Sociology Ch. 7- test 2

embezzling, confidential

These high-tech cyber crimes include defrauding consumers with bogus financial investments, ___, sabotaging computer systems, hacking, and stealing ___ business and personal information.

authority or power

Those who have ___ or ___ administer formal social control. Informal social control is internalized from childhood.

Uniform Crime Report (UCR), National Crime Victimization Survey

Two of the most important sources of crime statistics are: the FBI's ___ ___ ___ and the U.S. Department of Justice's ___ ___ ___ ___ (NCVS)

Corporate crimes

___ ___ (also known as organizational crimes) are illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies.

greed

___ and self-interest perpetuate deviance

street crimes

- offenses committed by ordinary people, usually in public places.

rape culture

A third reason for women's victimization is living in a ___ ___, an environment in which sexual violence is prevalent, pervasive, and perpetuated by the media and popular culture

capitalism, social inequality, and deviance

According to Conflict theorists, there's a strong association between ___, ___ ___, and ___. That is, people and groups with economic and political power view deviance as any behavior that threatens their own interests

react

According to Howard Becker, it's not an act that determines deviance, but whether and how others ___.

patriarchy

___, a hierarchical system in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men. In patriarchal societies, including the United States, because women have less access to power, they're at a disadvantage in creating and implementing laws that protect females

Organized crime

___ ___ refers to activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit.

Differential association

___ ___ theory doesn't explain impulsive crimes triggered by rage or fear, those committed by people who have grown up in law-abiding families, or why only a minority of children who grow up in poor, urban, disadvantaged communities join gangs and/or commit crimes

Primary deviance

___ ___(Lemert) is the initial act of breaking a rule. It can range from relatively minor offenses, such as not attending a family member's funeral, to serious offenses, such as rape and murder.

Noncriminal deviance

___ ___—such as suicide, alcoholism, lying, mental illness, and adult pornography—is common.

Men, women

___ are more likely than ___ to be crime victims, but the type of victimization differs.

Cybercrime

____ (also called computer crime) refers to illegal activities that are conducted online. These high-tech crimes include defrauding consumers with bogus financial investments, embezzling, sabotaging computer systems, hacking, and stealing confidential business and personal information.

Émile Durkheim

___ ___ (1893/1964, 1897/1951) introduced the term anomie

crime control model

A ___ ___ ___ supports a tough approach toward criminals in sentencing, imprisonment, and capital punishment.

victimization survey

A ___ ___ interviews people about being crime victims. Because the response rates are at least 90 percent, the NCVS offers a more accurate picture of many offenses than does the UCR

hate crime

A ___ ___ is a criminal act motivated by hostility toward a particular race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, or disability.

stigma

A ___ is a negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity.

low-income

A second criticism of conflict theorists is that conflict theory deemphasizes the crimes committed by ___-___ people. Street crimes are costly to society because of legal expenses, victim injuries, wage losses, incarceration, and crime prevention programs.

gender roles

A second reason for female victimization is the effect of culture on ___ ___. Many girls and women have been socialized to be victims of male violence because of societal images of women as weaker, less intelligent, and less valued than men

capitalism

Because ___ is based on personal gain rather than collective well-being, it emphasizes the maximization of profits, an accumulation of wealth, and economic self-interest.

poor neighborhoods

Because police devote more resources to ___ ___, those at the lower end of the socioeconomic ladder are more likely to be caught, arrested, prosecuted, and incarcerated

norms and values

Deviance Affirms cultural ___ and ___. Negative reactions, such as expelling a college student who's caught cheating or incarcerating a robber, reinforce a society's norms and values about being honest and law-abiding.

tension and insecurity

Deviance Creates ___ and ___. Any violation of norms—a babysitter who cancels at the last minute or the theft of your smartphone or tablet—makes life unpredictable and increases anxiety.

confidence in institutions

Deviance Decreases ___ ___ ___. In the 2008 stock market crash, taxpayers had to pay for the financial industry's corporate fraud and mismanagement. Since then, millions of people, even those who didn't lose money, worry that their retirement funds may disappear in the future

trust

Deviance Erodes ___ in personal and formal relationships. Crimes such as date rape and stalking make many women suspicious of men, and victims of identity theft have had problems obtaining banking services or credit cards because financial organizations don't trust them

solidarity

Deviance Increases social ___. Some deviant behavior unites a group, community, or society, especially when there's a common enemy. After the U.S. Navy Seals killed Osama bin Laden in 2011, most Americans—regardless of age, political views, social class, or race and ethnicity—applauded his death

costly

Deviance Is ___. Besides personal costs to victims (e.g., fear, emotional trauma, physical injury), deviance is expensive. All of us pay higher prices for consumer goods and services (e.g., auto and property insurance), as well as higher taxes for prosecuting criminals and for building and maintaining prisons.

safety valves

Deviance Provides temporary ___ ___. Some deviance is accepted under certain conditions, enabling people to "blow off steam." Typically, a community and police will tolerate noise, underage drinking, loud music, and obnoxious behavior during college students' spring break because it's a short-lived nuisance.

crime

Deviance becomes ___a violation of society's formal laws, when it breaks rules that have been written into law and enforced by a political authority.

benefit

Deviance can ___ a community financially. Some towns welcome new prisons because they generate jobs and stimulate the economy (Semuels, 2010). Unlike a manufacturing plant that might close down or move to another country, prisons are rarely dismantled.

functional

Deviance can also be ___ because it provides a number of societal benefits

trait, belief, behavior

Deviance can be a ___, a ___, or a ___.

society

Deviance is universal because it exists in every ___

social change

Deviance triggers ___ ___. An estimated 450,000 people were killed or injured in 2009 because of "distracted driving" collisions. Consequently, by early 2014, 41 states and the District of Columbia banned text messaging for all drivers

primary, secondary

Edwin Lemert (1951, 1967) developed labeling theory by differentiating between ___ and ___ deviance.

men

Finally, many contend, the most influential conflict theories focus almost entirely on ___ as both victims and offenders

symbolic interactionists

For ___ ___, deviance is socially constructed because it's in the eye of the beholder.

financial success

Functionalist theory weakness: (1) The concepts of anomie and strain theory are limited because they overlook the fact that not everyone in the United States embraces ___ ___ as a major goal in life

functional, dysfunctional

Functionalists don't endorse undesirable behavior, but view deviance as both ___ and ___.

rebellion

In ___ (Merton), people feel so alienated that they want to change the social structure entirely by substituting new goals and means for the current ones. Contemporary examples are terrorists and U.S. militia groups that oppose the federal government.

retreatism

In ___, people reject both the goals and the means for success. Merton used examples such as vagrants, alcoholics, and drug addicts, some of whom give up because they believe it's impossible to succeed

hide their deviance

It's usually easy for powerful people to ___ ___ ___. Even though corporate fraud is a "widespread problem," it's very difficult to uncover and prosecute offenders in multi-layered corporate structures

strain theory

Merton's ___ ___ posits that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals.

conflict theorists

Most ___ ___ focus on capitalism, social inequality, power differences, who makes the laws, and ask, "Why are some acts defined as criminal while others aren't?"

violate

People become deviant, according to sociologist Edwin Sutherland, if they have more contact with significant others who ___ laws than with those who are law-abiding.

vulnerable, powerless

People who are the most ___ and ___—unemployed and low-income earners—may turn to street crimes for survival

change over time

Perceptions of deviance can ___ ___ ___

informal deviance

___ ___ is behavior that disregards accepted social norms, such as picking one's nose or teeth or scratching one's private parts in public, belching loudly, and not dressing appropriately

social structure

Robert Merton (1938) elaborated on the concept of anomie to explain how ___ ___ helps to create deviance. According to Merton, Americans are socialized to believe that anyone can realize the American dream of accumulating wealth and being successful economically.

criminal deviance

Sociologists are interested in ___ ___, behavior that violates laws, because most of the transgressions are visible, publicized by the media, and threaten people's lives or property

women's

Some criticize feminist analyses for emphasizing male but not female violence, focusing on men's but not ___ crimes, and not addressing the simultaneous effects of gender, social class, and race/ethnicity

symbolic interactionists

Some critics also contend that social reactions are the result rather than the "cause" of deviant behavior (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000; Benson, 2002). Conflict theorists, in particular, criticize ___ ___ for ignoring structural factors—such as poverty and low-paid jobs—that create or reinforce deviance and crime

women, women, low-income

Some posit that ___ are more likely to be employed in jobs that present opportunities for crimes such as fraud, property theft, and embezzlement. Because ___ on average are in ___-___ jobs, some resort to crime—especially shoplifting, petty theft, and prostitution—to survive financially or to support a family.

reported, unreported

The NCVS also includes both ___ and ___ crime, and isn't affected by police discretion in deciding whether to arrest an offender.

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

The ___ ___ ___ data are crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year. The statistics are useful in examining trends over time, but it doesn't include offenses such as corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes; simple assaults

prevention and intervention, punishment, and rehabilitation

The criminal justice system relies on three major approaches in controlling crime: ___ and ___, ___, and ___.

higher-status, lower-status

The laws against ___-___ criminals are relatively lenient and seldom enforced, whereas laws against ___-___ offenders, particularly those who commit property crimes, are harsher and enforced more often (Thio et al., 2012).

functionalism, Conflict theorists

The most consistent criticism is that ___ typically focuses on lower-class deviance and crime. ___ ___ have filled this gap by examining middle- and upper-class crime.

violent crimes peaked

The odds of being murdered or robbed are now less than half of what they were in the early 1990s, when ___ ___ ___(Oppel, 2011).

deviance

The powerful have more opportunities for ___. As you saw earlier, white-collar and corporate criminals have access to resources and the necessary occupational skills to defraud customers and employees.

social control

The purpose of ___ ___ is to eliminate, or at least reduce, deviance and crime.

Formal deviance

___ ___ is behavior that violates laws. A major example is crime

white-collar

Typical ____ crimes include embezzlement (stealing an employer's or client's money); identity theft; bribery; insider trading (illegal stock manipulation); and mass marketing, mortgage, and investment fraud (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2014).

deviant

What's accepted or tolerated in one society may be ___ in another.

labeling theory

___ ___ holds that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant. (social interactionists)

Organized crime

___ ___ includes drug distribution, loan-sharking (lending money at illegal rates), illegal gambling, pornography, theft rings, hijacking cargo, and laundering money obtained from illegal activities

Innovation

___ (Merton) occurs when people endorse the cultural goal of economic success but turn to illegitimate means, especially crime, to achieve the goal.

ritualism

___ (Merton), people don't expect to be rich but get the necessary education and experience to obtain or keep a job. They "go along to get along"

Property crimes

___ ___ (e.g., burglary, motor-vehicle theft, arson) involve the destruction or theft of property, but offenders don't use force or the threat of force.

violent crimes

___ ___ (e.g., murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault) that use force or the threat of force against others.

medicalization of deviance

___ ___ __, diagnosing and treating a violation of social norms as a medical disorder.

Differential association theory

___ ___ ___ asserts that people learn deviance through interaction, especially with significant others such as family members and friends (symbolic interactionists)

White-collar crime

___ ___ ___ refers to illegal activities committed by high-status people in the course of their occupations

organized retail crime

___ ___ ___, involves stealing billions of dollars in merchandise that is then sold online, a practice known as "e-fencing."

normalization of deviance

___ ___ ___, the gradual process through which unacceptable practices or standards become acceptable. Examples include the growing acceptance of same-sex marriage, legalized gambling, and recreational marijuana

Intellectual property theft

___ ___ ___—which includes offenses such as software piracy, bootlegging musical recordings and movies, selling company trade secrets, and copyright violations—is a primarily middle-class crime, but the offenders are difficult to catch.

Victimless crimes

___ ___ are acts that violate laws but those involved don't consider themselves victims. For example, prostitutes argue that they're simply providing services to people who want them

Dysfunctions

are the negative consequences of behavior, but what's dysfunctional for one group or individual may be functional for another.

felonies, misdemeanors

people can be convicted of ___, serious crimes that involve over a year of imprisonment, or ____ minor crimes with less punishment

capitalism

conflict theorists believe that ___ is a competitive system that encourages corporate crime

anomie

Émile Durkheim (1893/1964, 1897/1951) introduced the term ___ to describe the condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms.

criminal courts

determine the guilt or innocence of persons accused of a crime

dysfunctional

deviance is ___

societal reaction

deviance is in the eye of the beholder because ___ ___, rather than an act, labels people as law-abiding or deviant.

17, 29

girls' arrests have increased dramatically—from ___ percent in 1980 to ___ percent in 2013

secondary deviance

labeling can lead to ___ ___ (Lemert), rule-breaking behavior that people adopt in response to others' reactions.

rehabilitation

many people believe that ___ can change offenders into productive and law-abiding citizens

racial profiling

occurs when a person of a particular race is more likely to get attention than others (male, minority)

capitalism

some contend that conflict theory exaggerates the importance of ___ in explaining white-collar and corporate crime. Other capitalist societies—Japan, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland—have much lower business crime rates because of greater social solidarity and enforcement of laws

functional

some critics maintain that conflict theory ignores the ways that crime is ___ for society. As you saw earlier, deviance provides jobs and affirms law-abiding cultural norms and values.

labeling theory

studies found that teenagers who misbehaved were tagged as delinquents. Such labeling changed the child's self-concept and resulted in more deviance and criminal behavior... this is an example of what?

criminology

systematic study of crime and criminal justice system including police, courts, and prisons

conformity

the fact that you're reading this text shows that, using Merton's language, your mode of adaptation to strain is ___—one of achieving success through an institutionalized means such as a college education

social control

the techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society.

few penalties

there are usually ___ ___ for high-status crimes because lawmakers and defendants share a common cultural background.

deviance

violations of social norms