Social Psychology

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Central route to persuasion

attitude change resulting from systematic processing of info presented in persuasive message

Peripheral route to persuasion

the process by which a person DOES NOT THINK carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues.

self concept

a schema consisting of a collection of self beleifs and self perceptions

Generate counterarguments

-we actively counterargue against views that are contrary to our own. By doing so, it makes the opposing views more memorable than they would be otherwise, but reduces the impact they have on our attitudes

objective self awareness

A state of mind in which individuals consider how they appear to others & are conscious of being evaluated. **organisms capacity to be the object of its own attention (looking in the mirror)

Elaboration-liklihood model

A theory suggesting that persuasion can occur in either two distinct ways, differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration it requires

ABC's of attitudes

Cognitive Component, Emotional Component, Behavioral Component

ex of genetic factors

High twin concordance and gut level preferences are potential illustrations

private self

I am a funny person

sl-instrumental conditioning

Learning to hold the "right views." Process of reward and punishments tied to our attitudes and actions

example of forewarning

When we know that a speech is designed to alter our views , we are often less likely to be affected by it than if we had no idea

Heiders balance theory

an individuals attitudes about different objects must balance their valence (combining powers) across objects. must be balanced!

undifferentiated

aschematic to gender stereotypes

A-B link

attitudes do not alwayas predict behavior

conceptual landscape for how race is studied-white-intrapersonal

awareness of privilege

sl-Observational learning

basic form of learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior as a result of observing others

ex of classical conditioning

beer commercials paired with beautiful women

situational constraint

being worried about what others would think of you if you expressed your true attitude toward an issue

inoculation

challenging one's views increases resistance-self generated.

sl-ex of instrumental conditioning

children are repeadetly told that cheating is bad. So when they are asked about it they automatically say its bad

ex of downward social comparison

compare your ability to solve puzzles with a child..you will prob feel really good about yourself

theory of reasoned action

describes how people rationally calculate the costs and benefits of engaging in a particular action and think carefully about how others will view the behavior under consideration

elaborative processing

easier to connect new info with existing info stored in memory

persuasion

efforts to change our attitudes through the use of various kinds of messages

Why self reference effect happens

elaborative processing-categorical processing

Specificity

general vs. specific. If question asked is too broad it makes the attitudes behavior hard to see

origins

how attitudes were formed.

Genetic factors

inherited general dispositions

ex of upward social comparison

if you compare your performance on the same task to a puzzle expert you might not fare so well and not feel so good about yourself

text possible selves

image of how we might be in the future

strength

importance vested interest accessibility

ingroup heterogeneity

in group members seen as more diverse. (where pretty different from eachother)

4 dimensions of social identity

intergroup context, attraction to the ingroup interdependency beleifs depersonalization

Attitude polarization

interpret mixed evidence in ways that strengthen existing views

conceptual landscape for how race is studied-non white-intrapersonal

intrapersonal-acculturation-a change in the cultural behavior and thinking of a person or group of people through contact with another culture

ex of selective avoidance

lizzie turning off the tv with the animal cruelty commercials

androgynous

masculine and feminine

sex reversed

masculine females and feminine men

sex typed

masculine men and feminine females

public self

most people think I am funny-your recognition of how people treat you

conceptual landscape of how race is studied-white-interpersonal

motivations to not be prejudice

discrimination

negative behaviors directed toward members of some social group

prejudice

negative emotional responses based on group membership

behavioral component

predisposition to act towards attitudinal object

genderqueer ect...

present as male and female alternately

Types of selves

private self-public self-collective self-possible selves

landscape for how race is studied-non white-interpersonal

reactions to prejudice , discrimination

intergoup context

relationship between ones in group and other comparisons in group

sexual orientation identity

self perception as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual.asexual

categorical processing

self relebant material is well organized ( pre existing filing system)

4 types of gender identification measured by the BEM

sex typed-reverse typed-androgynous-undifferentiated

how culture and self concept are related

social self consists of a collective identity derived from interpersonal relationships and membership in specific groups

ingroup homogeneity effect

some have found evidence or perceptions that ingroup members are all "alike" especially when differentiating ingroup from outgroup

three kinds of awareness related to self concept

subjective self awareness-objective self awareness-symbolic self awareness

stereotype

sweeping generalizations of social groups that strongly influence social thought

Forewarning

-prior knowledge of persuasion. Advance knowledge that one is about to become the target of an attempt at persuasion. Forewarning often increases resistance to the persuasion that follows

possible selves

I hope to be a writer or comedian. Ex- William Hung

upward social comparison

a comparison of the self to another who does better than us or is superior

downward social comparison

a comparison of the self to another who does less well than us or is inferior to us

genderqueer

a term generally used by individuals who reject traditional gender binaries. refers to different experiences of gender

attraction to the ingroup

affect elicited (to cause or produce) by ones ingroup

ex of A-B link

all businesses served chinese couples coutreously , yet most owners held negative attitudes

Cognitive Dissonance

an internal state that results when individuals notice inconsistensy between two or more attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior

emotional component

feelings toward attitudinal object

Mere exposure

having seen an object before, but not remembering having seen it--can result in attitude formation

outgroup homogeneity

individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups. Outgroup percieved all the same, therefore easier to judge against them

ex of inoculation

injecting someone with a small dose of the disease so they become immune to it

Interdependcy beleifs

norms and values that regulate the behavior of group members as they pursue common goals and share a common fate

explicit measurement

participants aware of their attitude

implicit measurement

participants unaware of their attitudes

Self reference effect

people process self relevant info better than non self relevant info. Oft, if something pertains to you we tend to remember it more.

transgender

people whos visual appearance and behavior transition from the societal norms and expectations for their assigned gender to the OTHER gender. Male to female

depersonalization

perceiving oneself simply as an interchangeable examole of a social category rather than as a unique person

Reactance

protect one's personal freedom. Reactance often increases resistance to persuasion and can produce negative attitude change or opposite to what was intended. Ex-Few of us like to be told what to do so we react and go directly opposite of what they wanted us to believe

illusory correlation

seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists. This bias can be caused by, among other things, an event that stands out as unique. For example, "The only time I forget my pencil is when we have a test" This is most likely an illusory correlation (unless the speaker is very, very, unlucky). It could be caused by only a few other pencil-less tests, which stand out particularly well in the memory.

Cognitive Component

thoughts and beleifs about attitudinal object

value conflict

two attitudes might be active at the same time

Gender identity

your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female

Pluralistic ignorance

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding (e.g. not asking questions in class because assuming that everyone else understands)

collective self

In my group, I am the funny one. What people think about you in a specific way

ex of cognitive dissonance

Neighbor gets a new SUV and asks what you think of it. You say "its nice" even though you acutally think they are gas guzzlers and polluters. You now feel uncomfortable because you are aware that your behavior and attitude were inconsistent with this issue

ex of pluralistic ignorance

Private attitudes of heavy alcohol consumptions were generally negative. But students beleived that other students attitudes were more positive than your own. When they were in a discussion about alcohol they expressed greater comfort with campus drinking

Systematic Processing

Processing of info in a persuasive message that involves careful consideration of message content and ideas

Heuristic Processing

Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts

ex of A-B link 2

Sun worshipers-people who like to tan know the dangers of exposure to the sun, yet they tan anyways

social comparison theory

Theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others'

selective avoidance

To screen out contradictory information. Such avoidance increases resistance to persuasion. People tune out, channel surf or turn off the tv when something against their attitude is on. But also , when interested, they give their full attention

social comparison

Using other people as a basis of comparison for evaluating oneself.

Bogus pipeline

a procedure that fools people into revealing their true attitudes. Example phony lie detector.

SL- classical conditioning

learning based on association

subjective self awareness

organism differentiates itself from enviornment (happens most in animals)

symbolic self awareness

organisms ability to form an abstract concept of self though language, ability to think about self and use language to represent others

aspects of attitude that might moderate A-B link

origins, value conflict, strength, specificity

Biased assimilation

percieve information that disconfirms our views as less reliable

transsexual

persons who have external genitalia associated with one sex but feel like a memeber of the other sex (feels like a woman trapped in a mans body)

social learning

process through which we acquire new info, forms of behavior, or attitudes from other people

self esteem

the degree to which we perceive ourselves positively or negatively-our overall attitude towards ourselves. Can me meausred implicitly or explicitly

contact hypothesis

the view that increased contact between members of various social groups can be effective in reducing prejudice between them, The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.

Tate and Audettes position on how race is studied

they argue that psychologists should study individual definitions of the category "race"

subliminal conditioning

without awareness, classical conditioning that occurs in the abscence of conscious awareness of the stimuli involved


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