sociology chapter 6: Deviance

Deviance avowal

is the process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process.

erving Goffman suggests there are three main types of stigma: physical, moral, and ___________ .

tribal

n the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until what century?

nineteenth century

A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either underage drinking or cheat on assignments and tests, and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

social control theory

According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experiences stigma, what does that individual acquire?

spoiled identity

a label that alters self-concept and social identity

stigma and secondary deviance

example of deviance avowal

A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong.

For her study of the experiences of people with criminal records, sociologist Devah Pager sent out equally matched pairs of job applicants—one black and one white—and had them apply for actual entry-level jobs. The men took turns presenting themselves as having a criminal record. Identify the results of Pager's study.

A white man with a criminal record was more likely to receive a job call-back than a black man with no criminal record. Criminal records close many doors for both blacks and whites.

A psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. What were the results?

An initial diagnosis of schizophrenia tended to color the medical staff's interpretation of patients' later behaviors. Patients initially diagnosed with schizophrenia were kept under observation for several weeks, despite behaving normally all that time.

Place each study of deviance in order, from first to last

David Matza called for social scientists to understand deviant phenomena in a perspective he called "naturalism." Alexander Liazos suggested that the sociology of deviance mostly focuses on "nuts and sluts." Jack Katz noted that many studies of deviance focus on background rather than foreground factors Leila Rupp and Verta Taylor spent three years studying drag queens.

According to Émile Durkheim, which of the following are functions that deviance performs?

Deviance can promote social cohesion. Deviance can help clarify moral boundaries

The opening text of this chapter suggests that William Randolph Hearst pressured politicians in early twentieth-century America to make marijuana illegal. Over many decades, social scientists have examined how the selective application of drug laws and the penalties attached to them have favored some groups while harshly penalizing others. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

conflict theory

passing a law that states that anyone caught stealing an item or items valued at $1,000 or more will have one hand cut off

deterrence

what is necessary for a behavior or characteristic to be defined as deviant?

group reactions norms

The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) is an example of what stigma-related concept?

in-group orientation

Place each type of crime in order of its rate, from highest to lowest, in the given year.

murder in 2012, rape in 1996, robbery in 2004, aggravated assault in 1996

The way that the My Lai massacre ended during the Vietnam War is an example of what?

positive deviance

the first act of rule breaking

primary deviance

passing a law that states that first-time offenders for any violent crime will be submitted to a psychological evaluation and given mental health treatment

rehabilitation

Social control theory

suggests that strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance

example of positive deviance

rosa parks refusing to give up her seat

August is a senior at a very expensive private high school. His father is a successful stock broker and his mother is a partner in a Manhattan law firm. August gets caught stealing a shirt and claims he was just seeking the thrill of stealing something. This example highlights what concept of deviance studied by Jack Katz?

the foreground of deviance

positive deviance

actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic

passing a law that states that anyone committing fraud will be imprisoned for a minimum of twenty years

incapacitation