Sociology exam 3
Egalitarian family
an authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals
In egalitarian families, spouses...
are considered equals
Offshoring affects American society by...
displacing US workers
In the US Congress, women and minorities...
have been elected but still lag in numbers behind white male politicians
In spite of their balance of power, spouses in egalitarian families often...
have different spheres of power
In comparison with nuclear families, extended families...
have the advantage of forming a larger economic unit for a family farm or business; are better able to provide support to family members in times of crisis
Rational-legal authority is a type of power made legitimate by...
law
Durkheim defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices...
relative to sacred things
According to the functionalist view, the family performs six important tasks, including...
affection and companionship; socialization
Divorce began to decline in many countries in the 1980s because of...
an increase in marital stability; the aging of the baby boomer population; the decline in the proportion of people of marriageable age
Credentialism
an increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field
Going into the 21st century, political behavior in the US was most affected by which of the following?
apathy
An oligarchy is a political system in which an area is ruled by a...
few individuals, often military leaders
According to C. Wright Mills, in the power elite model of political power, power rests in the hands of a...
few people inside and outside of government
More and more people in the US are remaining single...
for a longer period of time
If someone threatens or coerces you into doing something, they are demonstrating power over you by using...
force
Based on patterns of deindustrialization, a large US corporation that wants to maximize its profits would likely build its industrial production plants in...
foreign countries
The legal definition of war is the...
formal declaration of hostilities
Societies where men are absent for long periods gathering food or fighting wars sometimes result in the uncommon type of societies known as...
formal matriarchies
For every child who is adopted, many more remain as wards of state-sponsored child protective services, a system known as ______ care.
foster
Religion provides a societal glue of social integration by...
giving people common values
Which of the following skills and values do schools teach students as part of the exercise of social control?
good work habits; discipline
Women with religious vocations are more likely to...
have less power than religious men
When the media report that one out of two marriages ends in divorce, this statistic...
is misleading because of the way it compares divorces with the number of new marriages
Which of the following prevent disadvantages groups from influencing educational bureaucracies?
lack of time; lack of money; lack of knowledge
A major difference between a denomination and an ecclesia is that a denomination...
lacks the official power held by ecclesia
What is the type of capitalism that is characterized by relatively free competition and minimal government intervention?
laissez-faire
A denomination is a...
large, organized religion that is not officially linked to the state or government
In a capitalist society, prices will be determined by how much people want products and how much of these products are available. This statement is the...
law of supply and demand
About half of all currently married couples in the US say that they did which of the following before getting married?
lived together
Which of the following is NOT an example of homogamy?
matching people with those who are different from them
Which of the following is not an example of homogamy?
matching people with those who are different from them
One key factor behind deindustrialization is the _____ of labor.
mechanization
What are some of the reasons that the marriage rate has declined since the 1960s?
more and more couples are deciding to form partnerships without marriage; marriage has lost some of its social significance as a rite of passage
In contemporary society, religious practice has generally become...
more formalized
A sign that education and educational services have been more accessible to women than in the past is the fact that by the 2000s, ...
more women earned college degrees than men
Which of the following are factors that have contributed to the social acceptance of divorce?
most states have adopted more liberal divorce laws, such as no-fault divorce; wives are becoming less dependent on their husbands for income
Thanks in part to the notoriety generated by some of them, cults are now often referred to as...
new religious movements (NRMs)
The example of the Christian Science Church is an example of how...
new religious movements can become denominations
The way to produce healthy, well-adjusted offspring is...
not clearly defined
Most people in the US regard which of the following type of family structure as the preferred type of family arrangement?
nuclear
The hidden curriculum places primary emphasis on...
obeying rules
Fundamentalism
rigid adherence to core religious doctrines, often accompanied by a literal application of scripture or historical beliefs to today's world
Which of the following statements regarding same-sex marriage in the US is true?
same-sex marriage is legal in all 50 states
Correspondence Principle
school's reproduction of the existing class structure through socializing students to embrace their social class position
The fact that a much larger portion of the U.S. population is nonreligious today than in 1900 is evidence of...
securalization
Deindustrialization often involves relocation of jobs and sometimes corporate restructuring because companies...
seek to reduce costs to maximize profits
Homogamy is the social practice in which a person...
selects a mate with similar cultural interests
Psychologist Robert Rosenthal and school principal Lenore Jacobson have studied how teachers' predictions and expectations can shape how they treat students. These expectations are known as...
self-fulfilling prophecies
A form of marriage in which a person in which a person is married to several spouses over a lifetime but to only one spouse at a time is called...
serial monogamy
Actions that are often required of many teachers include...
serving as a disciplinarian; following school rules
Which of the following religious denominations feature women in active positions of leadership?
shakers; Christian Scientists
In the pluralist approach to politics, power is...
shared among different groups
In recent decades in the US, attitudes about different types of families have changed. An examples of this change is the fact that...
single parents such as unwed mothers face fewer social stigmas
Which of the following type of family has become increasingly common in American life in recent decades?
single-parent
According to the correspondence principle, schools perpetuate...
social class divisions from one generation to the next
An important function of religion in several cultures is the large role it plays in...
social integration
Children born to parents of unprivileged status often find themselves restricted in terms of...
social mobility
Efforts by both the Bush and Obama administrations to bail out large corporations illustrate the fact that...
the United States has a mixed economy
A society that practices socialism as its dominant economic system believes that the central government should make...
the basic economic decisions for the general public
Which of the following is a belief common to all terrorists?
the end justifies the means
What are the two basic types of polygamy?
polygyny and polyandry
Children raised with stepparents are more likely to have...
poor health care
The trend in the 2000s toward homeschooling illustrated the trend toward...
preserving the values of subcultures within the larger society
In direct contrast to religious, awe-inspiring elements are ordinary and commonplace elements often called...
profane
The incest taboo is defined as the...
prohibition of sexual relations between culturally specified relatives
Requiring students to live on campus is one way that universities...
promote the social integration of students with diverse racial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds; encourage students to establish a common identity
In order to increase the number of women holding political office, some countries have introduced systems known as...
quota systems
Because the US is a representative democracy, it depends on all individuals having equal access to and input into the political process. Two particular concerns raise questions about how representative the government actually is. Which are they?
race and gender representation; voter participation
Secularization
religion's diminishing influence in the public sphere, especially in politics and the economy
Religious rituals are required or expected of members of a faith. Their purpose is to...
remind adherents of their duties and responsibilities
In previous generations, education's role as an integrative element in society could be seen in the...
requirement that students only speak English
Patriarchy
a society in which men dominate in family decision making
Matriarchy
a society in which women dominate in family decision making
Sociologists find religion interesting because religion is often a large factor in determining...
a society's values and norms
Religious belief
a statement to which members of a particular religion adhere
Aristocracy
a system in which outcomes are determined by inherited position or wealth
Schools are places that help people...
acquire the elements of socialization
What is the Muslim term for God?
Allah/Jehovah
Sociologist Peter Berger provided a substantive definition of religion as "the human enterprise by which a...
"sacred cosmos is established"
Colleges in the United States first began to admit women as students in the...
1800s
The basic principles of capitalism were explained in the classic work The Wealth of Nations by...
Adam Smith
Students in which groups are more likely to attend community college than four-year schools?
African American; Hispanic; Female
Voter turnout in the US is relatively low among which of the following populations?
African Americans, Hispanics, the young
The two largest faiths in the world with the most followers are...
Christianity and Islam
When sociologists discuss power structures in the US, which of the following represents the power elite?
Domhoff's model, in which three interest groups overlap but do not necessarily agree on specific policies
Many adherents of liberation theology believe that radical change is necessary to cure social injustices, and they sometimes sympathize with...
Marxism
Protestant Ethic
Max Weber's term for the disciplined commitment to worldly labor driven by a desire to bring glory to God, shared by followers of Martin Luther and John Calvin
Sociologists find kinship interesting because it is...
a culturally learned concept
Functionalist definition of families
a definition of families that focuses on how families provide for the physical, social, and emotional needs of individuals and of society as a whole.
Substantive definition of the family
a definition of the family based on blood, meaning shared genetic heritage, and law, meaning social recognition and affirmation of the bond including both marriage and adoption.
The type of political system is which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws is called...
a dictatorship
According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic is...
a disciplined commitment to worldly labor in order to glorify God
Extended family
a family in which relatives - such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles - live in the same household as their children.
Serial monogamy
a form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime but only one spouse at a time.
Polygamy
a form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simultaneously.
Monogamy
a form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other
Polygyny
a form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time
Polyandry
a form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time.
Which of the following best exemplifies an extended family?
a grandmother, mother, and two sons
Bilateral descent
a kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important
Patrilineal descent
a kinship system in which only the father's relatives are significant
Matrilineal descent
a kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant
Denominations
a large, organized religion that is not officially linked to the state or government
Nuclear family
a married couple and their unmarred children living together
A monarchy is a government that includes...
a member of a royal family
According to Domhoff, a typical member of the power elite is...
a member of one or more organizations
Traditional authority depends on...
a people's faith in custom
Religious ritual
a practice required or expected of members of a faith
Sects
a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it considers the original vision of the faith
Established sect
a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society
Ecclesiae
a religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion
What are the four factors that complicate the transition to parenthood and the role of socialization?
a short transition time from pregnancy to parenthood; a lack of clear and helpful guidelines for successful parenthood; little "training" for parenthood; limited learning during pregnancy
The substantive definition of family is applicable to which of the following?
a single parent with married children living at home; a woman and the several men to whom she is married
New Religious Movement/Cult
a small, alternative faith community that represents either a new religion or a major innovation in existing faith
Religion
a social institution dedicated to establishing a shared sense of identity, encouraging social integration, and offering believers a sense of meaning and purpose
Education
a social institution dedicated to the formal process of transmitting culture from teachers to students.
Participants in an informal economy...
avoid taxes and regulation
While attending school, students learn aspects of social control, which include...
behaviors expected of them as members of society
The substantive definition of family partly uses which of the following fields to determine what makes a family?
biology
The substantive definition of family refers to a set of people joined by...
blood relationships
More and more couples are becoming dual-income families because...
both partners wish to pursue careers; of economic need
Something that makes schools similar to other formal organizations is their...
bureaucratic natures
An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is accumulating profit is called...
capitalism
Charismatic authority is...
characterized by people like Joan of Arc and Gandhi; something that can grow or decline
Which type of authority often relies on the emotional appeal of its leaders?
charismatic
In the correspondence principle, schools socialize students based on their perceptions about...
class structure
If John and Mary decide to move in together but do not yet want to get married, their arrangement is an example of...
cohabitation
The main difference between families and kin groups is that a family is a daily household unit, whereas kin groups...
come together once in a while for major events
Sociologists study ways I which religious organize beliefs, rituals, experience, and...
community
In general, ecclesiae tend to be...
conservative
Authority is power that is...
considered to be legitimate by those under power
Rational-legal authority could be granted by the...
constitution of the US
A totalitarian political system is a system that features a government that...
controls and watches virtually over every aspect of life in a society
The historian Stephanie Coontz suggests that marriage today...
delivers more benefits to its members than ever before
Christian religious fundamentalists often oppose the teaching of evolution in public schools because they...
deny others' notion that life began on Earth without divine intervention
Countries that have practiced socialism often experience certain types of problems, including...
dishonest governmental practices
In some studies of the impact of divorce on children, the findings show that...
divorce can benefit children by reducing their exposure to conflict
Sacred
elements beyond everyday life that inspire respect, awe, and even fear
The theory that states that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share political and economic interests is known as the_____ model of power relations.
elite
If Mary is from the US, we would expect her to list which of the following as part of her kinship network?
her in-laws; her uncle; her cousin
In a patriarchy, a woman's status is typically defined by the...
important males in her life
Typical characteristics of an ecclesia include the...
inclusion of most or all the members of a society in the ecclesia; recognized as the national or official religion
Labor specialists and sociologists expect the labor force to become...
increasingly composed of minority groups
What is one characteristics of an informal economy?
informal economies' participants are less likely to invest their incomes
Christianity and Islam share certain beliefs, including beliefs in...
one God; the existence of prophets; an afterlife and judgment
Which of the following are current courtship rituals in various parts of the world?
online dating; arranged marriages; intricate games, gestures, and signals
Sociological research suggests that which of the following social practices have relatively positive outcomes for securing peace?
operating international charities and organization; trading internationally
Which of the following is not a pattern of child rearing in a family?
orphanages
Exogamy is societal norm that requires mate selection...
outside certain groups
Homeschooled students often have...
parents who dissatisfied with institutionalized education
If people trace their family histories through their fathers' relatives, they are studying which of the following kind of descent?
patrillneal
In informal economies...
people do not report economic transactions to the government
The Industrial Revolution and the rise of globalization have...
placed education in the hands of schools instead of families
The mixed economy of the US is illustrated by the existence of its...
police protection; public schools
Politics takes place within the context of a social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals. This institution is known as a...
political system
The struggle for power and control of valuable resources is known as...
politics
When a man is married to more than one woman at the same time, he is practicing...
polygyny
From the Sociological perspective, religious beliefs are...
statements to which members of a particular religion adhere
The care of stepchildren might decline under stepparents because...
stepparents might expect biological parents to provide care
While schools do presereve and transmit existing culture, education can also...
stimulate social change
Durkheim's emphasis on sacred things focuses less on the objects themselves than on the believers' attitude toward those objects. This means that Durkheim's approach is fundamentally different from the ________ approach.
substantive
In cultures where traditional gender roles remain the social norm, women's education...
suffers
According to the interactionist perspective, low-income teenage girls might want to have children because they...
suffers from low self-esteem and believe they have nothing to lose; feel that a baby provides purpose and a sense of motivation
Karl Marx theorized that socialism was inevitable partly because human beings...
take joy in producing things and their labor
Hidden Curriculum
teaching students to submit to authority and accept society's dominant ideology
People who choose not to have children...
tend to have more education
A sect is a category of religious group that...
tends to protest against established religious groups
Religious Experience
the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion
Teacher-expectancy effect
the impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements
One aspect of exogamy and its relation to mate selection is its support of...
the incest taboo that prohibits certain types of relationships
In addition to physical violence, contemporary terrorism involves the use of...
the media; anonymous manifestos
Profane
the ordinary and commonplace elements of life as distinguished from the sacred
A democracy is a government rules by...
the people
Marx argued that religion served to maintain the interests of...
the powerful
Tracking
the practice of placing students in special curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
Meritocracy
the principle that out outcomes in life should be determined by ability and effort
A religious experience is...
the sense of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality
Kinship
the state of being related to others
What does the term "kinship" refer to?
the state of being related to others
The dark side of charismatic authority can be seen in...
the support of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany
Friedrich Engels maintained that the family was...
the ultimate source of social inequlity
While studying stepfamilies, sociologist Andrew J. Cherlin determined that...
the well-being of children in stepfamilies is no different than that of children in divorced, single-parent households
Which of the following statements about sects is generally true?
they are often at odds with society; they do not seek to become an established national religion
Which of the following are more likely among homeschooled families?
three or more children in the family; two parents in the household
Which of the following are examples of the workforce's ability to adapt to circumstances?
women entering the workforce during World War II; minorities finding job opportunities after the beginning of the civil rights movement
The practice of putting students in specialized curriculum groups based on the students' test scores and other considerations is called...
tracking
The primary factor that differentiates the various forms of political systems is...
types of leadership
Liberation Theology
use of a church, primarily Roman Catholic, in a political effort to eliminate poverty discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society
According to the concept of credentialism, if more people earn college degrees, the...
value of a college degree will go down
Caring for children is...
varied across cultures; a universal function; varied within cultures
From 1945 to the end of the 20th century...
wars between countries killed millions of people total
Sociologists take two basic approaches to defining religion, focusing on either what the religion is or...
what the religion does
Studies have shown that the corporate power elite consists primarily of members who are...
white; male
In recent decades, when the US enters a war, one sociological trends that has emerged is the fact that...
women are playing larger roles in the execution of wars
