Sociology exam #2
What is an example of informal social status?
"class clown"
What is Charles Horton Cooley: "Looking glass self"
- we imagine how we look to others -we imagine other peoples judgement of us -we experience some kind of feeling about ourselves based on our perception of other people's judgement
Labeling Theory
A deviant label influences others: feeling and reactions toward that person
What is the secondary group?
A larger, more anonymous, impersonal group. Based on some interest or activity
What is a social group?
A number of people who share norms, values, and expectations AND interact with one another on a regular basis
Innovation
Accepts cultural goals but reject the institutional means
Social groups are NOT...
Aggregates, Categories
Absolutist
Always a clear definition between right and wrong
All left-haded people in the United States would be classified as a(n)
Category
Division of labor
Cleaner, fry maker, burger flipper
Because laws represent the interests of those in power, crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes. This argument is consistent with:
Conflict theory
Control/ Deterrence Theory
Control/ Deterrence Theory
In order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered deviant, it must:
Depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction
What are agents of (gender) socialization?
Family, Media, Religion, Education/peer groups, politics
What is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?
Formal organization, a division of labor, written rules
What does gender mean?
Gender refers to the degree of masculinity or feminity ("between the ears")
Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other?
Group
What is an Out-group?
Groups we feel antagonism towards (non members of a frat or sorority)
What is an In-group?
Groups we feel loyalty towards/ feel we belong to (sorority/frat)
Relativist
How do we define and respond to behavior, who commits the act, under what circumstances, who labels it deviant, where and when the act occurs
Social Capital
How we depend on people to help us accomplish our goals
What are aggregates?
Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space
Strain Theory
It is society's interest to socialize all members to strive for success so that the most able and talented people will come out on top
Strong ties
Lines directly connecting to you with another person
Weak ties
Lines to someone else that must go through your direct ties
What is voluntary association?
Made up of volunteers who organize on the basis of mutual interest. (some are local/consist of a few volunteers)
What are types of social groups?
Primary group, Secondary group
Which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships?
Primary groups
Example of social groups?
Principles of sociology class, Fraternities and sororities, church choir, family
What is gender socialization?
Refers to the ways society sets children onto different courses in life because they are male or female
Retreatism
Rejects the cultural goals AND institutionalized means ( outcasts of society) (drugs and alcohol)
Ties
Relationships between actors
Rebellion
Seeks to replace the existing goals and means with the new ones (street gangs)
Predictability
Setting, food, and behavior of employees are the same
Formal written communication
Taught to document everything
Efficiency
The best way to do anything and everything
According to the structural strain theory of deviance, as articulated by Robert Merton, one of the principal reasons that people turn to deviant behavior in the United States is that:
The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means to achieve that goal
Calculability
Things can be counted or quantified
Rules/ regulation
handbook, syllabus
What is an example of formal social status?
president or parent
What are reference groups?
Are what we use as standards to evaluate ourselves (family, neighbors, teachers, friends)
What are types of statuses?
Ascribed, achieved, master
Positive Deviance
Ations considered to be deviant within a given context but which are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic. (Rosa Parks not moving out of her seat)
Deviance
Behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm/ causes a negative reaction (driving over the speed limit, murder)
What is a role?
Behaviors, obligations and privileges attached to a status
Hierarchy of Authority
Board of governors, presidents of university
Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by:
Bureaucracies
What are formal groups?
Designed to achieve specific objectives (central part of American society)
Symbolic Interactions (Interpretive approach)
Differential Association Theory, Control/ Deterrence Theory, Labeling Theory
Ritualism or "Burnout"
Doesn't accept cultural goals but accepts institutional means (Can happen in medical, critical care)
What are the principles of McDonaldization?
Efficiency, predictability, calculability, control
What does the McDonaldization of society mean?
Everyday life is becoming more and more standardized, efficient, and rational
Impersonality
Everything should get done some way
Deviance is always defined in the same way, regardless of the historical, cultural, or situational context in which it occurs
False
What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?
McDonaldization
How do sociologists see where we learn our characteristics from?
Most of our characteristics are learned as human beings.
What is the primary group?
Our first group, gives us our basic orientation to life
What do symbolic interactions believe?
Our sense of self develops from human interaction
What is socialization?
People want to know how much of our characteristics we are born with an how much of our characteristics we learn. (nature vs. nurture)
What is a social group made up of?
People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant
What are categories?
People who share similar characteristics but do not interact with one another (white woman with blonde hair or black women with natural hair)
Nodes
People within networks
What does sex mean?
Sex refers to the reproductive organs a person has ("between the legs")
Sociologists refer to the webs of direct and indirect ties connecting individuals to others who influence them as:
Social Networks
What is ascribed status?
Social position acquired at birth or that we enter into involuntarily. (race or sex)
What is achieved status?
Social position we take on voluntarily or acquire through our own efforts or accomplishments. (student, spouse, nurse)
What is social status?
The position that someone occupies in the social hierarchy
What is internalization?
The process in which people take as their own and accept as binding the norms, values, beliefs, and language needed to participate in the larger community.
What is master status?
The status of greatest importance in someone's life. This can change over time. (gender, skin tone, occupation)
A triad is slightly more stable than a dyad.
True
According to Charles Cooley, there can be no sense of self without society.
True
After we have been socialized to follow a norm, we internalize it and it seems as if it is "natural" or has always been a part of us.
True
Social Media is a powerful agent of socialization
True
Strong identification with and loyalty to the in-group often results in discrimination against members of the group.
True
There is a social tie between my best friend's uncle and I even though I've never met him.
True
Control
Use of non-human technologies and controlling our bodies/actions
What are types of secondary groups?
Voluntary association, formal groups
Differential Association Theory
We learn to be deviant through our association and interaction with deviant peers
What is Role conflict?
When we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations
