Social Psychology
Central route to persuasion
attitude change resulting from systematic processing of info presented in persuasive message
Peripheral route to persuasion
the process by which a person DOES NOT THINK carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues.
self concept
a schema consisting of a collection of self beleifs and self perceptions
Generate counterarguments
-we actively counterargue against views that are contrary to our own. By doing so, it makes the opposing views more memorable than they would be otherwise, but reduces the impact they have on our attitudes
objective self awareness
A state of mind in which individuals consider how they appear to others & are conscious of being evaluated. **organisms capacity to be the object of its own attention (looking in the mirror)
Elaboration-liklihood model
A theory suggesting that persuasion can occur in either two distinct ways, differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration it requires
ABC's of attitudes
Cognitive Component, Emotional Component, Behavioral Component
ex of genetic factors
High twin concordance and gut level preferences are potential illustrations
private self
I am a funny person
sl-instrumental conditioning
Learning to hold the "right views." Process of reward and punishments tied to our attitudes and actions
example of forewarning
When we know that a speech is designed to alter our views , we are often less likely to be affected by it than if we had no idea
Heiders balance theory
an individuals attitudes about different objects must balance their valence (combining powers) across objects. must be balanced!
undifferentiated
aschematic to gender stereotypes
A-B link
attitudes do not alwayas predict behavior
conceptual landscape for how race is studied-white-intrapersonal
awareness of privilege
sl-Observational learning
basic form of learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior as a result of observing others
ex of classical conditioning
beer commercials paired with beautiful women
situational constraint
being worried about what others would think of you if you expressed your true attitude toward an issue
inoculation
challenging one's views increases resistance-self generated.
sl-ex of instrumental conditioning
children are repeadetly told that cheating is bad. So when they are asked about it they automatically say its bad
ex of downward social comparison
compare your ability to solve puzzles with a child..you will prob feel really good about yourself
theory of reasoned action
describes how people rationally calculate the costs and benefits of engaging in a particular action and think carefully about how others will view the behavior under consideration
elaborative processing
easier to connect new info with existing info stored in memory
persuasion
efforts to change our attitudes through the use of various kinds of messages
Why self reference effect happens
elaborative processing-categorical processing
Specificity
general vs. specific. If question asked is too broad it makes the attitudes behavior hard to see
origins
how attitudes were formed.
Genetic factors
inherited general dispositions
ex of upward social comparison
if you compare your performance on the same task to a puzzle expert you might not fare so well and not feel so good about yourself
text possible selves
image of how we might be in the future
strength
importance vested interest accessibility
ingroup heterogeneity
in group members seen as more diverse. (where pretty different from eachother)
4 dimensions of social identity
intergroup context, attraction to the ingroup interdependency beleifs depersonalization
Attitude polarization
interpret mixed evidence in ways that strengthen existing views
conceptual landscape for how race is studied-non white-intrapersonal
intrapersonal-acculturation-a change in the cultural behavior and thinking of a person or group of people through contact with another culture
ex of selective avoidance
lizzie turning off the tv with the animal cruelty commercials
androgynous
masculine and feminine
sex reversed
masculine females and feminine men
sex typed
masculine men and feminine females
public self
most people think I am funny-your recognition of how people treat you
conceptual landscape of how race is studied-white-interpersonal
motivations to not be prejudice
discrimination
negative behaviors directed toward members of some social group
prejudice
negative emotional responses based on group membership
behavioral component
predisposition to act towards attitudinal object
genderqueer ect...
present as male and female alternately
Types of selves
private self-public self-collective self-possible selves
landscape for how race is studied-non white-interpersonal
reactions to prejudice , discrimination
intergoup context
relationship between ones in group and other comparisons in group
sexual orientation identity
self perception as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual.asexual
categorical processing
self relebant material is well organized ( pre existing filing system)
4 types of gender identification measured by the BEM
sex typed-reverse typed-androgynous-undifferentiated
how culture and self concept are related
social self consists of a collective identity derived from interpersonal relationships and membership in specific groups
ingroup homogeneity effect
some have found evidence or perceptions that ingroup members are all "alike" especially when differentiating ingroup from outgroup
three kinds of awareness related to self concept
subjective self awareness-objective self awareness-symbolic self awareness
stereotype
sweeping generalizations of social groups that strongly influence social thought
Forewarning
-prior knowledge of persuasion. Advance knowledge that one is about to become the target of an attempt at persuasion. Forewarning often increases resistance to the persuasion that follows
possible selves
I hope to be a writer or comedian. Ex- William Hung
upward social comparison
a comparison of the self to another who does better than us or is superior
downward social comparison
a comparison of the self to another who does less well than us or is inferior to us
genderqueer
a term generally used by individuals who reject traditional gender binaries. refers to different experiences of gender
attraction to the ingroup
affect elicited (to cause or produce) by ones ingroup
ex of A-B link
all businesses served chinese couples coutreously , yet most owners held negative attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
an internal state that results when individuals notice inconsistensy between two or more attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior
emotional component
feelings toward attitudinal object
Mere exposure
having seen an object before, but not remembering having seen it--can result in attitude formation
outgroup homogeneity
individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups. Outgroup percieved all the same, therefore easier to judge against them
ex of inoculation
injecting someone with a small dose of the disease so they become immune to it
Interdependcy beleifs
norms and values that regulate the behavior of group members as they pursue common goals and share a common fate
explicit measurement
participants aware of their attitude
implicit measurement
participants unaware of their attitudes
Self reference effect
people process self relevant info better than non self relevant info. Oft, if something pertains to you we tend to remember it more.
transgender
people whos visual appearance and behavior transition from the societal norms and expectations for their assigned gender to the OTHER gender. Male to female
depersonalization
perceiving oneself simply as an interchangeable examole of a social category rather than as a unique person
Reactance
protect one's personal freedom. Reactance often increases resistance to persuasion and can produce negative attitude change or opposite to what was intended. Ex-Few of us like to be told what to do so we react and go directly opposite of what they wanted us to believe
illusory correlation
seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists. This bias can be caused by, among other things, an event that stands out as unique. For example, "The only time I forget my pencil is when we have a test" This is most likely an illusory correlation (unless the speaker is very, very, unlucky). It could be caused by only a few other pencil-less tests, which stand out particularly well in the memory.
Cognitive Component
thoughts and beleifs about attitudinal object
value conflict
two attitudes might be active at the same time
Gender identity
your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female
Pluralistic ignorance
A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding (e.g. not asking questions in class because assuming that everyone else understands)
collective self
In my group, I am the funny one. What people think about you in a specific way
ex of cognitive dissonance
Neighbor gets a new SUV and asks what you think of it. You say "its nice" even though you acutally think they are gas guzzlers and polluters. You now feel uncomfortable because you are aware that your behavior and attitude were inconsistent with this issue
ex of pluralistic ignorance
Private attitudes of heavy alcohol consumptions were generally negative. But students beleived that other students attitudes were more positive than your own. When they were in a discussion about alcohol they expressed greater comfort with campus drinking
Systematic Processing
Processing of info in a persuasive message that involves careful consideration of message content and ideas
Heuristic Processing
Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts
ex of A-B link 2
Sun worshipers-people who like to tan know the dangers of exposure to the sun, yet they tan anyways
social comparison theory
Theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others'
selective avoidance
To screen out contradictory information. Such avoidance increases resistance to persuasion. People tune out, channel surf or turn off the tv when something against their attitude is on. But also , when interested, they give their full attention
social comparison
Using other people as a basis of comparison for evaluating oneself.
Bogus pipeline
a procedure that fools people into revealing their true attitudes. Example phony lie detector.
SL- classical conditioning
learning based on association
subjective self awareness
organism differentiates itself from enviornment (happens most in animals)
symbolic self awareness
organisms ability to form an abstract concept of self though language, ability to think about self and use language to represent others
aspects of attitude that might moderate A-B link
origins, value conflict, strength, specificity
Biased assimilation
percieve information that disconfirms our views as less reliable
transsexual
persons who have external genitalia associated with one sex but feel like a memeber of the other sex (feels like a woman trapped in a mans body)
social learning
process through which we acquire new info, forms of behavior, or attitudes from other people
self esteem
the degree to which we perceive ourselves positively or negatively-our overall attitude towards ourselves. Can me meausred implicitly or explicitly
contact hypothesis
the view that increased contact between members of various social groups can be effective in reducing prejudice between them, The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.
Tate and Audettes position on how race is studied
they argue that psychologists should study individual definitions of the category "race"
subliminal conditioning
without awareness, classical conditioning that occurs in the abscence of conscious awareness of the stimuli involved