that result from exchanging resources with others
empowerment theories
Theories that focus on the process by which individuals and collectivescan recognize patterns of inequalityand injustice and take ACTION to increase their power.
critical theorists
Theorists who argue that as capitalism underwent change, people were more likely to be controlled by culture and their consumer role than by their work position
reciprocity
a norm that receiving resources in social exchange requires giving resources of relatively equal EX: social exchange theory.
Feedback mechanism
a process by which information about past behaviors in a system are fed back into the system in a circular manner (like feedback loop)
self-efficacy
sense of personal competence
Classical conditioning Th.
social behavioral perspective - Sees behavior as the result of the association of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
feedback control mechanism
the mechanism by which the body controls the secretion of hormones and therefore their actions on target issues.