Social Psychology Final Exam Chapters 12

In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility supported most strongly? A. India B. England C. United States D. Canada

A. India

Evolutionary psychologists would have greatest difficulty explaining why A. Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger. B. Molly agreed to drive her neighbor to the doctor. C. Simon donated a kidney to save the life of his son. D. Rick helped his best friend paint his house.

A. Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger.

A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would A. be less likely to help others. B. be more likely to help others. C. take pleasure in helping others. D. not take pleasure in helping others.

A. be less likely to help others.

Mr. Lemming's neighbors mowed his lawn, but he was too sick and weak to reciprocate. We can predict that Mr. Lemming may feel A. demeaned because he cannot reciprocate. B. angry at his neighbors. C. grateful and happy. D. ungrateful.

A. demeaned because he cannot reciprocate.

Which of the following specifically predicts that we will be more altruistic towards our relatives than towards close friends? A. evolutionary psychology B. the social norms theory C. the social-exchange theory D. the self-presentation theory

A. evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is A. gene survival. B. self-actualization. C. holistic health. D. the discovery of meaning.

A. gene survival.

According to the social-exchange theory, the rewards that motivate helping are A. internal or external. B. internal. C. external. D. consciously recognized before the act of helping.

A. internal or external.

A major weakness of the social-exchange theory is that it A. is impossible to test experimentally. B. fails to account for the reciprocal exchange of favors. C. easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming. D. ignores the role of internal self-rewards in motivating altruism.

A. is impossible to test experimentally.

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that _______ offered more help when the persons in need were females, and _______ offered help equally to males and females. A. men; women B. women; men C. older men; younger women D. younger men; older women

A. men; women

Katzev (1978) found that when people were reprimanded at a zoo for feeding unauthorized food to bears, they were _______ to help another person afterwards than if they had not been reprimanded. A. more likely B. somewhat likely C. less likely D. just as likely

A. more likely

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _______ others present. A. no B. two C. four D. ten

A. no

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. What percentage of participants who were alone offered help? A. 100% B. 70% C. 40% D. 10%

B. 70%

Social-exchange is a _______ theory, while social norms is a _______ theory. A. sociological; psychological B. psychological; sociological C. biological; psychological D. sociological; biological

B. psychological; sociological

In McMillen and Austin's research (1971), participants who had lied were more likely to A. lie again. B. volunteer a large amount of time. C. volunteer a small amount of time. D. avoid the researchers.

B. volunteer a large amount of time.

According to the bystander effect, A. we are more likely to help others when others are present. B. we are less likely to help others when others are present. C. we are unaffected by bystanders when help is needed. D. a bystander is the person most likely to help.

B. we are less likely to help others when others are present.

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. When pairs of strangers confronted the emergency, what percentage offered help? A. 100% B. 70% C. 40% D. 10%

C. 40%

The opposite of altruism is A. apathy. B. antipathy. C. egoism. D. selfishness.

C. egoism.

Sociologist Gouldner (1960) contended that the norm of reciprocity A. is the ultimate basis for feelings of empathy. B. is stronger in females than in males. C. is as universal as the incest taboo. D. has little application in close relationships such as marriage.

C. is as universal as the incest taboo.

University students were more willing to make a charity pledge when A. they were promised a pledge in return. B. the pledge was unsolicited. C. it was for someone who had bought them candy. D. it was anonymous.

C. it was for someone who had bought them candy.

Pedestrians who are more likely to help another pedestrian pick up a dropped envelope are those who A. are closest to the person who dropped the envelope. B. physically resemble the person who dropped the envelope. C. just had their photograph taken. D. remain anonymous.

C. just had their photograph taken.

The bystander effect reflects the fact that A. "two heads are better than one." B. "birds of a feather flock together." C. "there is safety in numbers." D. "there is no safety in numbers."

D. "there is no safety in numbers."

31. When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to A. a lack of motivation. B. circumstances beyond their control. C. poor planning or foresight. D. their mood or disposition.

B. circumstances beyond their control.

Solomon and Solomon (1978) found that bystanders who _______ were more likely to offer aid to a sick person. A. remained anonymous B. identified themselves to one another by name or age C. physically resembled the sick person D. were the same sex as the sick person

B. identified themselves to one another by name or age

Which one of the following is NOT one of the ways that Myers suggests to increase socialize altruism? A. teach moral inclusion B. learn about egoism C. model altruism D. attribute helping behavior to altruism

B. learn about egoism

90% of those who have received the Carnegie medal for heroism have been A. women. B. men. C. elderly. D. ethnic minorities.

B. men.

Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior? A. increase the ambiguity of the situation B. model prosocial behavior C. increase rewards for helping behavior D. model the bystander effect

B. model prosocial behavior

Omitting certain people and animals from one's circle of moral concern is called A. moral exclusion. B. moral inclusion. C. exclusive altruism. D. ingroup moralism.

B. moral inclusion.

Regarding people who are different as within one's circle of moral concern is called A. moral exclusion. B. moral inclusion. C. exclusive altruism. D. ingroup moralism.

B. moral inclusion.

30. If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to A. the overjustification effect. B. attributions. C. self-concepts. D. empathy.

B. attributions.

The free address labels that come with mailings that solicit donations to philanthropic causes likely follow the A. reciprocity norm. B. social exchange theory. C. social responsibility theory. D. social capital theory.

A. reciprocity norm.

According to the evolutionary theory, genetic selfishness predisposes us to helping based on A. reciprocity. B. social responsibility. C. social justice. D. egoism.

A. reciprocity.

Latané and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese in terms of A. situational influences. B. personality traits. C. mood factors. D. selfish genes.

A. situational influences.

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called A. the bystander effect. B. pluralistic ignorance. C. the self-interest effect. D. the suppression of responsibility effect.

A. the bystander effect.

Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior? A. the presence of others who offer help B. the presence of others who do nothing C. time pressure D. being non-religious

A. the presence of others who offer help

The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as A. the social-exchange theory. B. egoism. C. the reciprocity norm. D. self-theory.

A. the social-exchange theory.

Which of the following techniques should elementary schoolteachers use if they hope to promote enduring altruistic tendencies in students? A. Show them films of heroes who risked their own welfare to help others. B. Offer a new bicycle to the boy or girl who is most helpful to other students in a two-week period. C. Reprimand and punish any overt aggression. D. Instill a sense of patriotism.

A. Show them films of heroes who risked their own welfare to help others.

People who live in _______ are least likely to relay a phone message, mail lost letters, cooperate with survey interviewers, do small favors, or help a lost child. A. big cities B. small towns C. rural environments D. apartments

A. big cities

Studies of the effects of mood on helping suggest that adults who feel _______ are more likely than those in a neutral control condition to help. A. guilty B. intense grief C. unhappy D. superior

A. guilty

Few findings have been more consistent than those that show that _______ people are helpful people. A. happy B. well-rested C. well-educated D. easy-going

A. happy

A racial bias in helping is least likely to emerge when A. norms for appropriate behavior are well-defined. B. norms for appropriate behavior are ambiguous. C. the victim is well-dressed. D. the situation is ambiguous.

A. norms for appropriate behavior are well-defined.

According to the text, an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster) is likely to encourage _______ to help. A. political conservatives B. political liberals C. political independents D. males rather than females

A. political conservatives

The relationship between our degree of self-awareness and our willingness to help is A. positive. B. negative. C. neutral. D. curvilinear.

A. positive.

In the experimental studies of bystander non-intervention, researchers have A. always first obtained the participant's informed consent. B. been careful to debrief their laboratory participants. C. subsequently found that most research participants believe the laboratory experiments have little, if any, value or application to everyday life. D. been unable to replicate real-life situations.

B. been careful to debrief their laboratory participants.

Hoffman (1981) reported that infants cry more when they hear another infant crying. This is an example of A. egoism. B. Empathy C. altruism. D. voyeurism.

B. Empathy

_______ is an emotion evoked by sympathy for another. A. Egoism B. Empathy C. Altruism D. Voyeurism

B. Empathy

According to the text, the social responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to which one of the following principles? A. Give but require repayment with interest. B. Give people what they deserve. C. Give away only what you will never use. D. Do unto others as they have done unto you.

B. Give people what they deserve.

Who of the following is LEAST likely to help an injured pedestrian? A. Tatiana, who has just found $10 in a grocery store. B. Ivan, who is five minutes late for a committee meeting. C. Anastasia, who has just lost a dollar bill in a poker game. D. Boris, who is five minutes early for work.

B. Ivan, who is five minutes late for a committee meeting.

Who of the following is most likely to respond favorably to an unexpected request for a charitable donation to a local hospital? A. Melvin's older sister, who is hurrying to get to her scheduled appointment with the family doctor B. Melvin's mother, who just received a very favorable job evaluation from her employer C. Melvin's younger brother, who is depressed over receiving a D on a physics exam D. Melvin's father, who is annoyed over the newspaper boy's trampling of his flower bed

B. Melvin's mother, who just received a very favorable job evaluation from her employer

Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons? A. They are seldom alone in public places. B. They become cold and uncaring after living in a city. C. They experience "compassion fatigue." D. They experience "sensory overload."

B. They become cold and uncaring after living in a city.

Latané and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working _______ tended to notice the smoke in _______. A. in groups; less than five seconds B. alone; less than five seconds. C. on a challenging task; about 20 seconds D. on a rote task; less than five seconds

B. alone; less than five seconds.

DeBruine (2002) found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player, participants were _______ when the other person's pictured faced had some features of their own face morphed into it. A. more trusting but less generous B. more trusting and more generous C. less trusting but more generous D. less trusting and less generous

B. more trusting and more generous

Batson and his colleagues (1981) had university women watch another woman suffer a series of painful shocks. Some participants were led to feel empathy for her and were then asked if they would trade places, taking her remaining shocks. The results indicated that A. most participants agreed to help but only if they would be rewarded. B. most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete. C. most participants downplayed the victim's suffering or convinced themselves that she deserved to be shocked. D. most participants refused to trade places but expressed sympathy and sought compensation for the victim from the experimenters.

B. most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete.

According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because they A. have weighed the costs of helping and have decided they are too high. B. never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance. C. tend to be selfish and primarily concerned with meeting their own needs. D. tend to be in a negative mood state and therefore are less likely to help.

B. never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance.

According to the text, the _______ provides the classic illustration of pure altruism. A. parable of the Prodigal Son B. parable of the Good Samaritan C. Kitty Genovese case D. Sylvia Likens case

B. parable of the Good Samaritan

According to the evolutionary theory, it can be predicted that it is more likely that A. children will be more devoted to their parents than vice versa. B. parents will be more devoted to their children than vice versa. C. women will be more devoted to their parents than men. D. men will be more devoted to their children than women.

B. parents will be more devoted to their children than vice versa.

The notion of egoism maintains that A. self-esteem is a more important motive than social approval. B. self-interest motivates all behavior. C. our self-concept is determined by others' evaluation of us. D. the healthy personality has a strong ego.

B. self-interest motivates all behavior.

Miller and his colleagues (2001) reported that we are more empathic and helpful towards those who are _______ us. A. close in proximity to B. similar to C. different from D. Both close in proximity to and similar to.

B. similar to

Confederates who were dressed either conservatively or in counterculture garb approached either "straight" or "hip" college students and asked for change to make a phone call. Results of this experiment confirmed a _______ bias in helping. A. familiarity B. similarity C. credibility D. complementarity

B. similarity

Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Sharon weighs the costs (e.g., getting up at dawn) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the A. empathy-altruism hypothesis B. social-exchange theory. C. social responsibility norm. D. social comparison theory.

B. social-exchange theory.

You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the A. empathy-altruism hypothesis. B. social-exchange theory. C. social responsibility norm. D. social comparison theory.

B. social-exchange theory.

Helping _______ a bad mood and _______ a good mood. A. eliminates; increases B. softens; sustains C. does not change; amplifies D. increases; increases

B. softens; sustains

Research on the relationship between personality traits and helping behavior revealed that A. personality traits have little to no influence on helping. B. the person and the situation interact to predict helping. C. assertiveness strongly predicts helping across a variety of situations. D. gender is the only characteristic that predicts helping better than situational factors.

B. the person and the situation interact to predict helping.

Both European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews during the Nazi era and civil rights activists of the 1950s reported that A. they came from families who themselves had been victims of some form of social injustice. B. they had warm, close relationships with at least one parent who was a "strong moralist" and committed to humanitarian causes. C. their efforts were in part a reaction to having been raised in a troubled family environment in which parents and children were in frequent conflict. D. they were firstborn or only children whose parents had taught them courage and independence.

B. they had warm, close relationships with at least one parent who was a "strong moralist" and committed to humanitarian causes.

Ian is from England, Panayiotis is from Greece, and Tam is from India. Which one of these people is most likely to support and act on the norm of social responsibility? A. Ian B. Panayiotis C. Tam D. Ian and Panayiotis are both more likely than Tam

C. Tam

A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack. According to Darley and Latané, what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency? A. You must recognize the event as life-threatening. B. You must assume responsibility for helping. C. You must notice the stranger. D. You must make sure the victim is alone and truly in need of help.

C. You must notice the stranger.

Darley and Latané described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps? A. noticing the incident B. interpreting the incident as an emergency C. assessing the victim's desire for help D. assuming personal responsibility for intervening

C. assessing the victim's desire for help

Our eagerness to do well after doing bad reflects our need to A. reduce private guilt. B. reclaim a positive public image. C. both reduce private guilt and reclaim a positive public image. D. neither reduce private guilt nor reclaim a positive public image.

C. both reduce private guilt and reclaim a positive public image.

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that A. females offer more help to males B. males offer to help males and females equally. C. females seek more help. D. both males and females help others equally.

C. females seek more help.

Darley and Batson (1973) gave Princeton seminary students time to think about a talk that they were about to have recorded, and then sent them to the recording studio. Participants who had been _______ were most likely to stop and offer aid to a "victim" they encountered en route to the recording studio. A. asked to talk about career opportunities B. asked to talk about the Good Samaritan parable C. given extra time to reach the studio D. told they were already late in departing for the studio

C. given extra time to reach the studio

A classmate of Bianca's wants to borrow Bianca's notes to study for an upcoming exam. Research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the woman says she needs the notes because she A. takes inadequate notes. B. does not like this class as well as her other courses. C. has been absent due to illness. D. has not been able to concentrate in class.

C. has been absent due to illness.

. Compared to low self-monitoring people, high self-monitoring people are especially helpful if they think that A. no one is watching them. B. helping will be effective. C. helpfulness will be socially rewarded. D. no one else is likely to help.

C. helpfulness will be socially rewarded.

The idea that altruism towards one's close relatives enhances the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as A. evolutionary kinship. B. altruistic selection. C. kin selection. D. self-serving helpfulness.

C. kin selection.

According to the social-exchange theory, we use a _______ strategy in deciding when and whether to help others. A. social comparison B. compensatory C. minimax D. marginal utility

C. minimax

The social responsibility norm refers to the expectation that A. people will help when necessary in order to receive help themselves later. B. leaders will help more than regular group members. C. people will help those dependent upon them. D. to receive help, people must ask for it.

C. people will help those dependent upon them.

Research evidence indicates that prosocial models A. presented on television have virtually no effect on children. B. promote altruism in children but not in adults. C. promote altruism in the observers. D. decrease helping because observers seem to believe that aid is less necessary.

C. promote altruism in the observers.

After Mr. Walters' neighbor helped him paint his house, Mr. Walters felt obligated to offer to help the neighbor remodel his kitchen. Mr. Walters' sense of obligation most likely resulted from the A. door-in-the-face phenomenon. B. social responsibility norm. C. reciprocity norm. D. equal status norm.

C. reciprocity norm.

Keisha is stopped on the street by a panhandler. She is most likely to give money if A. the panhandler is male. B. the panhandler is female. C. she just had her picture taken. D. she can remain anonymous.

C. she just had her picture taken.

Since we are born selfish, evolutionary psychologists such as Richard Dawkins propose that we attempt to A. develop a drug that will encourage altruism. B. develop an "altruistic gene." C. teach altruism. D. live only in small, isolated communities.

C. teach altruism.

What principle or concept suggests that rewarding people for their helpfulness may, in the long run, undermine their self-motivated altruism? A. the door-in-the-face principle B. moral exclusion C. the overjustification effect D. the insufficient justification effect

C. the overjustification effect

In observing people's responses to staged emergencies, Darley and Latané (1970) found that _______ greatly decreased intervention. A. social alienation B. a lack of empathy C. the presence of other bystanders D. self-concern

C. the presence of other bystanders

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Darley and Latané's decision tree? A. noticing the incident B. interpreting the incident as an emergency C. weighing the costs and benefits of helping D. assuming responsibility for intervening

C. weighing the costs and benefits of helping

Who among the following psychologists believes that genuine empathy-induced altruism is part of human nature? A. Darley B. Schaller C. Cialdini D. Batson

D. Batson

From an evolutionary perspective it would be most difficult to eplain why A. John paid his son's hospital bill. B. Phyllis helped her mother clean the house. C. William helped his next-door neighbor paint his house. D. Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered.

D. Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered.

_______ are twice as likely as _______ to seek medical and psychiatric help. A. European-Americans; Asian-Americans B. Asian-Americans; European-Americans C. Men; women D. Women; men

D. Women; men

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines A. the social responsibility norm. B. egoism. C. the social-exchange theory. D. altruism.

D. altruism.

You were walking down the street with your friend Sabrina when she stopped to ask a child why he was crying. The boy said that he was lost, so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home. Sabrina's behavior can be characterized by A. the reciprocity norm. B. egoism. C. the social-exchange theory. D. altruism.

D. altruism.

Altruism is to _______ as egoism is to _______. A. Gouldner; Batson B. reciprocity; social justice C. the evolutionary theory; the social norms theory D. another's welfare; one's own welfare

D. another's welfare; one's own welfare

Altruism researcher Daniel Batson reported that empathy-induced altruism A. is always helpful. B. does not inhibit aggression. C. lowers cooperation. D. can feed favoritism, injustice, and indifference.

D. can feed favoritism, injustice, and indifference.

The finding that people will sometimes persist in wanting to help a suffering person even when they believe that the person's distressed mood has been temporarily frozen by a "mood-fixing" drug suggests that A. egoism is a strong motivator of helping behavior. B. social-exchange theory is a powerful predictor of helping behavior. C. empathy is a poor predictor of helping behavior. D. genuine altruism may exist.

D. genuine altruism may exist.

According to the text, individuals who identify as _______ in terms of spiritual commitment are most likely to report working among the poor, infirm or elderly. A. highly uncommitted B. moderately uncommitted C. moderately committed D. highly committed

D. highly committed

According to research cited in the text, which of the following is the correct order? A. positive mood; positive behavior; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem B. positive behavior; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem; positive mood C. positive behavior; positive mood; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem D. positive mood; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem; positive behavior

D. positive mood; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem; positive behavior

Researchers have found that with door-to-door solicitation, there is more success with requests for contributions when they are A. random. B. systematic. C. large. D. small.

D. small.

According to the text, the _______ of altruism propose(s) two types of prosocial behavior: a tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange and a more unconditional, intrinsic helpfulness. A. social norms theory B. social-exchange theory C. evolutionary theory D. social norms, social-exchange, and evolutionary theories

D. social norms, social-exchange, and evolutionary theories

In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by A. religious education. B. age differences. C. social responsibility. D. time pressures.

D. time pressures.

The tendency to overestimate others' ability to "read" our internal states is called the illusion of A. deceit. B. visibility. C. awareness. D. transparency.

D. transparency.