Sociology Exam 5

Redemptive/Religious movements

"Meaning seeking" & their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals. Organizations pushing these movements include Heaven's Gate or Branch Davidians. The latter is still in existence despite government involvement that led to the deaths of numerous Branch Davidian members in 1993

Crowds

A fairly large # of people in close proximity. Ex: group of people attending a concert, tailgating a Patriots game, attending worship service

The concept hidden curriculum can be defined as

A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning & cultural transmission

Stage 2

As countries begin to industrialize, they enter this stage. Birthrates are higher while infant mortality and death rates drop. Life expectancy increases. Afghanistan is in this stage

Emergent-norm perspective

Asserts that people perceive and respond to the crowd situation with their particular(individual) set of norms, which may change as the crowd experience evolves. This focus on the individual component of interaction reflects a symbolic interactionist perspective

Stage 1

Birth, death and infant mortality rates are all high, life expectancy is short. Ex: 1800s in the U.S

Social Change

Change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations

Sorting

Classifying students based on academic merit or potential

Suburbs

Communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute in, but far enough away to allow for more space than city living affords

Exurbs

Communities that exist outside the ring of suburbs & are typically populated by wealthier families who want more space & have the resources to lengthen their commute

Social promotion

Concept of passing students to the next grade regardless of their meeting standards for that grade. Critics of this argue that students should never move to the next grade if they haven't mastered the skills required to "graduate" from the previous grade. Proponents of the practice question what a school is to do with a student who is 3-4 years older than other students in his/her grade, saying this creates more issues than the practice of social promotion

Casual crowds

Consist of people who are in the same place at the same time but who aren't really interacting, such as people standing in line at the post office

Melissa has been working to develop drought-resistance seeds that require little water to grow and which produce grain. She wants to send these to arid parts of the world, where conventional grain is not easy (or even impossible) to grow to improve nutrition for the people in those countries. In sociological terms, Melissa most likely ascribes to

Cornucopian theory

An expressive crowd would be

Crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

Cultural capital

Cultural knowledge that serves as currency that helps us navigate a culture

Informal education

Describes learning about cultural values, norms, & expected behaviors by participating in a society

Formal education

Describes the learning of academic facts & concepts through a formal curriculum

Which of the following is not a widely contributing factor in social change?

Disease

Stage 4

Final phase; postindustrial era of a society. Birth and death rates are low, people are healthier and live longer & society enters a phase of population stability. Population may decline. Ex: sweden is in this stage

Alternative movements

Focused on self- improvement & limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. Includes trends like transcendental meditation or a macrobiotic diet

Acting crowds

Focuses on a specific goal or action, such as a protest movement or riot

Human ecology

Functionalist field of study that looks at the relationship between people & their built & natural physical environments

Latent(secondary) functions

Hidden and unintended functions -social networks/relationships -learn about social issues and develop tolerance to a multitude of views -preparing students for competition -teaching patriotism

Megalopolis

Huge urban corridor encompassing multiple cities and surrounding suburbs. NY was the 1st in U.S

Manifest(primary) functions

Intended & visible functions of education

Climate change

Long-term shifts in temperatures due to human activity and release of greenhouse gases into the environment

The anti-drug campaign in the 1980s encouraged students to "just say no" to put an end to drug use & drug violence. Which type of framing did this campaign use?

Motivational

Collective behavior

Non institutionalized activity in which several or many people voluntarily engage. Other examples are a group of commuters traveling home from work & a population of teens adopting a favorite singer's hairstyle. Any behavior that is not mandated or regulated by an institution

NIMBY

Not in my backyard; movements that are more likely to emerge in middle & upper-class neighborhoods as engaged citizens protest poor environmental practices they fear will affect them, so these groups have more control over the use of local land

Stage 3

Occurs once a society is thoroughly industrialized; birthrates decline, life expectancy continues to increase, death rates continue to decrease. Mexico is at this stage

Gentrification

Occurs when members of the middle & upper classes enter & renovate city areas that have been historically less affluent while the poor urban underclass are forced by resulting price pressures to leave those neighborhoods for increasingly decaying portions of the city

Prognostic framing

Offers a solution & states how it will be implemented. Exs: when looking at the issue of marriage equality as framed by the anti-gay marriage movement, include the plan to restrict marriage to "1 man/1 woman" or to allow only "civil unions" instead of marriages

Expressive crowds

People who join together to express emotion, often at funerals, weddings, etc.

Social movements

Purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal. We tend to take for granted the fundamental changes they caused & we may be completely unfamiliar with the trend toward global social movements

Universal access

Refers to people's equal ability to participate in an education system

Hidden Curriculum

Refers to the type if nonacademic knowledge that students learn through informal learning and cultural transmission

Cultural transmission

Refers to the way people come to learn the values, beliefs & social norms of their culture. Both informal & formal education include this

Mass

Relatively large number of people with a common interest, though they may not be in close proximity, such as players of Farmville

The HRC (Human Rights Campaign) is an LGBT rights group that has millions of members across the country & spends millions of dollars on advertising(print, broadcast, & social media) in order to spread social awareness about their cause each year. Which theory attempts to explain HRC's success?

Resource Mobilization Theory

Cornucopian Theory

Scoffs at the idea of humans wiping themselves out; asserts that human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop. Ex: points to the issue of food supply. If we need more food, the theory contends, agricultural scientists will figure out how to grow it, as they have been doing for centuries

Revolutionary movements

Seek to completely change every aspect of society. These include the 1960s counterculture movement, including the revolutionary group The Weather Underground, as well as anarchist collectives. Ex: Texas Secede

Education

Social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills & cultural norms

Kevin is in the 10th grade(sophomore in high school), but his reading skills are only at a 7th grade level. He has been passed through each grade without mastering any of the skills or knowledge that should be acquired in that grade. He is a product of:

Social promotion

The country of Sweden, where the birth and death rates are low, people are healthier & live longer, & society enters a phase of population stability would be in what stage of demographic transition theory?

Stage 4

Diagnostic framing

States the problem in a clear, easily understood way. When applying diagnostic frames, there are no shades of gray: instead, there is the belief that what "they" do is wrong & this is how "we" will fix it. The anti-gay marriage movement is an example with its uncompromising insistence that marriage is only between a man & a woman

Demography

Study of populations. Three of the most important components that affect the issues above are fertility, mortality, and migration

Demographic transition theory

Suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable 4-stage model

Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled "troubled", & told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to "live down" to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara's experience?

Symbolic Interactionism

Motivational framing

The call to action: what should you do once you agree with the diagnostic frame & believe in prognostic frame? These frames are action-oriented. In the gay marriage movement, a call to action might encourage you to vote "no" on Proposition 8 in Cali(move to limit marriage to male-female couples)

Which is an aspect of city life that might catch a human ecologist's attention?

The decision to make sidewalks narrower so that a city road can provide on-street parking

0 population growth

The number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving if via death or emigration

Environmental racism

The way in which minority group neighborhoods (populated primarily by people of color & members of low socioeconomic groups) are burdened with a disproportionate number of hazards, including toxic waste facilities, garbage dumps & other sources of environmental pollution & foul orders that lower the quality of life

Conventional crowds

Those who come together for a scheduled event that occurs regularly, like a religious service

When ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math & science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, & he's not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as

Tracking

Public

Unorganized, relatively diffused group of people who share ideas, such as the Libertarian political party

Reform movements

seek to change something specific about the social structure. Ex: antinuclear groups, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), the Dreamers movement for immigration reform, & the Human Rights Campaign's advocacy for Marriage Equality